Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan pasta singkong dan kedelai hitam terhadap sifat fisik, kimia, dan organoleptik muffin non terigu. Metode yang digunakan yaitu Rancangan Acak Kelompok Faktorial (RAKF) yang disusun dengan 2 faktor dan 3 kali ulangan. Faktor pertama yaitu pengunaan telur yang berbeda (utuh dan kuning) sedangkan faktor kedua adalah pemberian gel porang (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%). Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA (α=5 %). Jika terdapat beda nyata dilakukan uji lanjut menggunakan uji BNJ pada taraf 5 %. Pilihan perlakuan terbaik digunakan metode Zeleny. Muffin non terigu perlakuan terbaik dari segi fisik dan organoleptik diperoleh pada perlakuan penggunaan kuning telur dan konsentrasi gel porang 2%. Muffin tersebut memiliki kadar air sebesar 37.97%, kadar protein sebesar 19.58%, kadar lemak sebesar 17.20%, kadar abu sebesar 1.53% dan kadar karbohidrat sebesar 36.67%.
Pada proses produksi susu kental manis (SKM) terdapat titik kendali kritis untuk menjamin keamanan produk yang perlu dikendalikan. Titik kendali kritis merupakan pengendalian bahaya pada tahapan kritis sehingga dapat mengurangi atau menghilangkan resiko bahaya. Titik kendali kritis yang perlu dikendalikan pada proses produksi SKM adalah Sugar Water Ratio (SWR). SWR merupakan rasio kandungan gula dengan air yang terkandung dalam SKM. Pengaruh SWR terhadap kualitas SKM diuji secara mikrobiologis menggunakan teknik enumerasi. pengujian mikrobiologi dilakukan untuk mendeteksi cemaran Enterobacter, Osmophilic Yeast dan Total Plate Count. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat diketahui bahwa SKM dengan nilai SWR 62-64% aman secara mikrobiologis dikarenakan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba.
Three wetland-reservoir-subirrigation systems (WRSIS) have been designed and constructed in northwestern Ohio. These systems have the potential to improve downstream water quality by reducing discharge to streams, to provide wildlife habitat, to increase wetland acres and vegetation, and to provide a reliable supply of subirrigation water for sustained crop production. This study attempts to quantify all costs and benefits of a WRSIS investment in order to provide farmers with useful information for evaluating application of the technology. Net present value (NPV) analysis was used to compare operation and investment costs with benefits of improved crop production, improved water quality, increased residual land value, decreased tax liability, and wetland mitigation payments. For the studied case, the total NPV is $11 225. Capital and operating costs have a NPV of −$71 293. Sensitivity analyses show that changes in the total amount of invested capital most affect this value. The NPV of yield improvements and increased land value is $39 712. Further analyses show that yield improvement value is most sensitive to variations in the amount of yield response and crop mix (commodity value). Reductions in tax liabilities improve WRSIS NPV by $9333. Analyzing tax parameters shows that increases in variables such as loan terms, proportion of debt financing, and marginal tax rate reduce tax liability due to larger amounts of deductible interest. Likewise, increasing the proportion of equity financing increases tax liability due to less deductible interest and higher equity opportunity costs. Finally, wetland mitigation payments add $30 000 and water quality improvements add $3473 to the WRSIS NPV. In 1994, a 5-yr study began in northwest Ohio that links subirrigation systems with upground reservoirs and constructed wetlands. The project, called a wetland/reservoir subirrigation system (WRSIS) is being examined for its ability to recycle runoff and drainage waters, reduce sediment and agricultural chemical flow to watersheds, improve water quality, increase wildlife habitat, increase wetland acres, and improve crop yields. In a WRSIS, a wetland is constructed to receive subsurface drainage and runoff from adjacent cropland. The cropland is subirrigated by a water supply reservoir that is also linked to the constructed wetland. The wetland, reservoir, and subirrigated cropland are integrated to recycle runoff and drainage waters. Yield data from the first 2 yr of this project and from subirrigation research plots from other locations in Ohio are being used to analyze the net benefits of these systems for improved and sustained crop production. In 1971, subirrigation was touted as a new farming practice that could result in advantages such as greater savings of water, eliminating runoff, and increasing the yield of crops. Since that time, data concerning yield improvements, comparisons with conventional irrigation technology, and the economic feasibility of subirrigation has been examined. Previous empirical studies have been performed regarding budgetary analysis of implementing a subirrigation system. These studies have provided good estimates of the costs involved in constructing a subirrigation system. Other papers have included break-even analyses and per acre investment cost/income comparisons. However these studies did not provide a complete analysis of the profitability of a project similar to the WRSIS study. In particular, little attention has been paid to federal and state income tax consequences of the investment, method of financing capital costs, or potential payments from private or government sources for WRSIS investment. The data for this study were collected from three demonstration sites in northwest Ohio. The test sites were chosen for this research by considering factors such as soil physical properties, land conformation, and water table depth. The sites chosen were in the Ohio counties of Defiance, Van Wert, and Fulton. The data collected from each site include capital costs, variable input costs, management costs, maintenance costs, yield benefits, and land allocation. The WRSIS investment is characterized by a sizable initial investment followed by a lengthy stream of annual returns over the life of the investment. A net present value (NPV) analysis is the method used to evaluate the investment. This method is appropriate because it accounts for the opportunity cost (time value of money) over the lengthy investment horizon of this project. Sensitivity analyses are completed to evaluate alternative methods of financing, the impact of differential rates of income taxation, and the impact of transfer payments from off-farm sources. What is the overall economic benefit of the WRSIS project? This study has attempted to quantify all the economic benefits associated with the WRSIS project. Increased yield and land values, decreased tax liabilities, and environmental benefits were contrasted with the capital and operating costs of the WRSIS project. If all of these benefits were realized (and internalized), the base case model has a positive NPV of $ 11 225. Are increased yield and land values combined with decreased tax liabilities enough to offset WRSIS construction and operation costs? The yield and land value benefits achieved by the subirrigation system are not enough to offset the high costs involved in building and operating the WRSIS project. The base case model described in the paper compares the economic benefits of increased crop yields and land value to costs incurred by construction and management. For the studied case, the present value of yield improvements and land appreciation over a 30-yr project, totals $39 712. However, the present value of capital and operating costs totals $71 293 over the project life. The project NPV, ignoring federal and state income tax effects, is −$31 581. When the NPV analysis is converted to an after-tax basis, system profitability is improved but still negative (−$11 241). It is assumed in the model that all tax deductions such as interest and depreciation may be fully realized by the farming operation. Increases in variables such as loan length, proportion of debt financing, and marginal tax rate positively affect system profitability due to the larger amounts of tax deductible interest expense. Increases in the proportion of equity financing negatively affect profitability due to lower tax deductible interest costs and higher equity opportunity costs. What are the values assigned to the environmental impacts of the WRSIS system? Environmental benefits were quantifiable to some degree. In Ohio, market payments for wetland mitigation are estimated at $30 000 for a wetland similar to that constructed for the WRSIS project. Possible annual subsidies resulting from decreased sedimentation and positive water quality impacts were also analyzed. The amount of reduced operating costs to public organizations was estimated to be $203/yr. Combined environmental benefits add $22 466 to the NPV of the WRSIS project, resulting in an after-tax NPV of $11 225. It is important to note that other environmental benefits exist that were not quantified in this study.
In western Oklahoma, one of the most popular grass species being used for pastureland is Plains bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum L.). Despite the current importance of this species, N fertilizer sources, rates, and timing of application have not been thoroughly evaluated for this species. The objective of this 3-yr study was to evaluate the effect of source, rate, and timing of applied N on Plains bluestem forage production. Two established stands of Plains bluestem in Stillwater and Bessie, OK, were selected as experimental sites. A randomized complete block design with three replications was employed at each location. Urea and ammonium nitrate were evaluated at rates of 50, 100, 200, and 400 lb N/acre. Time of fertilizer application was evaluated using late April and early May applications. Dry matter yield, crude protein (CP), and N uptake increased with applied N up to 200 Ib N/acre for both sources. The maximum average (3-yr) yields were 4112 and 3370 lb dry matter/acre at Stillwater and Bessie, respectively. No effect on production was found to exist due to N source. Applying 50 and 100 Ib N/acre in early May increased yields at Stillwater 25 and 14%, respectively, compared with the same rates applied in late April. This study indicated that Plains bluestem forage yield, N uptake, and CP content increased significantly when up to 200 Ib N/acre was applied in the spring. Dry matter production was further increased when N was applied in early May compared with late April.
Subirrigation in conjunction with an artificial wetland has been shown to benefit the environment. It must also be demonstrated that this technology can be profitable for the private sector. Using cost structures developed from three Northwest Ohio test sites, this paper examines the economic soundness of applying these techniques to production agriculture. The hypothesis is that the benefits of increased yields resulting from stabilizing the water supply throughout the growing season will offset the costs of construction. Presented results will include a summary of private revenues and costs associated with the subirrigation and artificial wetland investment for the three demonstration sites.
The value of weather forecast information to farmers is an important component of program evaluation of weather information systems. No empirical studies have attempted to provide this kind of information for Canadian producers. In this study, a farm level production economics model was used to characterize the value of precipitation forecast information to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) dry hay producers in the province of Ontario. This model was applied to precipitation forecast data from the Windsor and the London Environment Canada weather offices for the crop years of 1994 and 1995. Four forecast methods are compared. Precipitation damage relationships during harvest are estimated using an agronomic simulation model combined with expert opinion. The value of weather forecast information was found to vary considerably between 1994 and 1995. For the region served by the London Ontario weather station, our results indicate that the Environment Canada daily precipitation forecast was worth $30.23 (Cdn)/acre in 1994 and $26.39 (Cdn)/acre in 1995. For the region served by the Waterloo weather station, the 1994 forecast was worth $36.08/acre. In contrast, producers who followed the 1995 forecast would have been worse off by $5.72 (Cdn)/acre relative to what they would have been able to earn by naively assuming that precipitation over the next 4 d would be the same as the last 4 d. The level of risk aversion of the producer was not found to be an important determinant of the value of weather forecast Information. Averages of the range of values of weather forecast information obtained in this study Indicate that precipitation forecast information is of considerable value to producers at critical times in the production process for alfalfa dry hay.
Perennial cool-season grasses in a crop rotation provide alternative land area for in-season manure applications, Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L) might be suitable crop for manure application due to its consistently high yields and N uptake capacity. The primary objective of this research was to determine the agronomic responses to and feasibility of in-season manure application rates to reed canarygrass. Field studies were established at three locations with pure stands of reed canarygrass. Treatments included a series of liquid dairy manure and fertilizer N rates. In addition, broadcast or surface-band manure placement configurations and single or split manure application timings were compared with one manure rate. Manure application rates up to 40000 gal/acre per yr (approximately 920 lb total N/acre per yr) were applied. A positive dry matter yield response was measured with increasing rates of manure or fertilizer N, Grass stand density generally increased with manure or fertilizer compared with the unfertilized control, With the 20000 gal/acre rate, split applications with manure applied in early spring resulted in superior yields compared with split manure applications made after the second and third forage cuttings. For the 20000 gal/acre manure application rate, split application of the manure after the second and third cuttings did not result in significantly greater forage yields than a single application made after the second cutting. Forage yield was similar for broadcast and surface-band manure placement configurations for the one manure rate investigate.
Crazing and subsequent finishing performances of steers (Bos taurus) (n = 135) that grazed high-endophyte [Neotyphodium coenophialum Glen, Bacon, Price, and Hanlin (formerly Acremonium coenophialum)] tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb,) pastures interseeded with lespedeza (Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim.), ladino clover (Trifolium repens L,), or red clover (Trifolium pratense L,) were evaluated during 1995, 1996, and 1997, Nine 5-acre established pastures of 'Kentucky 31' tall fescue with approximately 70% endophyte infection were used in a randomized complete block design containing three replications of each legume treatment. Pastures were seeded with legumes each year in late winter, and steers grazed continuously from early spring to mid-fall. At the end of the grazing phase, steers were finished for slaughter. Legume cover, available forage dry matter, grazing and subsequent feedlot performances of steers, and carcass parameters were measured. Total available forage dry matter was similar among legume treatments. A significant (P < 0.01) year x treatment interaction affected grazing- phase gain. Grazing performance was similar (P > 0.05) among legume treatments in 1995 and 1996. In 1997, steers grazing ladino clover pastures pained 36% more (P < 0.01) and 28% more (P < 0.01) than those grazing lespedeza and red clover pastures, respectively. Gains by steers grazing red clover and lespedeza pastures were similar. Legume treatment during the grazing phase had no effects on subsequent finishing performance. Total gains (grazing + finishing) were similar among legume treatments in 1995 and 1996; however, in 1997, steers that grazed ladino clover had higher (P < 0.01) overall gains than those that grazed red clover or lespedeza.
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most common dryland crop grown in the central Great Plains. Producers in this region include fallow in the rotation to minimize yield variability due to erratic precipitation. However, fallow degrades soil quality by increasing erosion potential and loss of organic matter. Fortunately, minimum-till production systems and residue management improve water use efficiency by plants, thus producers can crop more frequently. We evaluated eight rotations comprised of various sequences of winter wheat (W), corn (Zea mays L.) (C), prose millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) (M), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (S), and fallow (F) in comparison to W-F at Akron CO. Our goal was to identify rotations that can replace W-F to minimize the frequency of fallow. The sob was a Weld silt loam (Aridic Paleustoll). Continuously cropping with WC-M and W-M almost doubled total grain yield compared with the conventional system of W-F. Other rotations such as W-C-F, W-C-S-F, and W-C-M-F yielded >60% more on an annualized basis than W-F. Winter wheat yield increased with longer time intervals between wheat crops. Sunflower yielded the most when grown only once every 4 yr; more frequent cropping favored diseases. Sunflower reduced yield of the following crop, especially during dry years. Yield variability was highest with corn and sunflower, whereas prose millet showed the least variability. Producers can manage yield variability by diversifying crops in the rotation, as annualized yield variability of W-M and W-C-M was similar to W-F. With residue maintenance and minimum tillage, producers can crop more frequently, thus increasing land productivity while minimizing the frequency of fallow in this semiarid region.
Weed management in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is influenced by cultural practices including planting date, fertilizer and herbicide application, and cultivation. Field studies were conducted in 1990, 1991, and 1992 to examine the interactions of planting date, deep-banded fertilizer, banded and broadcast herbicide applications, rotary hoeing, and cultivation on weed management in soybean. Soybean was planted in early May, with or without deep-banded fertilizer, and planted in late May without fertilizer. Nineteen weed management treatments were included in the study, ranging from mechanical control only to broadcast herbicides followed by rotary hoeing and cultivation. Weed density, soybean population, and soybean yield were measured. Gross margin over weed control cost was calculated for each weed management system. Applying deep-banded fertilizer at planting did not influence weed densities, soybean population, or soybean yield. Rotary hoeing 4 to 6 d after planting reduced soybean populations 9 to 15%, while rotary hoeing 12 to 21 d after planting did not reduce soybean populations. Rotary hoeing did not reduce weed densities or improve soybean yield when herbicides were broadcast or band-applied. In the absence of herbicides, timely rotary hoeing followed by two cultivations reduced weed density and increased soybean yield to within 75% of the hand-weeded control. Cultivating broadcast preemergence and postemergence herbicide applications increased soybean yield and gross margin in eight of 10 instances. Soybean yield and gross margin over weed control costs was greatest where postemergence herbicides were broadcast and soybean cultivated once, followed by banded postemergence herbicide application and soybean cultivated twice. Soybean yield was greater when planted in early May than late May in 89% of the weed management treatments in 1991 and 78% of the weed management treatments in 1992. Therefore, planting early, broadcasting or banding postemergence herbicides, and cultivating resulted in more consistent weed control and higher gross margins than other weed management strategies.
Sunflower [Helianthus annuus var. marcocapus (DC.) Ckll.] acreage has been increasing rapidly in the high elevation region of the central Great Plains. Little work has been done in the region on the effect of planting date and plant population on sunflower production. This study measured the influence of three planting dates (25 May, 10-13 June, and 28 June) and four populations (11 000, 14 000, 17 000, and 20 000 plants/ acre) on seed yield, oil percentage and yield components of two full season sunflower oil type hybrids ('Pioneer brand 707' and 'Sigco brand 475'). The latter is 7 to 8 d later in maturity and 4 in, taller than the Pioneer hybrid. The experiment was performed in three environments (supplemental water following corn [Zea mays L.], dryland following wheat Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.], and dryland after 22 month fallow) at the High Plains Agricultural Laboratory near Sidney, NE, in 1993 and 1994. Both years showed similar seed yield across this range of plant populations. Plant populations of 11 000 resulted in 1.2 oz larger heads, 300 more seeds/head, 0.0004 oz larger seed, and 2 Ib/bu lower test weight than populations of 20 000 plants/acre. Sunflower has the ability to compensate for wide population differences to maintain uniform seed yield. Sunflower planted on 25 May resulted in 200 Ib higher seed yield per acre, 0.0003 oz higher weight per seed, 0.5 oz higher weight per head, 2% higher oil, 100 Ib/acre more oil, and 2 Ib/bu higher test weight than sunflower planted on 28 June. Gross income was reduced by $0.76/acre for each day of delay in planting after 25 May.
The dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop is sensitive to irrigation management. Irrigation efficiency, water quality, and yield production are concerns in southwestern Colorado. This field study was conducted in 1992 and 1994 at the Southwestern Colorado Research Center to study the effects of five irrigation rates on dry bean seed yield and dry matter. The soil on the site is Wetherill silty clay loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic, aridic haplustalf). A surface drip irrigation system was used to achieve the irrigation rates of 0.00, 0.33, 0.67, 1.00, and 1.33 of the estimated evapotranspiration (ET). The experiment was set up using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Optimum conditions during the 1992 season led to higher dry matter and seed yields than in 1994. Irrigation rates had a significant effect on total above-ground dry matter (TDM) and seed yield in both years. There was no significant increase in seed yield and TDM beyond 0.67ET and 1.00ET, respectively, in 1992. However, maximum seed yield was obtained at a 0.67ET irrigation rate in the cooler year (1992), while 1.00ET or greater was required to achieve maximum biomass yield in both years. Total DM and seed yield continued to increase up to 1.33ET in 1994, reaching a similar level as in 1992. Irrigation use efficiency declined as the irrigation rate increased in both years. The pattern of biomass accumulation was similar in 1992 and 1994, as more growth occurred with the greater irrigation rates. Visual observations revealed a shallower root system under the higher irrigation rates than under the nonirrigated (0.00ET) and the limited-irrigation (0.33ET) treatments. This was confirmed by the soil moisture profile at harvest in 1992 and 1994. Dry bean can extract soil water from the 0 to 24 in, soil profile under dryland conditions, and from the 0 to 12 in, soil profile under well-irrigated conditions (1.00ET). Soil moisture content below 12 in. was at or near field capacity under the over-irrigation treatment (1.33ET), which suggests the potential for deep percolation and leaching of nitrates and other soluble salts. Over-irrigation appears to encourage a shallow root system, less than 2 ft. (field plant root inspection), which may reduce the use of soil moisture at lower depths and encourage deep percolation to the groundwater.
Livestock production, and particularly manure management, has received environmental scrutiny for years due to potential nitrate contamination in ground and surface waters. During the 1990s, many land grant institutions developed and conducted research and extension programs related to the management and crediting of manure N, To assess the current status of manure N crediting and management in the USA, a national survey of university faculty considered to have expertise in manure issues was conducted. A four-page mail survey was sent to one person in each state to provide qualitative and quantitative information regarding manure N management, A response rate of 86% was achieved. Groundwater and surface water quality are perceived as the top environmental ramifications of manure N management regardless of animal species. Manure N crediting for cropland is highest for poultry operations and lowest for beef operations. Approximately 45% of poultry manure is properly credited, compared with only 18% of beef manure. In addition, manure N crediting is overwhelmingly viewed as improved compared with 5 yr ago. Manure N crediting components being emphasized include manure testing, soil N testing, and spreader calibration. Management strategies being implemented include writing manure management plans, reduced application rates, and manure injection/incorporation. Regulation-either existing, proposed, or future-is perceived as the primary reason (61%) for producers to better manage their manure, More states will regulate their livestock enterprises via a permitting process in the future, and the trend in developing nutrient plans is toward using a combination N and P standard, rather than solely an N standard. Although N issues have been a focus of manure management in the past, P issues have escalated in the 1990s in terms of environmental importance.
