Yellow fever virus (YFV), transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, poses a serious threat to public health in the countries of tropical and subtropical regions, as well as causes a concern in the countries with a temperate climate. The virus provokes severe symptoms, including fever, jaundice, and damage to internal organs, and the mortality rate from the infection reaches 20–60
Dengue virus, Yellow fever virus and Zika virus are the arboviruses transmitted by the common arthropod vector Aedes aegypti. These three viruses belong to Flaviviridae family and show mild to severe infections in infected individuals all over the world. Approximately 400 million people are infected with Flaviviridae and more than 1 million die every year. In spite of their existence for more than a decade, there are still gaps at molecular level in understanding the pathogenesis, transmission of flaviviruses, the biology of virus-vector and the virus-host interactions. In the present study, bio computational analysis has been done on both the genomics and proteomics data of the structural and non-structural proteins of these 3 viruses. The high conservation of the fusion loop in EDII underscores its potential as a universal antiviral target, whereas the divergence in EDIII supports its use in virus-specific diagnosis and vaccine designing. The stem and transmembrane regions of EDI demonstrate structural conservation, suggesting their suitability for broad-spectrum therapeutic strategies. In the transmembrane domain, the motif SGVWTMKIGIG in ZIKV replaces SGVWTMKIGIILT in DENV, indicating length and hydrophobicity differences that may affect E protein anchoring or membrane fluidity. The interaction of DENV and ZIKV EDIII with 4–5 receptors on human host indicates strong transmission and virulence capacity of the virus by any means, compared to presence of only 1 or 2 receptors for YFV which made it easy for the researchers to develop vaccine at a much early stage and also is efficient to provide immunity against YFV.
The development of molecular testing techniques has transformed the diagnosis of influenza viruses by tackling the problems caused by zoonotic spillovers, genetic reassortment, and antigenic drift. Direct use of molecular techniques to clinical data is crucial for influenza virus surveillance and diagnosis. Many laboratories now use molecular diagnostic techniques that enable prompt and precise influenza diagnosis. Even quicker detection of viral infections, including influenza viruses, in clinical samples should be possible with the combination of real-time PCR and automated nucleic acid purification. Rapid and precise identification and subtyping of influenza viruses is essential for surveillance, outbreak management, diagnosis, and treatment. This is further highlighted by the 2009 pandemic of the H1N1 of swine origin and the ongoing spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1. Even though they are fundamental, traditional techniques including virus isolation, the hemagglutination inhibition test, and the microneutralization assay are time-consuming and slow. Viral genomic material can be detected quickly and with unparalleled accuracy thanks to the great sensitivity and specificity of molecular techniques like RT-PCR, the current gold standard. Advances in molecular diagnostics, like as digital PCR, real-time quantitative PCR, and isothermal techniques like LAMP, improve the accessibility and effectiveness of detection. New technologies like electrochemical biosensors and CRISPR-based instruments offer quick, portable outbreak control solutions sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing are two methods that provide thorough genomic insights that are essential for vaccine development and surveillance. Digital platform advancements, like as GISAID, facilitate phylogenetic analysis and worldwide data exchange, strengthening pandemic preparedness. By connecting laboratory capabilities with field applications for efficient influenza surveillance and control, these technologies continue to influence the diagnostic landscape despite obstacles related to cost and accessibility. This review cover most widely used molecular methods for testing and detecting influenza viruses as well as digital influenza management tools.
Purpose. Accurate detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in ocular infections, particularly in herpetic keratitis (HSK), is essential for effective clinical management. This study compared the analytical and clinical performance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting HSV DNA in corneal specimens from patients with varying clinical presentations. Methods. The analytical sensitivity of LAMP and PCR was initially evaluated using serial dilutions of HSV-1 viral stock. Clinical testing was performed on two types of corneal samples from 92 adult patients. The first group, the clinical manifestation group (n = 53), included patients with ocular symptoms but no epithelial defects, with specimens obtained through corneal surface swabbing. The second group, the keratitis group (n = 39), comprised patients with confirmed HSK characterized by epithelial loss, with specimens collected via corneal scraping. The keratitis cases were further divided into epithelial, stromal (including ulcerative and non-ulcerative), and unspecified subtypes based on a retrospective review of clinical documentation. All samples were analyzed using both LAMP and PCR methods. Results. Analytical sensitivity testing showed detection limits of ≥10 infectious units (IU) for LAMP and ≥25 IU for PCR. Across the clinical cohorts, the proportion of patients positive by both LAMP and PCR was approximately threefold higher in the keratitis group than in the clinical manifestation group (43.6
Introduction. Recently, data accumulated during the COVID-19 pandemic are a subject of thorough analysis and numerous publications of domestic and foreign authors. The present work presents the results of a retrospective study of the peculiarities of infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and efficiency of the protective effect of Sputnik V vaccination/revaccination in a group of employees of non-infectious medical center during different periods of the pandemic.Materials and Methods. The study group consisted of 1506 individuals. Information on the presence/absence of the disease was registered according to PCR test data (1404 individuals), by the presence of antibodies to determinants of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (74 individuals), by the presence of characteristic traits of lung damage according to the results of computed tomography (28 individuals). Information about the vaccination/revaccination dates was obtained from the questionnaire data. The results were processed in the Statistica 12.5 (StatSoft) program. Results. The morbidity and effectiveness of the Sputnik V vaccine protective effect were assessed in dynamics during the period from the beginning of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic in Russia and, in fact, until its completion. The effectiveness of vaccination was 92.72
