Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have recently received much interest because of their outstanding structural variety, high porosity, and tunable chemical activity. Understanding MOFs' physicochemical and mechanical properties is critical for customizing their properties to specific applications and assuring mechanical stability and performance. This chapter examines how MOFs' physicochemical and mechanical characteristics interact and what this means for material design. We address how structural properties affect MOFs' mechanical behavior, including porosity, surface area, pore size distribution, crystallinity, and phase purity. Furthermore, we investigate MOF design's trade-offs and optimization methodologies to obtain desirable physicochemical and mechanical property combinations. There is also a discussion of computational models and experimental methods for characterizing MOFs' physicochemical and mechanical characteristics. Finally, we discuss future prospects and problems in this sector, emphasizing the potential for improving MOFs in a variety of applications such as energy storage, environmental remediation, sensing, and medicinal technology. Researchers may pave the path for the creation of customized MOF materials with higher performance and widen their effect in varied industries by completely studying the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of MOFs.
Distinguished from other categories of materials by having at least a single dimension between 1 and 100 nm, nanomaterials are a remarkable group of materials. By purposefully creating these nanoparticles, very large surface areas may be attained. In contrast to their bulk counterparts, they can display amazing catalytic, mechanical, optical, electrical along with magnetic characteristics. Tailoring the properties of nanomaterials to specific requirements is possible through precise control of size, shape, synthesis conditions, and suitable functionalization. The chapter discusses various methods for nanomaterial synthesis, encompassing both top-down and bottom-up approaches. The chapter explores the developments in nanomaterials in this context, with particular attention to fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanotubes, silicene, antimonene, MXenes, 2D MOF nanosheets, boron nitride nanosheets, layered double hydroxides, nanoporous materials, core-shell nanoparticles, and metal-based nanomaterials. Ultimately, this chapter offers a comprehensive overview of nanomaterials and their properties.
Exploring novel antimicrobial agents has become increasingly imperative in the face of escalating antimicrobial resistance. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of crystalline materials renowned for their remarkable porosity and versatile functionalities, have emerged as promising candidates for combating microbial infections. This chapter offers a comprehensive overview of the antimicrobial properties of MOFs, shedding light on their synthesis, mechanisms of action, and potential applications in diverse fields. Commencing with a discussion on the global challenges of antimicrobial resistance, this chapter underscores the urgency for innovative approaches in antimicrobial research. The unique attributes of MOFs, including their tunable structures and the ability to encapsulate diverse bioactive molecules are examined in the context of designing effective antimicrobial agents. The rational design strategies employed to enhance the antimicrobial activity of MOFs are elucidated, encompassing the incorporation of metal nodes, functionalization of organic ligands, and synergistic combination with conventional antibiotics. The mechanisms underpinning the antimicrobial action of MOFs are explored, encompassing aspects such as membrane disruption, reactive oxygen species generation, and targeted intracellular delivery. The need for standardized testing methodologies, in-depth toxicity assessments, and thorough understanding of MOF-microbe interactions is emphasized in this chapter. The integration of computational approaches and the translation of laboratory findings to practical applications are identified as pivotal steps in harnessing the full potential of MOFs in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. As the global healthcare community seeks innovative strategies to address the pressing issue of antimicrobial resistance, MOFs stand at the forefront, poised to contribute transformative solutions in the pursuit of effective antimicrobial interventions.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a novel family of porous materials that have attracted special attention in the field of wound healing, one of the most important topics in clinical and scientific research. The healing process is complicated and necessitates the use of numerous agents quickly. MOFs have several advantages over conventional wound dressings, such as high porosity, tunable structure, multifunctionality, and biocompatibility. This chapter covers the pathophysiology of wounds and the differences between the dermal epithelium and oral mucosa, which are relevant for designing effective MOF-based wound dressings. The chapter then focuses on the recent advances in using MOF materials to enhance dermal wound healing because based on our studies, there was no report on the use of MOFs in the healing of oral wounds. This chapter highlights current developments in MOFs as dermal wound healing agents, focusing on metal ion release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT), as mechanisms and approaches to improve their antibacterial activities. Finally, the chapter discusses the challenges and future perspectives of MOF materials for utilization in the healing of wounds, such as biodegradability, toxicity, stability, and scalability.
Undoubtedly, a pivotal cornerstone of applied research involving MOFs lies in the meticulous selection of the ideal structure tailored to the intended application. The rationale behind any research endeavor exerts a profound influence on every intricate detail. Simultaneously, a precise understanding of structural attributes and the contextual limitations they encompass assumes paramount significance. Amid the realm of biomedical applications, where MOFs find a crucial footing, it becomes evident that numerous alternative options can readily be conceived for each study. However, the challenge surfaces in articulating these features in a manner conducive to a specific and informed selection. This chapter embarks on an exploration of three critical temporal phases for each biomedical application, delving into the prevailing challenges that define these junctures. Furthermore, it introduces four distinct vantage points, each encapsulating a range of topics examined within their respective subsets. The overarching objective of this discourse is to foster an appreciation for essential parameters, empowering researchers to navigate the MOF landscape with enhanced acumen, culminating in more astute and judicious choices aligned with the perspectives presented herein.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are the class of coordination polymer materials from branch of reticular chemistry with an excellent intrinsic property such as high surface area, porous structure with facile synthesis. MOFs have been utilized in various applications starting from catalysis to biomedical imaging due to their unique physicochemical properties. Development of diverse synthetic methods is crucial for the advancement of this field. Further, by introducing specific functionalities insitu/exsitu during MOFs synthesis could assist in achieving more biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. In this chapter, we include the recent advancement in synthesis of MOFs comprising conventional methods such as hydrothermal/solvothermal method, sonochemical, electrochemical, micromechanical and microfluidic method. Examples consisting most commonly used organic linkers such as terephthalic acid and trimesic acid in conjunction with metal ions of Zn2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Al3+, Fe3+ and Zr4+. The other widely studied zeolitic imadazole framework, ZIF-8 synthesis, is also discussed in detail.
Recognizing the need for professional development related to preparation for faculty positions, Northeastern University has sponsored the New England Future Faculty Workshop (FFW) since 2009. The participants were later-stage doctoral students and postdoctoral scholars who were predominantly women and from racial groups underrepresented in STEM fields. Applicants were accepted to the workshop after they submitted draft faculty job application materials. The workshops included sessions on institutional fit, research, teaching and diversity statements, interviewing and negotiation, time management, and navigating a faculty position. Participants also received detailed feedback on their application materials in a discussion session with a faculty member who had served on a faculty search committee. Based on post-workshop survey responses, participants found the workshop valuable and reported that the workshop enhanced their understanding of the process of applying for a faculty position. Of the survey respondents, 94% indicated they would recommend the workshop. After the workshop, participants reported increased preparedness and confidence to move forward with the faculty job application process. As of June 2023, 435 of the 709 participants had moved into new jobs. Two hundred and eighty-two (65%) of those jobs were in academia, with the majority, 220 (78%), in faculty positions at primarily R1 institutions. The percentages of tenured and tenure-track faculty from groups underrepresented in academia who attended the workshop were up to three times greater than reports of national tenured and tenure-track faculty. FFW organizers will continue to use participant feedback and Higher Education trends to maintain and strengthen this successful program.
The occurrence of traumatic bone defects caused by accidents, diseases, and surgeries has become increasingly common. Consequently, there has been a noticeable increase in the overall number of bone defects reported. Treating bone defects is characterized by long treatment periods, high costs, and unpredictable outcomes, often accompanied by complications like infections and bone discontinuity. Consequently, this situation significantly impacts the physical, mental, and financial well-being of patients and poses a challenge to orthopedic surgeons. This has piqued a considerable interest in the realm of bone therapy and repair. Materials other than autogenous bone have not yet achieved the ability to offer ideal biocompatibility, osteogenesis, osteoconductivity, and osteoinduction properties simultaneously. Moreover, the scarcity of autologous bone sources has necessitated the search for new replacement materials. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a novel class of functional materials that have gained extensive attention in the biomedical field in recent years. This is attributed to their porous nature, large specific surface area, tailorable chemistry, and their potential for drug loading. As bone treatment and repair research progresses, more investigators are exploring the potential of using MOFs for bone therapy and repair applications. Taking all these aspects into account, this chapter summarizes the current utilization of MOFs in bone therapy and regeneration, while also providing an outlook on the potential prospects of MOFs in this field.
In recent years, significant progress in the field of neural regeneration, driven by advancements in materials science and neurobiology, has introduced metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a promising avenue for enhancing neural regeneration within the nervous system. This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of MOFs in neural regeneration, encompassing their design, synthesis, applications in neural tissue engineering, and unique structural features like high surface area and tunable pore sizes. Additionally, it examines how MOFs influence cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and serve as platforms for controlled release of therapeutic agents to promote neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and axonal growth. The chapter also critically assesses MOFs' biocompatibility, considering cytotoxicity, immunogenicity, and long-term effects in neural systems, while addressing challenges and future directions in the field, emphasizing the need for in-depth in vivo studies and harnessing MOFs' potential in clinical neural regeneration applications. In summary, this chapter highlights the emerging role of MOFs in advancing neural regeneration, offering transformative solutions and innovative approaches in the evolving landscape of regenerative medicine.Introduction
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant attention as versatile materials with diverse applications in various scientific domains. Their unique structural characteristics and tunable properties make them promising candidates for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, imaging, and tissue engineering. However, the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of MOFs are critical considerations that must be thoroughly evaluated to ensure their safe and effective use in biological systems. The impact of MOF physicochemical properties on cellular uptake mechanisms and intracellular fate is examined, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of MOF-cell interactions. Moving beyond in vitro evaluations, the chapter delves into in vivo studies that elucidate the biodistribution, clearance, and long-term effects of MOFs in living organisms. Furthermore, the chapter examines strategies for enhancing the biocompatibility of MOFs through surface modifications, encapsulation, and co-delivery approaches. The integration of computational modeling in predicting MOF behavior within biological systems is also discussed, offering insights into rational design principles for minimizing cytotoxic effects. In conclusion, this chapter underscores the significance of understanding the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of MOFs in the context of their biomedical applications. As MOFs continue to advance the frontier of nanomedicine, their safety profile remains paramount. A comprehensive evaluation of MOF-cell interactions, combined with innovative design strategies, will pave the way for the development of MOF-based therapeutics and diagnostics that offer efficacious and biocompatible solutions to pressing medical challenges.
Environmental deterioration is one of the main issues the world is now dealing with. The fragile ecosystem is still being severely harmed and things are becoming worse with every passing day. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), Blockchain, Cloud and Edge Computing and other modern technologies that can be applied in every field, including supercapacitors, can be exploited to arrest these worrying trends. These advanced tools have the potential to accelerate the discovery of eco-friendly materials, which are crucial for the development of environmentally conscious green supercapacitors. The availability of emerging technologies can solve the huge gap between data sourced/procured from laboratory tests and real situations. AI models based on cloud management systems and IoT (Internet of Things) devices are coming into reality to solve important problems by harnessing large datasets and leveraging machine learning. Blockchain technology serves as an extra layer of transparency imparting advanced safety and intelligence in a supercapacitor ecosystem owing to its digital footprint. Additionally, blockchain can be integrated with holistic intelligent digital frameworks to provide continuous real-time monitoring of supercapacitor health, ensuring their consistent and secure operation. Together, the emerging technologies impart additional capabilities that can proactively benefit the entire ecosystem, thereby indirectly leading to higher specific power along with extended cycle-life. With the increased usage of electronic devices, energy consumption has increased many-fold in recent years. Green supercapacitors could provide a solution to this issue by improving the efficiency as an Energy Storage System (ESS). The incorporation of AI, ML, Cloud, and Edge Computing, and blockchain technologies elevates the transparency, intelligence, and safety of digital frameworks for green supercapacitors, benefiting both individuals and the entire ecosystem.
Biosensors have emerged as powerful analytical tools with applications wide range from healthcare diagnosis to environment detection. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with biosensing platforms has garnered significant attention for their superior specialties, such as increased surface area, adaptable porosity, and excellent chemical and thermal stability. This book chapter provides an overview of the recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and applications of MOFs for biosensors. The chapter also discusses the challenges associated with MOF integration, such as biocompatibility and compatibility with biological matrices, and presents strategies to overcome these hurdles. It delves into the importance of structural and morphological analysis, surface functionalization, and stability assessment to optimize the performance and longevity of MOF-based biosensors. Moreover, it discusses advanced techniques, spectroscopy, microscopy, and electrochemical monitoring, used for interaction of biomolecules and analyte detection. It highlights the utilization of MOF-based biosensors for the analysis and quantification of biomarkers, toxins, heavy metals, pathogens, and other analytes of interest. Overall, this book chapter serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers, engineers, and practitioners study/work on biosensors who seek to explore the potential of MOFs for advancing the sensitivity, selectivity, and versatility of biosensing platforms. It provides valuable insights into the design principles, fabrication techniques, characterization methods, and applications of MOF-based biosensors, paving the way for the development of next-generation analytical tools with enhanced performance and broad societal impact.
Nano-hybrid/composite smart coatings are ground-breaking coatings with built-in stimuli-responsive systems that enable spontaneous reaction. Anticorrosion studies and applications have advanced by virtue of the functionality of these classes of coatings at the metal-solution interface provided in adverse environments. For the purpose of preventing fouling in the maritime environment, various methods have been employed. In this regard, nano-hybrid/composite coatings, on the other hand, are a cutting-edge development in antifouling coatings that have the advantages of toxicant-free chemical composition and simplicity of large-scale applications. Nanomaterials with antibacterial and antifouling capabilities in polymer coatings include nano-metals, nano-metal oxides, metal-organic frameworks, carbon-based nanostructures and nanoclays. Additionally, these nanoparticles can enhance corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, weathering stability, and heat resistance of the polymer coatings. The different types of antifouling nano-hybrid/composite coatings are introduced in this chapter, along with antifouling mechanisms.
