The chicken carcass is a widely consumed and affordable food item known for its nutritional richness. However, susceptibility to spoilage due to microorganisms necessitates the use of natural preservatives. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, capable of producing organic acids that limit microbial growth, is employed. This research aims to determine the shelf life of chicken carcasses with varying percentages of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, assessed through total bacterial colonies, initial decay, and organoleptic properties (color, aroma, texture, taste, and overall acceptability). Conducted in October 2022 at the Laboratory of Livestock Product Processing Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, the study utilized the Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with treatments P0 (0%), P1 (1%), P2 (2%), P3 (3%), and five replications. Results indicated no significant differences, with P2 demonstrating the best outcomes for total bacteria and initial decay. P2 exhibited the best color, a pale white hue, while P1 had a distinctive meat aroma. P1 displayed the best texture, characterized by tenderness, and the best taste, slightly bland. P0 (0%) achieved the highest overall acceptability. Statistical analysis concluded that the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae had no significant impact on total bacterial colonies, initial decay, and organoleptic properties in chicken carcasses.
The chicken farming industry plays an important role in the Indonesian economy. Barriers are often felt by chicken farmers, such as the threat of disease, oneof which is caused by ectoparasite attacks. The purpose of this study was to determine the type and the level of diversity of ectoparasites, and to determine the effect of environmental conditions on the level of distribution of ectoparasites on chicken farms in Karangreja and Kemangkon. This research was conducted in two chicken farms located in Karangreja and Kemangkon sub-districts, Purbalingga, Central Java starting from January to March 2021. The methods used in this study were observing the general condition of the location, taking ectoparasites in chicken feces, sample preparation, and specimen identification. Data analysis was carried out by determining the level of density, relative density, frequency, relative frequency, importance of ectoparasites, and knowing the Shannon-Wiener diversity index of ectoparasites in chickens. The results showed that the ectoparasites found in laying hens in Karangreja were Urodiaspis sp., Tyrophagussp., Urodiaspis pannonica, Uroobovella sp., Androlaelapssp., and Beierochelifer peloponnesiacus. Ectoparasites that can be found in Kemangkon are Urodiaspissp., Tyrophagussp., Macrocheles mammifer, Macrocheles muscadomesticae, and Beierochelifer peloponnesiacus. The level of diversity of ectoparasites in laying hens inKarangreja is 1,023 and is classified as moderate diversity. The level of diversity of ectoparasites in laying hens in Kemangkon is 0.710 and is classified as low diversity. Environmental conditions that affect the diversity of ectoparasites are temperature, soil pH, air humidity, and soil moisture.
Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) is a common diluent used in the preservation of pig sperm. However,its capacity to preserve sperm motility and longevity, is severely limited. One of the reasons is the diluent lacks antioxidants in sufficient amounts to counteract the harmful effects of free radicals. The objective of the study wasaimed to evaluate the efficaciousness of BTS,Mulberry III (MIII)and Sperm Life diluents in conjunction with Moringa leaf ethanol extract (MLe2) for the preservation of landrace pigs’sperm.Semen was collected from one landrace boar aged 2.9years. Semen evaluation was performed both macroscopically and microscopically, and good quality semen was split into three tubes and diluted with BTS, MIII and Sperm Life diluent, to which 4% MLe2 had been added. Semen preservation was done in a cool box at a temperature of 18-20oC andevery eight hours, sperm motility, viability, intact-plasma membrane and acrosomal were assessed. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and continued with the Duncan Test.The study's findings demonstrated that, in comparison to Sperm Life, BTS and MIII diluents added with MLe2 produced sperm of higher quality. It was concluded that BTS and MIII diluents enriched with E2dk were more effective than Sperm Life in maintaining the sperm quality of landrace pigs
Antibiotic resistance was a global threat in the health sector and could arise from various sectors. The application of integrated farming systems, including the integration of dairy farming with agriculture, could potentially increase the risk of spreading resistance. This study was aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichiacoliisolated from fresh feces of dairy cows, feces from manure pits, soils, plants, clean water, wastewater, and milk from two agricultural-integrated dairy farms in Jayagiri Village, Lembang District, Bandung Barat Residence of Jawa Barat Province.Isolation and identification of E. coliwas carried out with Eosin Methylene Blue(EMB)media, Gram stain, biochemical tests and antibiotic susceptibility test using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Antibiotic susceptibility test showed resistance of 20% E. coliisolates from fresh fecal origin to ampicillin, intermediate resistance of 17% E. coliisolates from fecal in manure pits origin toampicillin, and resistance of 33% E. coliisolates from clean water origin against tetracycline. Meanwhile, ceftriaxone, gentamycin, and ciprofloxacin remained 100% sensitive in all types of samples. Eschericiacolibacteria and resistance found in this study indicated that integrated farming system could be a source of E. coliand antibiotic resistance contamination
Various animal diseases require colorimetric-based laboratory diagnose. One of them is the measurement of blood hemoglobin concentration. Anemia needs to be detected as early as possible, because the lack of hemoglobin inthe blood could results in a lack of oxygen being carried from the lungs to the tissues. Colorimetry is a quantitative analysis technique for colored samples to determine the concentration of a substance based on the light intensity of the color solution. Colorimetry is commonly used to measure the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Image processing using imageJ has been widely used for chemical analysis. This study was aimed to determine the potential of image processing from a desktop scanner to measure animal blood hemoglobin. The blood used was taken from five quail. Quail blood was diluted to 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% and 50% respectively. The results of hemoglobin level readings using the Sahli method were strongly correlated, but significantly different, with a spectrophotometer. The readings of hemoglobin levels using a desktop scanner have a very strong correlation and are not significantly different from the results obtained using a spectrophotometer. The image processing method from a desktop scanner can be used as an alternative to a spectrophotometer to measure blood hemoglobin levels compared to using the Sahli method.
Antibiotik, seperti doksisiklin dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi penyakit infeksi, namun jika digunakan secara berlebih, akan menghasilkan radikal bebas berlebih dan menyebabkan stres oksidatif yang mampu merusak duodenum tikus putih. Antioksidan yang dimiliki oleh bunga telang dapat menangkal radikal bebas yang terdapat di dalam tubuh. Radikal bebas juga ditemukan pada duodenum sehingga pemberian bunga telang berpotensi mencegah kerusakan duodenum sebagai tempat absorpsi nutrien. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol bunga telang terhadap struktur mikroanatomi dan histomorfometri duodenum tikus putih. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 20 ekor tikus putih jantan dan dibagi menjadi empat perlakuan, yaitu P0 (akuades), P1 (doksisiklin 6 mg/ekor/hari), P2 (ekstrak etanol bunga telang 90 mg/ekor/hari), dan P3 (doksisiklin 6 mg/ekor/hari dan ekstrak etanol bunga telang 90 mg/ekor/hari). Bahan uji diberikan secara oral dan dilakukan selama 14 hari. Sediaan histologi duodenum dibuat dengan menggunakan metode parafin dan pewarnaan hemaktosilin-eosin. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji sidik ragam dengan taraf signifikasi 5% dan hasil menunjukkan bahwa pemberian doksisiklin dan ekstrak etanol bunga telang pada histomorfometri duodenum tikus putih berbeda tidak signifikan (P>0,05), namun terdapat perubahan pada struktur mikroanatomi dan sel epitel vili duodenum. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah pemberian doksisiklin dan ekstrak etanol bunga telang tidak mengubah morfometri duodenum, namun komponen aktif dari bunga telang berkontribusi pada perbaikan struktur duodenum yang mengalami kerusakan pada tikus putih jantan.
The aim of this study was aimed to determine the total variation of the body weight (g) by using principal components analyses (PCA) of body measurements (cm) in 156 Joper (Bangkok × Layer) crossbred chickens consisting of 60 males and 96 females. In total twelve traits including body weight (BW), head circumference (HC), neck length (NL), wings length (WL), back length (BL), chest circumference (CC), chest width (CW), femur length (FL), tibia length (TiL), shank length (SL), shank circumference (SC) and third toe length (TL) were measured in each bird. The PCA of body measurements was performed by using a SPSS 16.0 package. Results determined three PC’s in each sex group based on the body measurements. Five body measurements of WL, BL, FL, TiL and SL were included in the first component (PC1) in both sex group which were able to explain the BW variation by 76% in male and 61% in female. The first three PC explained 67.78% and 65.93% of total variance of the morphostructure of male and female birds, respectively. The Kaiser-MeyerOlkin (KMO) value in both sex group was 0.80 which indicated the results of PC analyse were accurate. In conclusion, the body measurements of PC1 were influenced to BW of birds study.
Indonesia memiliki 350 sampai 370 spesies ular, 77 jenis di antaranya adalah berbisa. Gigitan ular dapat menjadi masalah gawat darurat secara medis yang dapat mengancam jiwa manusia. Trimeresurus insularis (T. insularis) dikenal sebagai ular hijau, adalah ular berbisa berukuran kecil hingga sedang yang berasal dari Indonesia. Ular hijau idup sebagai satwa nocturnal dan crepuscular termasuk kategori Secondary medical importance menurut WHO. Hingga saat ini belum pernah dilakukan penelitian tentang komposisi/profil protein bisa ular T. insularis yang ada di Bali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil protein dari bisa ular T. insularis di Bali menggunakan metode SDS-PAGE (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrilamide Gel Electrophoresis). Penelitian menggunakan sembilan ekor ular T. insularis, lima ekor berjenis kelamin jantan dan empat ekor betina. Milking dilakukan sebanyak dua kali dengan jeda waktu tiga minggu agar bisa yang diperoleh lebih banyak. Selanjutya dilakukan SDS-PAGE. Hasil uji (SDS-PAGE) menunjukkan bisa T. insularis di Bali terdapat dua pita mayor yang memiliki bobot molekul 55 dan 36 kDa, dan 3 pita minor yang memiliki bobot molekul 48, 25, dan 10 kDa.
Giardiasis merupakan penyakit protozoa pencernaan yang sering terjadi pada kucing. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mengetahui keberhasilan penanganan Giardiasis pada kucing. Kucing kasus adalah kucing peliharaan berumur 10 bulan dengan keluhan kemerahan pada gingival, diare berdarah dan lendir selama 19 hari. Hasil pemeriksaan uji apung tinja menunjukkan adanya kista Giardia sp. berbentuk oval dengan 2-4 nukleus. Antigen rapid test menunjukkan hasil positif. Terapi kausatif yang diberikan berupa antibiotik Metronidazole Benzoate 25 mg/kg bb q12h per oral selama lima hari. Protektan usus berupa Guanistrep® diberikan sebagai terapi simptomatis untuk diare dengan dosis 1 ml/kg bb q6h per oral selama dua hari dan salep kenalog® digunakan untuk mengatasi gingivitis dengan pemberian topikal secukupnya tiga kali sehari sampai sembuh. Terapi suportif menggunakan Nutri Plus Gel® dan pakan wet food (Royal Canin Gastrointestinal Cat®). Pada hari ke-7 pascaterapi terlihat fecal consistency score kucing bernilai 2 (normal) dan tidak ada darah, mukus, ataupun lemak, dengan ini disimpulkan bahwa penanganan kasus Giardiasis dengan Metronidazole memberikan hasil yang baik terhadap kesembuhan pasien
Tikus liar (Rattus spp.) hidup pada berbagai habitat terestrial, termasuk pemukiman manusia. Tikus liar yang hidup dekat dengan pemukiman manusia mempunyai peran penting pada kesehatan masyarakat karena tikus dapat bertindak sebagai reservoir bagi berbagai macam penyakit seperti infeksi cacing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis cacing dan angka prevalensi cacing yang menginfeksi saluran pencernaan tikus liar. Tikus liar ditangkap menggunakan metode perangkap hidup. Total 30 sampel tikus liar dari Kecamatan Banyuwangi telah tertangkap dan dikoleksi untuk dieutanasi dan dibedah. Cacing diisolasi dari saluran pencernaan tikus kemudian diwarnai menggunakan Carmine Semichen-Acetic dan feses yang diperoleh dari saluran penceraan tikus liar diperiksa menggunakan metode natif, sedimentasi, dan apung. Organ hati diperiksa menggunakan metode gerusan jaringan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan 70% dari 30 sampel tikus liar terinfeksi oleh cacing saluran pencernaan. Empat spesies yang ditemukan adalah: Taenia taeniaeformis, Hymenolepis diminuta, Heterakis spumosa dan Moniliformis spp. Pemeriksaan feses menunjukkan dua infeksi telur cacing: Heterakis spp. dan Syphacia spp. Pemeriksaan hati berhasil menemukan telur cacing Capillaria spp.
Fermentation of corn straw using Trichoderma viridecan produce enzymes that decompose crude fiber and make palatable fermented feed products because of their specific fragrance.This research was aimed to determine the carcass characteristics and physical properties of kampong chicken meat fed with fermented corn straw as a substitute for rice bran. Feedquality affects slaughter weight,weightand percentageof carcass, and meatphysical quality. In this study, 250 kampongchickens strainof SenSi-1 Agrinakwere used, which were fed rice bran (P0) with fermented corn straw (JJF). The treatment as follows: 100% P0 (R0); 95 % P0 + 5 % JJF (R1); 90 % P0 + 10 % JJF (R2); 85 % P0 + 15 % JJF (R3); 80 % P0 + 20 % JJF (R4) with six repetitions. The parameters observedconsist of quality of carcass and quality of meat. Quality of carcass includesweight,percentage, andparts percentageof carcass. Physical qualityof meatincludeswater holding capacity, cooking loss, color, textureandmeatmicrostructur. Based on the results,the subtitutionof rice bran with fermented corn straw in kampongchicken feed has a very significant effect (p<0.01) on carcass quality and significant effect (p<0.05) onmeat quality. The microstructure of kampongchicken meat shows the presence of coarse parts and large cavities so that it supports physical resistance as seen in the water binding capacity and texture of meat tenderness. It can be concluded thatfermented corn straw could be used in the kampongchicken feed up to 10%
andak mini afrika (Atelerix albiventris) merupakan hewan eksotis yang berpotensi membawa dan menularkan penyakit zoonosis, salah satunya yaitu salmonellosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi Salmonella sp. dari saluran pencernaan landak mini afrika. Sampel berupa ulas/swab anus 10 ekor landak mini afrika yang dipelihara di sekitar Banda Aceh dan Aceh Besar. Metode penelitian ini yaitu metode Carter yang dimodifikasi. Hasil swab anus landak mini Afrika dimasukkan ke dalam media Selenite Cystine Broth (SCB), apabila warna media menjadi orange dilanjutkan dengan penanaman bakteri pada media Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA) untuk mengisolasi. Pengamatan morfologi secara makroskopis terhadap koloni yang tumbuh dilakukan berdasarkan ukuran, bentuk, permukaan, pinggiran koloni, elevasi dan warna, dilanjutkan dengan pewarnaan Gram untuk mengamati morfologi bakteri secara mikroskopis. Identifikasi dilanjutkan dengan penanaman bakteri pada media IMVIC (Indol, Methyl Red-Voges Proskuer, Sulfid Indol Motility, Simmon Citrate), Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), dan uji fermentasi gula-gula (glukosa, maltosa, laktosa, manitol, dan sukrosa). Data hasil penelitian dianalisis secara deskriptif, ditampilkan dalam bentuk gambar dan tabel. Hasil isolasi didapat bahwa pada sampel (100%) Salmonella sp. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi ditemukan tujuh sampel (70%) Salmonella enteretidis dan tiga sampel (30%) S. thypymurium. Oleh sebab itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada saluran pencernaan landak mini afrika dapat diisolasi dua jenis Salmonella yaitu: S. enteritidis dan S. thypymurium.
Common Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) has a very sharp sense of smell that is a tool for selecting ripe and good quality coffee fruit. This research was aimed to study the morphological characteristics of the olfactory organ of Common palm civet macroscopically and microscopically. In this study, three adult Common palm civet were used. Based on macroscopic observations, Common palm civet had olfactory organs consisting of cavum nasi, nostril, septum nasi, conchae and vomeronasale organs found in the nasale. In the dextra and sinistra cavum nasi, there were conchae (superior, medius and inferior). In the medius and inferior conchae, there a respiratory epithelium in the superior conchae, there was the olfactory epithelium. Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining was used for microscopic observation. Based on microscopic observations, the olfactory epithelium composed of sustentacular cells (supporting cells), receptor cells and basal cells. The respiratory epithelium composed of goblet cells, pseudostratified epithelium and basal cells. The vomeronasale epithelium consists of the sensory and non-sensory epithelium. The sensory epithelium covered the ventral two thirds of the medial side of the vomeronasale, while the non-sensory epithelium covered the lateral side and the dorsal thirded of the medial side of the vomeronasale. The epithelium sensory vomeronasale consisted of three types of cells: supporting, receptors, and basal. Non-sensoryepithelium composed of the pseudostratified epithelium and goblet cells
Kelurahan Tamamaung merupakan salah satu daerah endemis Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di Kota Makassar. Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis keberadaan dan karakteristik habitat perkembangbiakan larva Aedes spp. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif eksploratif dengan rancangan cross sectional. Populasi pada penelitian adalah kontainer buatan dan alami yang berada di dalam dan di luar 100 rumah di Kelurahan Tamamaung. Sampel diambil dengan teknik metode pengambilan contoh acak sederhana atau simple random sampling. Pengambilan larva Aedes spp., dilakukan dengan metode larva tunggal atau dengan menggunakan single larvae method. Hasil uji univariat menunjukkan jenis larva Aedes spp., yang ditemukan pada lokasi penelitian adalah Aedes aegypti sebanyak 55 (76.4%), dan A. albopictus sebanyak 17 (23,6%), dan nilai House Index (HI), Container Index (CI) dan Breteau Index (BI) di kelurahan Tamamaung berturut-turut 52% (DF=7), 27.38% (DF=6), dan 72 (DF=6) dengan kategori kepadatan tinggi. Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan ada hubungan yang signifikan antara jenis (p=0.025), letak (p=0.003), bahan Tempat Penampung Air (p=0.000), sumber air (p=0.000), volume air (p=0.000), dan pencahayaan (p=0.001) dengan keberadaan larva Aedes spp., di Kelurahan Tamamaung Kota Makassar. Keberadaan larva Aedes spp., pada suatu habitat berhubungan dengan jenis, letak, bahan, sumber air, volume air dan pencahayaan di dalam Tempat Penampungan Air. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberi data baru bagi puskesmas dalam memberikan informasi lebih intensif pada masyarakat agar supaya masyarakat mengetahui keberadaan dan karakteristik tempat perindukan nyamuk A. aegypti terutama pada wadah-wadah yang dapat menampung air baik di dalam maupun di luar rumah sehingga tidak berpotensi menjadi tempat bertelur nyamuk A. aegypti dan densitas nyamuk A. aegypti dapat berkurang.
Young coconut water–egg yolk (yCW-EY) diluent used for semen preservation often produces inadequate sperm quality caused by damage to the sperm plasma membrane and DNA due to radical attack during storage. This research was designed by adding bovine serum albumin (BSA) as an additional supplement to the yCW-EYdiluent, because apart from being rich in amino acids, BSA also acts as an antioxidantthat can ward off free radical attacks.This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of BSA supplementation in yCW-EY diluent to maintain the sperm quality of landrace pigs. Semen was collected from two three-year-old landrace pigs using the massage method, evaluated macroscopically and microscopically, and then preserved in yCW-EY diluent with BSA added at various levels, namely 0% (control), 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5%. The diluted semen wasstored in a cool box at a temperature of 15-20 oC, and sperm motility, viability and abnormalities wereevaluated at the 48thhourof storage, while sperm viability wasevaluated until the 72ndhour of storage. Data analysis was carried out by using analysis of variance and continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test. Supplementation of 1.25% BSA into the yCW-EYdiluent resulted in higher sperm quality and was significantly different from the control (P<0.05), with a percentage of sperm motility reaching 49.00%, viability 58.20%, and longevity 61.26 hours. Sperm abnormalities in all treatments were still far below the maximum SNI standard, namely 4.20-5.80%, and did not show significant differences between treatments (P>0.05). It was concluded that the addition of BSA to the yCW-EYdiluent was effective in maintaining sperm quality oflandrace pigs, with the best BSA level being 1.25%.
Bali cattle are tropical animals that adapt to environmental changes in an effort to maintain survival. The presence of visitors at the conservation area affects the daily behavior of Bali cattle. The study was aimed to analyze the daily behavior of Bali cattle at the Conservation Ex-situ of PT Taman Satwa Kota Semarang under conditions of weekday and weekend; on weekdays (Monday to Friday) there were fewer visitors, and on weekends (Saturday to Sunday) there were more visitors. This study was conducted for 30 days, and behavior observation using the focal animal sampling method included eating behavior, group tendency behavior (allelomimetic) and avoidance behavior (agonistic), shelter seeking, and eliminative behavior. Cattle were observed for two hours at 10-minute intervals. Data analysis was carried out using the t-test at a significant level of 5%. The results of the study showed that visitor activity caused Bali cattle to tend to reduce their active movement and choose to remain silent away from the enclosure fence. The excitement of visitors on weekdays and weekends had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the duration of eating (foraging), agonistic, and eliminative behaviors, as well as the frequency of allelomimetic and eliminative behaviors. The conclusion of this study was that the elimination and group behavior of Bali cattle in conservation areas occurred more frequently and for longer durations on weekdays as an indicator that the cattle were uncomfortable, so it was necessary to limit visiting time in the cattle pen area, which may improve cattle welfare.
Pseudomonas sp., merupakan bakteri patogen oportunistik yang umumnya ditemukan di lingkungan dan dapat menyebabkan berbagai infeksi apabila mengkontaminasi manusia dan hewan. Organ reproduksi terluar yang berisiko terhadap kontaminasi adalah kulup/preputium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bakteri Pseudomonas sp. pada preputium kambing peranakan etawah (PE), serta untuk mengevaluasi tingkat sensitivitas bakteri tersebut terhadap antibiotik amoksisilin, oksitetrasiklin, dan siprofloksasin. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah swab preputium dari kambing peranakan etawah yang sehat secara klinis. Isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri dilakukan dengan metode Carter, sedangkan uji sensitivitas antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer. Hasil pengamatan pada media kultur Nutrient Broth (NB) dan Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHIB) menunjukkan adanya pertumbuhan bakteri. Selanjutnya, pada media isolasi selektif Pseudomonas Cetrimide Agar (PCA), terlihat pertumbuhan koloni bakteri berpigmentasi kehijauan. Koloni tersebut, berdasarkan pewarnaan Gram, menunjukkan hasil berbentuk batang berwarna merah, yang mengindikasikan bakteri Gram negatif, yang selanjutnya teridentifikasi sebagai Pseudomonas sp., melalui uji biokimia. Hasil uji sensitivitas antibiotik terhadap Pseudomonas sp., yang teridentifikasi menujukkan daya hambat antibiotik amoksisilin 3,17 mm, oksitetrasiklin 17,18 mm dan siprofloksasin 31,09 mm. Simpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Pseudomonas sp., ditemukan pada preputium kambing peranakan etawah dan memiliki sensitivitas yang baik terhadap antibiotik siprofloksasin dan oksitetrasiklin, namun resistan terhadap amoksisilin.
Diare yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Escherichia coli enteropatogenik (EPEC) merupakan salah satu jenis penyakit tular makanan yang paling penting di wilayah Asia Tenggara. Infeksi EPEC menyebabkan gejala diare berlendir yang jika tidak ditangani akan memicu dehidrasi yang dapat berakhir dengan kematian. Salah satu metode penanganan infeksi EPEC adalah melalui imunisasi pasif yang mampu menangani infeksi dengan cepat serta dapat digunakan sebagai pencegahan jangka pendek sebelum infeksi terjadi tanpa memicu resistensi. Salah satu kandidat antibodi potensial yang dapat digunakan untuk upaya imunisasi pasif adalah antibodi monoklonal antiprotease. Antibodi ini dipilih karena efektif terhadap seluruh strain EPEC serta memiliki spesifisitasnya yang tinggi dan dapat diproduksi dalam jumlah yang banyak dan dalam waktu yang lama. Protease yang digunakan dalam penilitian ini diisolasi dari bakteri EPEC strain K1.1 yang selanjutnya diimunisasikan ke mencit BALB/c berusia 4 minggu. Mencit yang diimunisasi kemudian diambil limpanya setelah hari ke-69. Splenosit dipanen dari limpa yang dikumpulkan untuk difusikan dengan sel mieloma guna membentuk kultur sel hibridoma yang dibiakkan pada media LCT-skim-pati dan media M9. Antibodi hasil produksi kedua kultur diuji dengan metode dot blot/slot blot untuk mengetahui potensi reaksi silang, di mana hanya antibodi hasil biakan pada media M9 yang tidak menimbulkan reaksi silang dengan media ataupun antigen lainnya. Antibodi hasil media ini selanjutnya diukur titernya menggunakan uji ELISA, di mana diketahui antibodi yang dihasilkan memiliki nilai titer 10 dan hanya spesifik untuk protease EPEC.
Based on the unique properties of protein A which naturally binds to the Fc IgG fraction of mammals but not to the Fc IgY fraction of chickens. The serum-soft agar (SSA) technique can be used to sort Staphylococcus aureus isolates that have protein A from those that do not. Protein A-positive S. aureus will form compact colonies in SSA with rabbit serum, while those that do not will form diffuse colonies. The use of chicken serum in SSA will produce diffuse colonies, even when S. aureus has protein A. The compact colony reflects the inhibition of bacterial growth in SSA. Such a phenomenon might be related to the formation of interaction complexes between IgG and protein A on the surface of the bacteria, in which these complexes inhibit bacterial growth. No comparable results were shown by the protein A negative S. aureus. The presence of protein A on the surface of bacterial cells was confirmed by the occurrence of Spa gene using polymerase chain reactions (PCR). An isolate of protein A-positive S. aureus was chosen and coated with rabbit IgG specific against Anisakidae antigen to be used as a non-soluble matrix for the preparation of the Anisakidae co-agglutination rapid detection test.
The statement letter from the World Health Agency "Office Internationale Des Epizoties (OIE)," started in OIE Resolution Number XI in 1990, has been a new independence for Indonesia to rebuild the livestock and animal health sector. However, the outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in mid-May 2022 in Indonesia and the Central Asian country of Kazakhstan in early January 2022 proves that the importance of the role and influence of international trade, both formal and informal trade, directly or indirectly on government policies in exporting animals and its products to prevent the spread of FMD disease through commodity trading. In addition, the lack of supervision of trade in animal commodities and animal products from export and import activities will impact the emergence of other new infectious diseases that will occur in the future. Therefore, world health organizations, international trade organizations, and governments must review policies related to international trade to prevent repeated transmission and other new diseases in the future by evaluating the causes of FMD transmission in countries declared free of FMD, such as Indonesia. This paper attempts to analyze this problem through the history of FMD in Indonesia and the FMD-free zone from the perspective of international trade. This paper can provide information and contribute to the future prevention of FMD through international trade in Indonesia.
