Background: Though clinical or pathological pain perceptions increased in heavy smokers, physiologic or protective pain perception after smoking showed diversified results. Besides this chronic Sidestream cigarette smoke has also demonstrated inconsistent observations regarding serum estradiol level alteration. Objective: To evaluate the effect of chronic sidestream cigarette smoke exposure on physiologic pain perception and serum estradiol level in female Long-Evans rats with smoke induced lung injury. Materials and Method: For this experimental study 12 female Long-Evans rats (8 to 10th weeks age; 150±50 gm body wt) were divided into control group (n=6; ambient air for 60 days) and experimental group (n=6; SCS induced lung injury generated by burning of 4 cigarettes for 30 minutes twice daily at morning and evening for 60 days). Von Frey test (paw withdrawal threshold, PWT) for mechanical pain perception, acetone evaporation test (paw withdrawal frequency, PWF) for cold pain perception and hot plate test (paw withdrawal latency, PWL) for hot pain perception, were done as well as measurement of serum estradiol in all rats were done in both before and after intervention. In addition, formalin test (jerking, flexing, licking) was done to assess chemical nociceptive (early phase) and acute inflammatory (late phase) pain, in all rats after intervention. Results: In this study, experimental rats demonstrated significantly lower PWF (p 0.05) in acetone evaporation test, higher PWL (p 0.001) in hot plate test, lowered jerking frequency, flexing duration and licking duration in all (early, inter and late) phases of formalin test while compared to those of control. Furthermore, all 3 variables in both phases of formalin test and serum estradiol showed statistically significant negative correlation with lung injury score in experimental rats. Most strikingly, all these chemical pain variables of our experimental rats were positively correlated with serum estradiol and these relationships were statistically significant. Conclusion: The results of the present study elucidated that, physiologic pain perception and serum estradiol level decrease in chronic SCS exposed female Long-Evans rats. In addition, the decrement in chemical pain perception and serum estradiol level are related to SCS induced lung injury. Moreover, the decrement of chemical pain perception and serum estradiol level are also correlated with each other. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2026;21(1):11-24
Introduction: Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most commonly experienced headache associated with impaired cardiac autonomic function. Poincaré plot analysis is a popular geometric method of heart rate variability(HRV) used to explore relationship between RR interval delivering information on cardiac behavioral status. Slow breathing exercise (SBE) can significantly improve HRV in patients with various disease conditions. Objective: To observe the effect of slow breathing exercise on HRV by Poincaré plot analysis in female TTH patients. Methods: This study of quasi-experimental design was carried out from March 2021 to February 2022.Sixty female(Age 20-45 years) TTH patients participated in this study. Thirty patients were under SBE performed morning and evening for 30 minutes for 90 days and 30 patients were without SBE continued only conventional treatment for 90 days. Thirty age, sex and BMI matched apparently healthy control were enrolled who did not perform SBE. All subjects were followed up at baseline and also after 90 days. HRV parameters were recorded by Power Lab 8/35 and Poincare analysis was done with Lab chart soft ware AD Instruments, Australia. Data was analysed statistically by One way ANOVA followed by post-hoq Bonferroni test. Result: Poin care parameters SD1, SD2 and SD1/SD2 ratio were found significantly lower (p<0.001, p<0.01) in both group of patients compared to controls at baseline. After 90 days of performing SBE, significantly increased SD1 SD2 and SD1/SD2 ratio was observed in patients whereas these parameters were further decreased in patients without SBE after 90 days. this group of patients. Conclusion: SBE may effectively improve deranged autonomic function by increasing both sympathetic and parasympathetic limb of ANS and enhancing sympatho-vagal balance in TTH patients. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2026;21(1): 66-72
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disorder associated with persistent airflow limitation, reduced exercise tolerance, and a high prevalence of anxiety and depression. Although pharmacological therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation improve symptoms and quality of life, their long-term uptake is often limited by cost, accessibility, and adherence barriers. As a result, yoga-based interventions have gained attention as low-cost complementary strategies. This systematic review adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines and searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from inception to December 2025. Randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies evaluating yoga-based practices—including āsana, prāṇāyāma, relaxation, and meditation—in adults with stable COPD were included. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria, with sample sizes ranging from 10 to 176 participants and intervention durations between 4 weeks and 6 months. Yoga-based interventions were consistently reported to be safe and feasible. The most consistent benefits were observed in functional exercise capacity, particularly six-minute walk distance, along with improvements in dyspnea, oxygen saturation, health-related quality of life, and psychological outcomes. Effects on pulmonary function were inconsistent across studies. Preliminary evidence suggests possible benefits on inflammatory and cognitive outcomes. Overall, yoga appears to be a promising adjunct to standard COPD care, warranting confirmation through larger, well-designed trials with long-term follow-up. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2026;21(1): 73-81
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the leading neurological causes of death and disability in elderly patients and is associated with reduced autonomic nerve function. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a simple noninvasive technique to evaluate cardiac autonomic nerve function (CANF). Moreover, it is also associated with decrease serum vitamin D level. Vitamin D3 is known to have several neuroprotective effects. Objective: To investigate the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on cardiac autonomic nerve function by analyzing time domain parameters of HRV in male Parkinson’s disease patients with hypovitaminosis D (serum 25(OH)D) < 30 ng/ml. Methods: In this self-controlled experimental study (Pretest-posttest design), serum vitamin D3 level and heart rate variability was assessed before giving vitamin D3 supplementation. Then patients were supplemented with vitamin D3 capsule containing 50,000 IU orally once a week for 8 weeks. Serum vitamin D3 level and heart rate variability was assessed again after vitamin D3 supplementation. Power Lab 8/35, AD Instruments, Australia was used to record the HRV, and data analysis was done using the time domain measures of HRV. For statistical analysis, paired samples t-test were used. Results: Before vitamin D3 supplementation, vitamin D3 level and time domain parameters of heart rate variability were similar in all patients but these outcome measures significantly increased after vitamin 8 weeks of vitamin D3 supplementation. Conclusion: Vitamin D3 supplementation is effective to improve cardiac autonomic nerve function as well as heart rate variability in male Parkinson’s disease patients with hypovitaminosis D. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2026;21(1): 52-59
Background: Epilepsy affects millions of people worldwide and is associated with autonomic dysfunction. Hypovitaminosis D, a common adverse effect of anti-epileptic drug therapy, may contribute to further impairment of autonomic balance. Vitamin D3 supplementation in epileptic patients with hypovitaminosis D may improve cardiac autonomic nerve function (CANF), as reflected by improved Heart rate variability (HRV). Objectives: To assess the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on frequency domain parameters of heart rate variability in male epileptic patients with hypovitaminosis D. Methods: This self-controlled experimental study was conducted in Department of Physiology of Bangladesh Medical University from March 2025 to February 2026 involving 30 male epileptic patients with hypovitaminosis D (age 20-40 years) as study participants. Vitamin D3 (50,000IU/week) supplementation was given to them for 8 weeks along with conventional treatment. Before and after supplementation, HRV was recorded by a data acquisition device, Powerlab 8/35 (AD instruments, Australia) for five minutes and frequency domain parameters of HRV were analyzed by Labchart software. Data of different measures before vitamin D3 supplementation were recorded in pre vitamin D group and post supplementation data were recorded in post vitamin D group. Statistical analysis was done by paired sample t test. Results: After 8 weeks of vitamin D3 supplementation, serum 25(OH) D level of the patients reached to normal range. Total power, low frequency (LF) power, high frequency (HF) power and HF norm significantly increased (p<0.001) and LF norm and LF/HF ratio significantly decreased (p<0.001) after vitamin D3 supplementation in male epileptic patients with hypovitaminosis D. Conclusion: This study concluded that, vitamin D3 supplementation effectively improves cardiac autonomic balance in male epileptic patients with hypovitaminosis D. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2026;21(1): 34-41
Background: Cardiac autonomic dysfunction is an important non-motor feature of Parkinson’s disease and increase morbidity. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive technique for assessment of cadiac sympathetic and parasympathetic tonic activity. Objective: To assess cardiac autonomic nerve function (CANF) in Parkinson’s disease by time domain analysis of HRV. Method: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in2023. For this, 30 newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson’s disease (age 45-70 years, male and female) and 30 apparently , matched healthy control were enrolled. To assess CANF, HRV was recorded from ECG based data acquisition device, Power lab 8/35, AD instruments, Australia. Time domain parameters were auto generated by Lab chart software. For statistical analysis unpaired “t” test was used by SPSS for windows version 16. Results: Resting pulse rate was significantly higher in the Parkinson’s disease group than in controls ( p˂0.001). In this study, mean heart rate was significantly higher(p<0.01) , standard deviation of the RR intervals (SDRR) (p˂0.001), standard deviation of the difference between successive RR intervals(SDSD), square root of mean squared difference of successive RR intervals (RMSSD), proportion of RR interval with duration ˃50 ms (pRR50% ) were significantly (p<0.001) lower in Parkinsons disease patients compared to healthy subjects. Conclusion: The present study concluded that impaired autonomic function characterized by reduced parasympathetic modulation may occur in Parkinson’s disease. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2026;21(1): 60-65
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that are accompanied with EEG pattern changes and hypovitaminosis D. Vitamin D may play a neuroprotective role and prevent the progression of PD. Objective: To investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on brain waves (relative power) in male PD patients with hypovitaminosis D evaluated by quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG). Methods: This interventional study (Self controlled experimental trial) was conducted at the Department of Physiology, Bangladesh Medical University (BMU), Shahbag, Dhaka, involving 30 PD patients (51 to 70 years) with hypovitaminosis D (deficient and insuffcient vitamin D). Baseline EEG recordings were obtained using Traveler BrainTech 32+ CMEEG-01 system (India) for five minutes at rest with eyes closed and analyzed with BrainTech40+ Software. Then they received vitamin D3 capsule at a dose of 50,000 IU once weekly for eight consecutive weeks. Following the supplementation, EEG was recorded again. Statistical analyses were performed using Paired Samples T test to compare pre- and post-intervention EEG measures. Results: After 8 weeks of vitamin D supplementation, alpha and beta relative power significantly increased, while delta and theta relative power significantly decreased in most cortical areas compared to baseline data. Conclusion: Restoring vitamin D level in male PD patients with hypovitaminosis D improves brainwave activity, suggesting enhanced neurophysiological and cortical functioning. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2026;21(1): 42-51
Background: Medical education is an evolving process generally emphasizing on a student-centred self-directed approach more than traditional teaching learning methods. Objectives: To compare the learning outcome of students between problem-based learning (PBL) and traditional learning (TL) method and also to analyse the student’s perception towards the same. Methods: This comparative study was conducted on 150 phase I MBBS students of both sexes studying pre-clinical sciences vis anatomy, physiology, biochemistry in a tertiary care medical college and hospital of India. Students were divided into two groups based on teaching learning methods applied on six different topics. Seventy-five students were exposed to PBL (Group I) and 75 were taught by TL (traditional didactic lecture). PBL uses a trigger, such as a case or scenario, to start the learning process. Students then study on their own, explore relevant topics, and gradually improve and clarify their comprehension to the topics. Learning outcome was evaluated by comparing the scores of summative assessments conducted after a span of four weeks of teaching learning by these two methods. Students’ perceptions were documented through a questionnaire survey. The statistical analysis used was independent sample t test. Results: The students group assigned with PBL had significantly higher mean scores than their comparison group who were exposed to TL. The analysis of students’ perception towards the adopted method revealed PBL to be more satisfactory in terms of interactive learning and increasing critical thinking skills as well. Conclusion: In problem-based learning where student has to think rationally to comprehend a concept has proven to be a more effective teaching learning modality in par with the highly demanding medical education of recent era when compared to traditional way teaching by means of didactic lectures. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2026;21(1):1-10
Background: Epilepsy involves altered cortical excitability, reflected in quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) by increased low-frequency and reduced high-frequency activity. Hypovitaminosis D is common in epileptic patients as a potential side effect of anti-epileptic drugs and its correction has been associated with reduced seizure frequency. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on brain waves in male epileptic patients with hypovitaminosis D by QEEG. Methods: This interventional study (self-controlled trial) was conducted from March 2025 to February 2026. A total number of 30 male epileptic patients with hypovitaminosis D(serum 25 (OH) D level <30 ng/mL) aged 20-40 years were enrolled as study participants. Baseline QEEG was recorded using the Traveler BrainTech 32+ CMEEG-01 system (India) for five minutes at rest with eyes closed and analyzed using BT40 software. After that the patients were given vitamin D3 supplementation (50,000IU/ week) for 8 weeks. After completion of 8 weeks, QEEG was recorded. Statistical comparisons between pre and post intervention data were performed using Paired-Samples T Test. Results: Relative power of low frequency waves (delta and theta) decreased and relative power of high frequency waves (alpha and beta) increased significantly(P=0.000) compared to their pre intervention values. Conclusion: Vitamin D3 supplementation was effective to provide a more favorable brain cortical activity by reducing low frequency and raising high frequency brain waves. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2026;21(1): 25-33
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a global endocrine disorder associated with higher low-frequency and lower high-frequency brain wave electrical activity. Vitamin C supplementation can alter brain wave patterns. Objective: To evaluate the effect of vitamin C on brain wave activity of female patients with MetS using power spectral analysis of Electroencephalogram(EEG). Methods: In this experimental investigation, 20 female patients with MetS, ages 25 to 35, were enrolled. Age-matched control group of twenty healthy female volunteers was also included. Using the EEG Traveler BrainTech 32+ CMEEG-01 system (India), EEG recordings were done for five minutes while the subject was at rest and with their eyes closed. The BT40 analytic software was used to analyze the absolute power of different frequency bands of EEG. The MetS patients received 500 mg of vitamin C orally twice daily for 8 weeks. The Independent Samples T test and the Paired Samples T test were used for statistical comparisons. Results: Compared to controls, MetS patients exhibited significantly higher absolute power in delta, theta waves, and lower alpha, beta waves across all electrodes and cortical regions at baseline. After 8 weeks of vitamin C supplementation, delta and theta power significantly decreased, while alpha and beta wave power increased in most cortical areas. Conclusion: MetS was associated with higher low frequency waves, and lower high frequency waves. Vitamin C supplementation was effective to reverse the altered brain waves in MetS patients.
Background: Quantitative EEG (QEEG) helps detect brain wave alterations linked to hormonal, advanced age and oxidative changes in postmenopausal women. Objective: To evaluate absolute brain wave power in postmenopausal women using power spectral analysis of QEEG. Methods: Twenty postmenopausal women aged 55–60 years and twenty premenopausal controls aged 35–40 years were recruited. EEG recordings were obtained in a 5-minute eyes-closed resting state using Brain Tech 32+ system India. Absolute power of delta, theta, alpha and beta waves was analyzed across 22 electrodes using BT40+ software. Statistical analysis was done using Independent Samples T test to compare groups. Results: Postmenopausal women showed significantly lower absolute power in delta, theta and alpha waves. Conversely, beta wave absolute power was significantly higher compared to premenopausal women. Conclusion: The results of this study concluded that the altered brain wave pattern of reduced alpha, delta, theta and elevated high-frequency beta waves absolute power reflects cortical hyperexcitability and disrupted brain function in postmenopausal women.
Background: Post-menopausal women experience hormonal changes that may result in accentuated decline in pulmonary functions as assessed by spirometry. Cortisol, a stress related glucocorticoid, has been implicated in systemic inflammation but its relation with lung functions in this population remains under explored. Objective: To observe the relationship of spirometric lung functions with serum cortisol in post-menopausal women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 80 post-menopausal women (age:52-60 years) with different duration of menopause (2-12 years). Lung functions (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEFR and FEF25-75%) were estimated by a computer-based spirometer (Spiro-tech, India) and early morning serum cortisol level was measured by Automated Analyzer method. Spearman’s rank correlation test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The spirometric measurements showed reduction in FVC, FEV1, PEFR and FEF25-75% and an increase in FEV1/FVC ratio in the participants. In this study, significant negative correlations of the percentage of predicted values of FVC, FEV1 and FEF25-75% were observed with serum cortisol level (p<0.01, p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively). FEV1/FVC ratio exhibited positive and PEFR showed negative correlation with serum cortisol level in this group of participants but both the relations were statistically non-significant. Conclusion: Spirometric lung functions were inversely related with serum cortisol level in post-menopausal women.
Background: Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is the second most common cause of syncope, prevalent in migraine patients. Objective: To assess the cardiovascular responses to tilt test in female migraine patients. Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 70 newly diagnosed female migraine patients (age 15–30 years & BMI 18.2-26.59kg/m²). Among them, 20 migraine patients were with normal (group MN) and 20 patients had impaired autonomic reaction (group MI). Twenty (20) apparently healthy subjects with similar age and BMI were also enrolled as control. Autonomic reactivity of all participants was assessed by conventional autonomic function test (CAFT). Head Up Tilt Test (HUTT) of all subjects was done by tilting 600 for 10 min using a motorized tilt table. Cardiovascular responses to tilting were observed by change in Heart rate (Acceleration index and Brake index); change in systolic blood pressure (SBP30s-0 and SBP1min-0); change in diastolic blood pressure (DBP30s-0 and DBP1min-0), after the tilting from supine position. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Results: In this study, the Acceleration index was significantly lower in Group MI compared to Group MN (p≤0.001) and control (p≤ 0.01). But the Brake index was significantly lower (p≤0.05, p≤0.01) in both group of patients than control. Again no significant difference found in Brake index between Group MN and Group MI. SBP30sec-0 was significantly higher in both of the patient group (p≤0.01, p ≤0.001) than those of control. In addition SBP30sec-0 was also significantly higher (p≤0.001) in Group MI compared to Group MN. Again, SBP1min-0 was significantly higher (p≤0.001) in MI compared to MN and control. DBP30sec-0 and DBP1min-0 were significantly lower (p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.001) in Group MI compared to Group MN and control. Conclusion: It can be concluded that cardiovascular responses to tilting was diminished in migraine patients, which was more pronounced in patients with impaired autonomic reaction.
Background: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder associated with anxiety, depression, lethargy. The condition itself and antiepileptic medication may cause alterations in brain waves demonstrated by quantitative electroencephalogram(QEEG) study in epileptic patients. Objective: To evaluate brain waves using power spectrum analysis of QEEG in female epileptic patients. Methods: This observational study was conducted on 40 female epileptic patients (aged 20–40 years) and 40 healthy female volunteers of similar age were control. EEG of all participants were recorded by 22 scalp electrodes for five minutes in eye-close state using an EEG data acquisition device, EEG Traveler Brain Tech 32+ CMEEG-01 to assess cortical electrical activity. EEG data was subjected to power spectral analysis using BT40 analysis software. Independent-Samples T Test was used for statistical analysis. Results: When compared to controls, epileptic patients displayed considerably lower absolute power of alpha and beta brain waves and stronger delta and theta waves in almost all electrodes across all cortical regions. Conclusion: This study concluded increased slow frequency and decreased high frequency brain waves indicating high cortical excitability along with lack of relaxing power, were associated with epilepsy patients.
Background: Smartphones have become indispensable tools in daily life; however, excessive use has been increasingly associated with adverse health outcomes. Problematic smartphone use may disrupt physiological homeostasis and contribute to multisystem dysfunction. Objective: To synthesize current evidences on the pathophysiological mechanisms linking excessive smartphone use with human health disorders. Methods: A systematic literature search using MeSH terms was performed in PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, Web of Science, ProQuest Central, and PsycINFO for English-language studies published up to October 2025. Studies exploring biological or physiological mechanisms associated with smartphone overuse were included. The review followed PRISMA guidelines, and eligible studies were assessed for methodological quality. Findings were synthesized thematically. Results: Of 103 records screened, 43 met inclusion criteria. Excessive smartphone use was associated with neuropsychological alterations including GABAergic dysfunction, reduced grey matter volume, and disrupted neural connectivity. Ocular disorders included digital eye strain, tear film instability, and blue light–induced retinal stress. Musculoskeletal issues such as text neck syndrome and tendon strain were linked to poor posture. Endocrine and metabolic effects stemmed from sleep deprivation, circadian misalignment, and sedentary behaviour, while cardiovascular disturbances involved sympathetic overactivation, reduced heart rate variability, and endothelial dysfunction. Conclusion:Excessive smartphone use exerts measurable adverse effects on multiple physiological systems through interconnected neurological, endocrine, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal pathways. The pathophysiological mechanisms primarily involve neuroendocrine dysregulation, oxidative stress, autonomic imbalance, and inflammatory activation, leading to both physical and psychological health disturbances. Public health strategies promoting digital hygiene, behavioural therapy, ergonomic practices, and screentime moderation are vital to prevent smartphone-related health disorders.
We want to report an interesting case of cerebral wasting syndrome presented with moderate brain injury and electric shock to provide a good physiological view and a better understanding of this syndrome. We have reported the case of a 39-year-old male patient with a history of recent electric shock and brain injury. This case report provides a unique opportunity to observe the physiological aspect of a patient diagnosed with cerebral salt wasting syndrome after electric shock and brain injury. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology of cerebral salt wasting syndrome is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2025; 20(2): 100-104
Background: Spatial memory impairment has significant negative influence on both survival and quality of life. Nigella sativa oil (NiSO) has been investigated for its potential to reduce memory impairments in various experimental models. Objectives: To assess the effects of NiSO on ketamine induced working and reference memory impairment in male Wistar rats. Methods: This experimental study was conducted from March 2020 to February 2021 in the Department of Physiology, after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. For this purpose, 60 male Wistar rats were divided into normal memory (normal saline 5 ml/kg for 26 days), impaired memory (ketamine 15 mg/ kg during acquisition phase) and experimental (treated with NiSO 1 ml/kg for 26 days and ketamine 15 mg/kg during acquisition phase) groups. All groups underwent Radial arm maze (RAM) and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Variables were working memory error (WME, re-entry into already visited arm) and reference memory error (RME, entry into non-baited arm) in RAM along with escape latency (EL, the moment of a rat’s entrance into the water upto it’s arrival at the platform) and target crossing (TC, number of crossing of the quadrant from where the platform was removed) in MWM. Data were expressed as mean±SEM and statistically analyzed with ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test, where p≤0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Significantly (p≤0.001) higher WME and RME as well as significantly (p≤0.001) delayed EL and reduced TC were found in memory impaired rats when compared to normal memory rats. However, significantly (p≤0.001) lower WME and RME as well as significantly reduced EL (p≤0.001) and higher frequency of TC (p≤0.001) were observed in experimental rats, when compared to memory impaired rats. Moreover, these variables were almost similar in the experimental rats, in comparison to, those of normal memory rats except significantly (p≤0.01) higher TC in MWM test. Conclusions: NiSO prevented working and reference memory impairment as well as enhanced reference memory in rats. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2025;20(1): 19-31
Background: Autonomic nerve dysfunction has been noted in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It needs not only medical management but also lifestyle modification. Regular practice of yoga based deep relaxation technique (DRT) cause improvement of autonomic nerve function by increasing heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy subjects. Objective: To observe the effect of yoga based DRT on non linear measures HRV by Poincare plot analysis in T2DM patients. Methods: This prospective interventional study was done in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSSMU), Dhaka in 2016 on 30 female diagnosed T2DM patients aged 50-55 years with duration of diabetes of 5-10 years. They performed DRT (20 minutes twice daily) for 3 months. 30 apparently healthy female with similar age who did not perform DRT or any other form of exercise, were included as control. To assess the cardiac autonomic nerve function, non linear HRV parameters were recorded by a data acquisition device Power Lab 8/35 (Australia) and Poincare analysis of data was auto generated by Lab chart software. HRV data of all subjects were collected at baseline (Pre) and also after 3 months of DRT(Post) in patients as well as in control without DRT. For statistical analysis, paired and independent sample t-test were used. Results: The pre-intervention non linear values of standard deviation of long axis(SD1) of scatterplots and standard deviation of short axis (SD2) of scatterplots (p<0.001) and SD1/SD2 ratio (p<0.01) were significantly lower in all diabetic patients compared to control. After 3 months of DRT, there was significant increment in SD1, SD2 (p<0.001) and SD1/SD2 ratio (p<0.05) compared to their pre-intervention values. Conclusion: Cardiac autonomic nerve dysfunction may occur in T2DM and 3 month’s regular exercise of DRT may improve cardiac autonomic nerve function and sympathovagal balance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2025;20(1): 32-38
In today’s productivity-obsessed, fast-paced environment, where everyone is consumed with achieving success, maintaining a balanced diet often gets overlooked, resulting in various lifestyle-related health issues. Different factors might affect one’s health and susceptibility to the disease. A traditional system of medicine, Ayurveda gives a deep, comprehensive insight into health and food based on certain unique conceptual and theoretical positions. Beyond the ingestion of food, the concept of diet in Ayurveda has a broader view. It suggests approaches for consuming food, considering its quality and quantity based on an individual’s digestive capacity. If the rules for having the food are properly followed, it helps maintain health and enhance life span. While consuming food, time, place, quantity, quality & manner are also necessary. When food is consumed correctly, it supports the body’s proper growth; however, improper consumption can lead to various health issues. So, according to Ayurveda, the concept of the rules to have food is one of the most beneficial for reducing the disorders in the noble goal of maintaining health. Unhealthy food habits, such as overeating, consuming a high-protein diet, excessive spice and oil, harmful food combinations, and eating without considering one’s digestive capacity, are major contributors to disease. To fully reap the benefits of food, one should adhere to the guidelines outlined in Ayurveda, which specify the what, when, where, and how of food consumption. In this article, various aspects of the rules for having food according to Ayurveda are explained. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2025;20(1): 39-44
Background: Changes in low frequency waves and altered psychological status were associated with epilepsy. Epilepsy can cause anxiety and depression and many other complications and anti-seizure medication can make the patients lethargic, tired and drowsy.Objective: To assess and quantify cortical brain waves in female patients with epilepsy by power spectral analysis of signals of quantitative electroencephalogram(QEEG). Methods: This study was carried out on 20 female patients with epilepsy aged 20-40 years and 20 healthy female volunteer of similar age were control. EEG was recorded from 22 scalp electrodes in different region all over the head by an EEG data acquisition device, EEG Traveler Brain Tech 32+ CMEEG-01, India in all participants. Power spectral analysis of EEG data was done with Brain Tech 40+ Standard version 4.47a analysis software by calculating relative band power of delta, theta, alpha and beta brainwaves to assess cortical electrical activity. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. For statistical analysis, Independent-Samples t test was used. The P value ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistical significance. Results: Mean values of relative power of delta and theta were significantly higher and values of alpha and beta were significantly lower in all cortical areas of epilepsy patients compared to control. Conclusion: It may be concluded that higher low frequency brain wave and lower high frequency brain wave were associated with epilepsy. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2025;20(1): 1-9
