ABSTRACT Efficient removal of liquid aerosols from compressed gas streams is essential in chemical and energy processes. Conventional separators relying on a single mechanism (inertial or centrifugal) struggle to capture both fine and coarse droplets simultaneously. This work presents a compact gas–liquid separator that synergistically combines inertial impaction with stationary‐blade‐induced centrifugal guidance in a uniaxial configuration. A high‐fidelity computational framework coupling the discrete phase model (DPM) with an Eulerian wall‐film model is developed in ANSYS Fluent to simulate droplet dynamics, breakup, and liquid film formation. Thirteen geometric parameters are screened using a Taguchi L27 orthogonal array, followed by response surface methodology (RSM) optimization focused on the two most influential parameters: number of stationary blades (x 7 ) and blade‐fixture‐to‐outlet distance (x 13 ). The optimized design achieves 98.86% separation efficiency at a pressure drop of 5005 Pa—substantially outperforming conventional cyclones (85%–92% at 3–6 kPa). Grade efficiency exceeds 99% for droplets > 5 μm and reaches 95% for droplets as small as 2 μm. Off‐design simulations confirm robust performance across 40%–160% flow rate and 0.3–0.6 MPa inlet pressure. The framework is validated by grid independence (GCI < 0.12%), model robustness, and RSM prediction errors below 1.25%. This work provides both a high‐performance separator and a generalizable optimization methodology for multiphase separation processes.
ABSTRACT The behavior of nanofluid flow involving a zero‐mass flux condition has received considerable interest because of a realistic scenario. In reality, this condition confines the optimistic accumulation or disappearance of nanoparticles past a sheet, constructing a more physically realistic demonstration through several applications, such as heat exchangers or the cooling of electronics. Therefore, the current investigation explores the two‐phase magnetic flow of nanofluid by incorporating the Bingham–Papanastasiou fluid towards a moving cylinder with chemical reaction, first‐order velocity slip effect, and zero‐mass flux condition. In addition, the advanced machine learning models are also incorporated. The governing partial differential equations are transmuted into ordinary differential equations by making use of similarity variables. These transmuted equations are further solved to obtain a numerically single‐branch solution through the bvp4c solver. It has also developed wavelet neural network (WNN) surrogate models by using the Morlet wavelet as the activation function and compared two training strategies: the second‐order Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm and the first‐order Adam optimizer. The shear stress rises by approximately 22.18% as the Bingham number increases and decreases by up to 29.75% as the velocity‐slip parameter increases. In addition, the heat transfer rate escalates up to 1.86% due to the larger impacts of the curvature parameter. The Morlet‐WNN trained with Levenberg–Marquardt matches the bvp4c solutions almost exactly, with much smaller errors than the Adam‐trained WNN, which remains accurate but shows higher prediction errors and a larger generalization gap.
ABSTRACT Granular bed filtration is a promising technology for removing dust from high‐temperature coal pyrolysis gas. In this work, the reactivity of coal pyrolysis products over ceramsite, char, ultrastable Y‐type (USY) zeolite, and quartz particles was compared. Based on laboratory results, a moving granular bed filter was designed and integrated into a 10 t·day −1 pilot‐scale coal pyrolysis facility to evaluate filtration performance and product changes. This work quantitatively decouples the physical dust‐removal effect from the catalytic secondary‐cracking effects of different filtration media at the pilot scale, establishing a baseline for isolating chemical effects and offering a practical criterion for media selection. Filtration reduced tar yield while increasing gas yield, with media‐specific effects. Ceramsite exhibited limited cracking activity, preserving tar yield at 91.56% of that with quartz, while enriching phenolics and aromatics, and boosting CH₄ and H 2 yields. In contrast, char and USY zeolite demonstrated strong cracking activity, reducing tar yields to 82.96% and 62.37% of quartz levels, respectively, with decreased phenolics and oxygenates, and significantly increased yields of CH₄, H 2 , CO 2 , and CO. Pilot‐scale tests using ceramsite achieved a collection efficiency of 97% and an average pressure drop of approximately 500 Pa. After filtration, tar yield decreased from 5.20% to 4.20%, whereas gas yield rose from 9.24% to 9.94%. Tar composition shifted toward aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and away from monocyclic aromatics, with no significant change in gas composition. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing granular bed filtration in coal pyrolysis processes.
ABSTRACT This research paper provides an extensive study of the effects of Darcy–Forchheimer von‐Karman spinning flow of Maxwell fluid across a stretching disk including the effect of heat generation based on a nonlinear function of temperature. The flow system is influenced by thermal radiations and Arrhenius activation energy. The mass and thermal diffusions are effectively managed through the use of thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects. The numerical simulation results depict the interaction effects of porosity, elasticity of fluid, and heat generation on the velocity and temperature profiles. The streamline and isotherms graphical representation provide useful information regarding the heat transfer enhancement and control with substantial applications in thermal engineering. The modeled equations are solved through the use of parametric continuation method (PCM) in dimensionless form. The findings of the work reveal that the stretching parameter and Deborah number enhance the radial velocity while reducing the azimuthal and axial velocity components, whereas the Forchheimer and porosity parameters suppress the radial and azimuthal velocities but strengthen the axial flow. The thermal analysis indicates that temperature is highest near the stretching disk, larger radiation, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis enhance heat transport and thicken the thermal boundary layer. Furthermore, thermophoresis and activation energy increase the concentration distribution by promoting nanoparticle migration and reducing reactant consumption, whereas the chemical reaction parameter and Schmidt number decrease the concentration profile through enhanced species consumption and reduced mass diffusion. The investigation has successfully validated through a comparative analysis with previously published results, showing excellent agreement and confirming the reliability of the proposed numerical approach.
This work discusses the thermal performance of magnetized hybrid nanofluid flow over a variable porous stretchable surface, emphasizing the underlying physical mechanisms governing heat and mass transfer. The Cattaneo-Christov flux model is used in place of Fourier's and Fick's laws to incorporate relaxation effects, ensuring a more realistic depiction of energy and solute transport. The energy equation is further refined by incorporating solar radiation and Joule heating, both of which significantly influence thermal behavior under electromagnetic conditions. The dimensionless governing equations are solved by bvp4c numerical scheme, allowing detailed analysis of the effect of numerous factors on considered profiles. Results reveal that the magnetic field and velocity slip tend to suppress fluid motion, leading to higher skin friction, while porous permeability enhances flow and reduces drag. The thermophoretic and Brownian diffusion effects intensify temperature and improve heat transport within hybrid nanofluid due to enhanced particle motion. Moreover, radiation, magnetic field, and Eckert number elevate fluid temperature, indicating stronger energy dissipation and improved thermal efficiency. Conversely, thermal relaxation and temperature slip moderate temperature gradients, enhancing convective heat control. In terms of mass transfer, thermophoresis increases nanoparticle concentration near the surface but reduces overall diffusion, whereas Brownian motion and higher Schmidt numbers promote mass transfer uniformity. The model's accuracy is confirmed through comparative validation, ensuring the consistency of numerical outcomes.
ABSTRACT With the rapid development of the petrochemical industry, efficient separation technology for olefins and alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms has become an important research topic to enhance the efficiency of petroleum resource utilization and optimize product quality. Due to the similar molecular structure and volatility between olefins and alkanes with the same carbon number, traditional separation methods (such as low‐temperature distillation) are limited by high energy consumption and significant costs. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the separation technology of olefins/alkanes by researchers, involving the application of technologies such as ionic liquids, low‐melting solvents, and novel adsorption materials. These emerging separation technologies not only improve separation efficiency but also effectively reduce energy consumption and costs. This article reviews the progress in light olefin/alkanes separation methods in recent years and provides an outlook on future research directions in this field, aiming to provide theoretical support and references for related research on the separation of olefins and alkanes.
ABSTRACT The global trend toward sustainable and intensified bioprocesses is driving innovation in the design and scalable synthesis of liposomal nanocarriers, a cornerstone of modern drug delivery. For decades, these nanosystems have relied exclusively on polyethylene glycol (PEG) for their sustained circulation in vivo, but they are currently challenged by the inherent limitations of PEGylation, including immunogenicity and accelerated blood clearance. The purpose of this review is to critically assess emerging hydrophilic polymers, particularly zwitterionic polymers, as novel and green substitutes for creating “stealth” surfaces on liposomal nanocarriers in long‐term applications. The scalable synthesis, lipid conjugation methods, and intensified processes, such as microfluidics and supercritical fluids, fully aligned with green chemistry principles, are also highlighted in this article. The fundamental emphasis throughout this account, however, is on theoretical models for understanding molecular interactions, particularly polymer‐lipid bilayer interactions, and strategies for suppressing protein corona formation, as these factors are essential for in vivo performance and effectiveness.
ABSTRACT The presence of antibiotics in water not only causes environmental pollution but also increases the growth of antibiotic‐resistant bacterial genes, which pose serious threats to human beings and other water residents. Large numbers of people are reportedly affected by the resistant bacterial genes, as many broad‐spectrum antibiotics are not effective against them. This review discusses various pharmaceutical medicines and antibiotics in different water bodies and their potential to produce toxic pollutants and antibiotic‐resistant pathogens in water. Various removal techniques, including adsorption, biodegradation, electrocoagulation, and advanced oxidation processes, have been reviewed to address antibiotic‐based pollution and its hazardous effects. Photocatalysis, as an advanced oxidation technique, has been discussed in detail, and the role of biochar in pollutant adsorption, charge separation, and light absorption has been highlighted to enhance the antibiotic eradication through solar light–driven photocatalysis. The classification of antibiotics and their removal mechanisms are highlighted with examples to establish close coordination between various treatment techniques and the simultaneous application of two or more techniques to deal with antibiotic‐based pollution. Furthermore, future perspectives are discussed to present a comprehensive analysis and identify existing research gaps in antibiotics removal. This review is expected to attract attention towards the awareness of the antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and their associated environmental and health concerns, thereby encouraging the adoption of appropriate preventive measures.
This study carries significant consequences in various engineering applications, such as cooling rotating disk surfaces, improving chemical reactor performance, and designing filtration systems. Considering these main applications in view, the aim of this study is to investigate time-dependent Casson hybrid nanofluid flow on a permeable surface through two spinning circular plates. The flow is affected by numerous flow constraints along with a nonlinear chemical reaction. The main equations have been evaluated by using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). As a result of this work, it has been revealed that the axial flow has escalated with an increase in the suction parameter and stretching factor at the lower plate, whereas it declines with an increase in the stretching factor at the upper plate. Thermal profiles increase with an increase in the heat source factor, Eckert number, and stretching factors at the lower and upper plates. Increasing both disks' stretching parameters enhances convective mixing but thickens the thermal layer at the boundary by drawing more fluid into motion, reducing the wall temperature gradient and thus lowering the profiles { Nu(0) & Nu(1)}An excellent agreement is found among the results established by the HAM solutions.
ABSTRACT Drilling fluids used in high‐performance well operations often struggle to maintain rheological stability, colloidal dispersion, and filtration control under harsh downhole conditions. This study engineered a multifunctional Fe 3 O 4 @Saponin/Cu(II) nanocomposite to address these challenges. The combination was selected due to its synergistic magnetic, steric, and interfacial stabilization capabilities that enhance compatibility with polymer–clay systems. Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by alkaline coprecipitation, coated with saponin for steric protection, and coordinated with Cu 2+ to reinforce interfacial bonding. Characterization by FT‐IR, TGA, and SEM confirmed successful sequential modification, improved dispersion, and increased thermal stability. Dynamic light scattering established 500 ppm as the optimum concentration retaining sub‐100‐nm particle size after several days, while rheological tests showed higher plastic viscosity and yield point without disturbing the Bingham plastic flow behavior. Filtration measurements demonstrated approximately 50% reduction in fluid loss and 44% thinner, denser filter cakes at this dosage. These enhancements arise from nanoscale pore plugging, microstructural reinforcement, and amphiphilic interactions among Fe 3 O 4 , saponin, and Cu(II). Overall, the developed nanocomposite offers a stable, sustainable additive that strengthens drilling fluid performance and holds potential for field‐scale deployment.
ABSTRACT Carbon capture technologies are poised to become one of the primary focuses regarding the achievement of net‐zero emissions by the year 2050. In these technologies, particular attention is given to post‐combustion CO 2 capture, which is more easily implemented at existing power stations and other industries. Aqueous amines presently lead in these technologies due to selectivity and existing experience. Problems regarding corrosion, decomposition, or higher energy requirements for regeneration prompt the search for advanced technologies. This review offers a thorough review of the major CO 2 capture technologies, namely, chemical absorption, solid sorbent adsorption, membrane separation, biological capture, and cryogenic separation. The relative merits and demerits of each technology are critically assessed in terms of energy efficiency, capture capacity, environmental concerns, scalability, and practicality. Recent developments in amine‐based solvents and in novel materials such as metal–organic frameworks, mixed‐matrix membranes, and hybrid cryogenic/membrane processes are reviewed in detail. In addition, the increasing use of artificial intelligence‐assisted optimization and advanced computational simulations is mentioned as a revolutionary tool for improving process design, optimization, and scaling up of CO 2 capture processes.
ABSTRACT Enhancing oil recovery (EOR) in mature reservoirs is hindered by high interfacial tension (IFT) and oil‐wet rock formations, especially under harsh, high‐salinity conditions. This study aims to overcome these limitations by synthesizing a novel carbon nanotube nanocomposite covalently grafted with polyethylenimine and non‐covalently functionalized with benzalkonium chloride (PEI/BAC/CNTs) to synergistically reduce IFT and alter rock wettability. The nanocomposite was synthesized via sequential oxidation, amidation, and surfactant assembly, and was structurally validated using XRD, FTIR, and EDS. Colloidal stability was evaluated via dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. EOR performance was systematically assessed through IFT measurements, dynamic contact angle analyses on oil‐aged rocks, and dynamic core flooding using both high‐ and low‐acidic crude oils. The PEI/BAC/CNTs exhibited exceptional long‐term stability at an optimal concentration of 1000 ppm. At this dosage, the nanofluid dramatically reduced IFT to 4.1 mN/m for highly acidic crude oil and shifted the wettability of strongly oil‐wet rocks (from an initial contact angle of 146°) to a strongly water‐wet state (42°). Electrokinetic and spectroscopic analyses confirmed robust electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding at the fluid–solid interfaces. Furthermore, sequential dynamic core flooding demonstrated that the nanofluid recovered up to 71.4% of the original oil in place, significantly outperforming conventional waterflooding by promoting targeted flow diversion and mobilizing trapped oil ganglia. In conclusion, the synthesized PEI/BAC/CNTs nanocomposite provides a highly efficient, dual‐mechanism EOR approach, proving its potential as a technically robust and economically feasible chemical agent for advanced oil recovery in complex subterranean formations.
ABSTRACT This study proposes a fuzzy–ANN model to investigate the nonlinear thermal transport in a tangent hyperbolic (Tanh) hybrid nanofluid flow past a porous Riga surface, considering the effects of Rosseland diffusion, chemical reactions, and internal volumetric heating. The hybrid nanofluid is composed of a suspension of MgO nanoparticles mixed with Ag nanoparticles in an engine oil (EO) base fluid. To address the uncertainty associated with the nanoparticle volume fraction and thermophysical properties, triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) and membership functions are employed in the analysis. The results reveal a reduction in thermal transport uncertainty of up to 40% when the α‐cut level increases from 0.1 to 0.9. The ANN models trained using Bayesian regularization (BRS) and Levenberg–Marquardt (LMS) algorithms show high predictive accuracy with a correlation coefficient close to unity ( R = 1.0) and MSE less than 10 −2 . Furthermore, the Sherwood number increases by 33.9%, whereas the Nusselt number decreases by 39.8% for the selected parameter variations. The results reveal the effectiveness of the MgO‐Ag/EO hybrid nanofluid in enhancing heat transfer performance compared with MgO/EO and Ag/EO nanofluids. The proposed fuzzy–ANN model provides a computationally efficient and accurate technique for thermal management systems.
Metal corrosion causes significant economic losses and safety hazards, underscoring the urgent need for effective, environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors. In this study, an organic-inorganic composite inhibitor, chitosan-glucose-BN (CS-GL-BN) was developed to protect Q235 mild steel in a 3.5-wt% NaCl solution. The inhibitor was synthesized by first reacting chitosan (CS) with glucose (GL) via a Schiff base reaction between the amino group of CS and the aldehyde group of GL, followed by the incorporation of hydroxylated boron nitride (OH-BN). Electrochemical measurements demonstrated an inhibition efficiency of 89.8% at 200 ppm after 72 h immersion, which was markedly higher than those of pure CS (64.3%) and the CS-GL intermediate (75.8%). The water contact angle on the steel substrate increased to 91.1 degrees, indicating enhanced hydrophobicity, while the surface roughness was reduced to 0.694 mu m (compared with 5.318 mu m for bare steel). These combined surface modifications effectively hindered the penetration of corrosive agents. Molecular modeling studies further revealed that the N/O heteroatoms contributed to strong adsorption, thereby significantly blocking the access of corrosive species. This work presents a synergistic strategy in which CS is functionalized with a long-chain molecule (GL) and integrated with BN to form a hybrid corrosion inhibitor that exhibits high efficiency and improved sustainability.
In the hydrogen production routes from natural gas (methane), methane pyrolysis offers a cleaner option than the established steam methane reforming by producing CO 2 ‐free hydrogen. However, in fixed bed reactors over solid catalysts, this technology experiences rapid catalyst deactivation due to carbon (coke) deposition encapsulating its active site. An alternative catalytic system using molten media catalysts in bubble column reactors offers an effective solution. The solid carbon can be separated from the molten phase and is recovered as a byproduct for various applications. Nonetheless, the methane conversions and hydrogen yield of this system are relatively poorer in comparison to its solid catalyst counterpart. It also faces operational challenges such as feed gas distributor blockage by resolidified molten media and pipeline blockages by tar. This study reviews designs and configurations of the bubble column reactor and analyses their effectiveness in enhancing the methane pyrolysis reaction performance and overcoming the operational challenges.
Natural gas decarbonization is a crucial processing step. In this study, the snow separation technology for removal of carbon dioxide in natural gas based on CO 2 desublimation characteristics was introduced. The phase equilibrium calculation of CH 4 ‐CO 2 and N 2 ‐CO 2 system was carried out by using cubic equations of states (EOSs), and identified the SRK‐EOS as the most accurate model under low‐temperature, low‐pressure conditions ( T < 250 K, p < 3.2 MPa) for N 2 ‐CO 2 system and the PR‐EOS for CH 4 ‐CO 2 system. Analysis of the CH 4 ‐CO 2 system's frosting characteristics defined the operational window for CO 2 desublimation, leading to the development of a novel experimental separation system, and the process consistently reduced the CO 2 content in the top product gas to below 3% (molar fraction) under pressures of 0.7–1.2 MPa. This study conducted numerical simulation on the CO 2 desublimation process, which cannot be tested experimentally. Numerical simulations revealed that the nucleation rate and supersaturation increased with higher system pressure and feed CO 2 mole fraction, accelerating CO 2 ice crystal growth and consumption of gas‐phase CO 2 . Conversely, higher temperatures exhibited an opposing effect. These results confirm the technical feasibility of the CO 2 desublimation process for efficient natural gas decarbonization.
In this study, (Ce, La)PO 4 catalysts were synthesized via an ultrasound‐assisted method. The effects of ultrasound duration and calcination temperature on the low‐temperature NH 3 ‐SCR performance were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the (Ce, La)PO 4 catalyst prepared with an ultrasound treatment time of 20 min and a calcination temperature of 400°C exhibited optimal denitrification efficiency, achieving a NO x conversion rate of 95.4% at 250°C. Characterization results revealed that under appropriate ultrasonic treatment and calcination conditions, the catalyst's pore structure and redox properties were significantly improved: The specific surface area reached 38.1105 m 2 /g, the total pore volume increased to 0.36616 cm 3 /g, and the average pore size expanded to 19.2 nm. Moreover, the catalyst surface exposed more Lewis and Brønsted acid sites, which enhanced the adsorption and desorption capacity of NH 3 . The presence of active intermediates such as –NH 2 , monodentate nitrite, and bidentate nitrite was identified, contributing to a notable improvement in the low‐temperature redox performance of the catalyst.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have emerged as one of the most critical drivers of climate change; this is primarily due to high concentrations and long atmospheric life of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). For a significant amount of time, various biological processes such as microalgal cultivation, cyanobacterial systems, photosynthetic microorganisms, and microbial electrosynthesis have been examined for the conversion of CO₂ into biofuels, bioplastics, and biorefineries. This paper provides an extensive overview on biological CO 2 utilization pathways as well as their performance, resource requirements, and product yields. Recent progress has been made in the utilization of algal biomass, the engineering of microbes for chemical production, and the development of integrated CO 2 capture and downstream utilization processes. These results could further help in optimizing biological carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies that could facilitate their transition from lab‐based demonstrations to commercialization. This study reminds us that covalorization of bio‐based CO₂ helps us to achieve a low‐carbon future.
Regenerative medicine combines biomaterials, cells, scaffolds, and bioactive agents via modern technologies to aid in the reconstruction and repair of damaged tissues. Among these, nanoclay scaffolds have demonstrated unique advantages in facilitating the delivery of therapeutic agents. This review investigates the structural and physicochemical features of various nanoclays—such as laponite, montmorillonite, and halloysite—that improve the mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and adjustable release properties when incorporated into polymeric scaffolds. Nanoclays encapsulated in scaffolds protect and facilitate the long‐term release of bioactive substances, such as growth factors, extracellular vesicles, and nucleic acids, thereby promoting tissue healing processes such as angiogenesis, osteogenesis, and stem cell recruitment and differentiation. Furthermore, recent developments in hydrogels, microspheres, and 3D‐printed scaffolds containing nanoclays have emphasized their performance in preclinical models. Despite their potential, challenges with scalability, long‐term safety, and exact control of release still remain. Overall, scaffolds based on nanoclays represent a versatile and multipurpose approach to regenerative therapies, bridging nanotechnology and biomedical engineering for future clinical uses.
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have garnered attention for their environmental and medicinal potential, emphasizing the need for eco-friendly synthesis. This study produces Ag NPs by reacting silver nitrate with aqueous Senegalia catechu leaf extract, a reductant and stabilizer. The formation of Ag NPs was confirmed by a surface plasmon resonance peak at 419 nm in the aqueous colloidal suspension. FTIR spectra showed leaf extract-derived functional groups enabled bioreduction and colloidal stabilization. Their crystallite size was 11.79 nm, according to x-ray diffraction patterns. FESEM/EDS investigation revealed spherical elemental Ag NPs with a geometric mean diameter of 25.8 nm. The synthesized Ag NPs exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms producing inhibition zones of 14 +/- 0.3 mm (Escherichia coli), 14 +/- 0.2 mm (Staphylococcus aureus) and 13 +/- 0.4 mm (Candida albicans). They also showed efficient sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, achieving 93.03% removal within 210 min. These results show that Senegalia catechu-mediated Ag NPs could be viable for photocatalytic waste treatment and antimicrobial applications.
