Among the diseases affecting lettuce and watercress, those caused by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are responsible for the poor vegetative development of these plants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two isolates of nematode-predatory fungi from the genus Arthrobotrys, obtained from Cerrado soil in Bahia, applied individually or in combination, in the control of root-knot nematodes in lettuce and watercress.The two fungal isolates were propagated on Petri dishes containing CMA medium and incubated at 25°C in a BOD-type growth chamber for 10 days. Inside a laminar flow chamber, the plates were opened and, using a cork borer, 150 fungal-colonized discs were obtained. These discs were then placed into a plastic bag containing approximately 1000 g of commercial vermiculite substrate and maintained at room temperature for 7 days. After this period, the substrate colonized by the nematode-predatory fungi was placed in seedling trays (tube-type cells), and lettuce and watercress were sown. Fifteen days after sowing, seedlings were transplanted into plastic bags containing a sterilized substrate composed of a mixture of soil, cattle manure, and sand in a 2:1:1 ratio.Fifteen days after transplanting, the substrates were inoculated with 3000 Meloidogyne incognita eggs by making two holes next to each seedling and applying the eggs with the aid of an automatic pipette. Thirty-five days after nematode inoculation, the number of galls and eggs in the root system of lettuce and watercress was evaluated, along with plant height and shoot dry weight. Both fungal isolates significantly reduced root-knot nematode parasitism in lettuce and watercress.
Seed size and sowing depth directly influence the initial development of peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.). This study aimed to evaluate the influence of seed size and sowing depth on the initial development of peanuts. The experimental design was in a 2x5 factorial scheme, with the first factor consisting of small seeds weighing between 170 and 485 mg and large seeds weighing between 486 and 800 mg, interacting with five depths: one, two, four, eight and 12 cm, totaling 10 treatments and four replicates, totaling 40 plots or pots. The seed weighing between 486 and 800 mg showed the best initial development of the peanut crop. The peanut showed best development when sown at a depth of between 5.0 and 6.0 cm. Sowing above 12 cm negatively interferes with the initial development regardless of the seed size in the peanut crop.
With each passing year, studies on annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) have increased, due to its great importance and contribution to the crop-livestock integration system in temperate climate areas. Given the above, this literature review aims to describe, highlight and evaluate the production of forage and seeds, regrowth capacity and standardization of tillers in annual ryegrass, the importance of defoliation and nitrogen fertilization. We can conclude from this review that ryegrass is a forage that presents a series of difficulties for its production, but it is an excellent pasture alternative during the cold months in the south of the country, due to its adaptability to the temperature during the winter and its tolerance to animal trampling with greater intensity in relation to other forage species.
This study aims to evaluate chemical and biological management alternatives to enhance the grain yield of wheat crops, based on the evaluation of the crop's productivity components. The experiment was conducted in 2022, under field conditions, at Escola Fazenda of UNIJUÍ (Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul), located in the municipality of Augusto Pestana, Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with an 8 x 9 factorial scheme, with eight wheat cultivars (TBIO Audaz, TBIO Ponteiro, TBIO Trunfo, TBIO Toruk, TBIO Astro, ORS Madrepérola, ORS Agile and BRS Belajoia) and nine management protocols, arranged in two repetitions. At full physiological maturity, the following agronomic traits were measured: number of grains on the cob; cob grain weight; thousand grain weight; and grain yield. Analysis of variance took place to detect the effects of cultivar, management protocols and their interaction on the analyzed variables. The Duncan test was used to compare treatment means, at 5% probability. The use of BOMBARDEIRO as a reinforcement to the chemical fungicide promoted an increase in the thousand grain weight. The highest values for grain yield were obtained with the protocols BIOASIS+BIOEQUILÍBRIO+BIOFREE, BIOTRIO and ORKESTRA SC, for the genotypes TBIO Toruk, TBIO Ponteiro and TBIO Trunfo. The use of biological management in wheat crops enhances nutrient absorption and acts synergistically with chemical fungicides, contributing to increased productivity and sustainable management.
Plants of the genus Urochloa are adopted as cover crops, and desiccation is essential for implementing subsequent crops. Here, we evaluated the desiccation of Urochloa brizantha BRS “Piatã” using glyphosate associated with different protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors (PROTOX). The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme (2x5+1), consisting of two glyphosate doses of 900 and 1800 g a.e. ha-1 (D1 and D2), associated or not with carfentrazone-ethyl (20 g a.i. ha-1), flumioxazin (20 g a.i. ha-1), saflufenacil (35 g a.i. ha-1), and tiafenacil (70 g a.i. ha-1), in addition to the control treatment (without herbicides). The study was conducted in Alvorada do Sul (ALV) and Londrina (LDN), both in Paraná state, Brazil. Seven days after application (DAA), the chlorophyll index was measured. The percentage of tissue injury was assessed by the visual scale (0-100) at 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAA. At the end of the experiment, the fresh and dry shoot mass and the percentage of water (%H2O) in the tissue were measured. For the experiment in ALV, glyphosate D2 + flumioxazin reached 68.7% of injury. The percentage was reduced in all treatments in relation to the control, with D2 providing the greatest reduction. On the other hand, in LDN, no difference was observed between treatments with or without PROTOX-inhibitors. The percentage confirmed the result obtained by the visual scale, in which glyphosate at D2 resulted in an average of 90.5% control at 28 DAA, 9.5% greater than D1. In both experiments, the mixture of glyphosate and flumioxazin deserves to be highlighted as it accelerated the kinetics of plant mortality. D2 was more effective in controlling the plants (on average 8.5% greater than D1).
Beef, pork, chicken or fish and their derivatives are the most consumed protein sources in the world, and the main causes of Foodborne Diseases (DTAs), due to their rich substrates for the development of pathogenic colonies, and intrinsic and extrinsic, the most common being bacteria such as; Salmonella sp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Moraxella. Clostridium, Bacillus and Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). Generating degradation and contamination in food and harming consumer health and the agricultural market. Irradiation is an alternative for food preservation, through the use of X-rays, Beta radiation, gamma rays and ultraviolet radiation. frozen, without harming the health of the population. This research aimed to compile consumer understanding regarding the use of this conservation method, knowledge of the irradiation seal, and the possibility of purchasing the products. The results demonstrate that 52.2% and 58.6% do not know what irradiation is and what types of radiation are used, respectively; However, 60.6% of those interviewed would perhaps buy a product with the irradiation seal, although 71.7% had never seen it.
Both external and internal quality control of seeds in Brazil aims to ensure that seeds meet established standards in a reliable manner. To this end, physiological, sanitary, genetic and physical quality are assessed to provide control throughout the production process and technologies used in the seeds. External quality control is performed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Development (MAPA), which establishes minimum standards for the marketing of seed lots. In internal control, the company itself performs the control, that is, throughout the production process in its laboratory it performs quality analyses of the seeds produced based on the Seed Analysis Rules (RAS), which must be met to market the seed lots. In view of the above, this literature review aims to describe and highlight the relevance of internal and external quality control of seeds in Brazil for major crops, forages and vegetables.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production faces challenges caused by abiotic and biotic factors, with diseases transmitted by contaminated seeds being a risk for pathogen-free areas. This study assessed the presence of pathogens in five wheat cultivars: Tbio Sinuelo, Tbio Toruk, ORS Madreperola, Tbio Ponteiro and LG Cromo. The “blotter test” method was used to assess the influence of these pathogens using the Hiltner test. The following variables were analyzed in seeds disinfected and not disinfected with 1% hypochlorite: germination (%), seed-to-seedling transmission, mean root length (MRL), mean shoot length (SPL), root fresh mass (RRM), root dry mass (RSM), shoot fresh mass (SPF) and shoot dry mass (SPD). The experiment, conducted at the Plant Physiology Laboratory of the Federal University of the Southern Frontier, followed a completely randomized design in a 5x2 factorial scheme. The sanitary analysis revealed the presence of the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Alternaria. Although germination and seed-to-seedling transmission showed no significant difference between disinfected and non-disinfected seeds, there were statistical differences in the ARL, SPL, FRM, DRM, FRM and DSM components, with disinfected seeds showing higher averages.
The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of choosing a corn hybrid and adjusting the plant population in different productivity zones in an agricultural area. The experiment was carried out in the 2015/2016 harvest, in the municipality of Boa Vista das Missões-RS, in an area of 114.91 hectares, 38.2% of which was low productivity and 61.8% high productivity. A randomized block experimental design was used in a factorial scheme (2x5), with two types of productivity zone, five sowing densities (60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 thousand plants per hectare) and four replications. The hybrids used were Agroeste 1677 VT PRO3® (AS1677), BioGene 7318 YH (BG7318) and Pioneer 1630H (P1630). Variables such as the number of grain rows, number of grains per row, number of grains per ear, ear diameter and thousand-grain weight were evaluated. Grain yield was determined by manually harvesting the central rows of the area. Analyses of variance were carried out to verify the effects of yield zone and plant population on agronomic characteristics, with significance assessed by the F test. Regression model analysis was used to calculate net economic return (REL) and maximum technical efficiency (MET). The ideal plant population varied according to the productivity zone, with hybrid AS1677 showing the best response to the high population in both zones, while hybrid P1630 performed the worst. The study suggests that the use of variable seeding rates can increase productivity in high productivity areas and optimize the use of resources in low productivity zones, requiring further research to validate the technique.
Nos últimos anos a cultura o girassol vem se destacando em nível mundial como a quinta oleaginosa em produção de matéria prima, para isso se faz necessário conhecer mais sobre essa cultura. Esta revisão literária tem como objetivo descrever a importância da cultura do girassol, seus aspectos morfológica e fenológica, qualidade das sementes, tratamento e semeadura. Esse estudo ocorreu no ano de 2023 e utilizou diferentes trabalhos como base para desenvolver esta revisão, onde se pode concluir que a cultura do girassol em ambos os estados vem crescendo e a sua demanda de produção também, principalmente de produtos à base de girassol, o que faz com que se procure maior conhecimento sobre essa cultura, já que as informações são muito escassas.
Atopic dermatitis in dogs is a chronic skin condition caused by allergies to environmental allergens such as pollen and dust mites. Symptoms include itching, inflammation and skin lesions. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and exclusion of other diseases. Treatment includes environmental control measures, drug baths, immunomodulatory therapy and use of anti-inflammatory drugs. Prevention is done through appropriate environmental and food management. In this article, a case of atopic dermatitis will be reported in a male Shih Tzu dog treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of West São Paulo (UNOESTE), highlighting the importance of complementary exams and that dermatitis can be caused by certain natural foods. Also emphasizing the importance of effective therapy and proper assessment of clinical signs, enabling effective treatment significantly improving the quality of life of the animal, without, however, preventing the use of natural food.
This study aimed to identify the most suitable plant populations, considering different environmental conditions (locations, growing seasons, and sowing dates), to express the yield potential of common bean cultivars released or in the process of releasing for regions not included in the initial release. Forty-four experiments were carried out from November 2016 to March 2019, encompassing wet, dry, and winter seasons, across the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais and Paraná. Five plant populations established at sowing (12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 plants m⁻²) were compared in a randomized block design with four replications, using the cultivars BRS FC310, BRS FC409, and BRSMG Uai. Across winter season experiments, the BRS FC310 cultivar consistently displayed higher yield than the others at all plant populations. In contrast, the BRSMG Uai cultivar exhibited the highest yield during the wet season. The maximum grain yields of the three cultivars were higher in the wet than in the winter season and obtained with higher plant populations. Cultivars BRS FC310, BRS FC409, and BRSMG Uai maximized grain yield with, respectively, 28.4, 25.4, and 26.2 plants m⁻² at harvest time in the wet season, and 20.4, 14.0, and 15.2 plants m⁻² in the winter season.
This study reports the case of a high genetic merit Quarter Horse mare that suffered a Grade III perineal laceration, which was a dystocia, at her first foaling. Five surgeries were performed over a three-year period to restore anatomy and reproductive function. A follicular aspiration protocol followed by cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was then performed, resulting in five embryos that were cryopreserved by vitrification. Two embryos were transferred and one of them resulted in pregnancy and the birth of a healthy foal. The animal was then subjected to a conventional embryo collection program in which a viable embryo was collected and transferred. Pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasound and the foal was born in July 2023. It can be concluded that the ability to produce offspring was restored in this mare, using the ICSI and TE biotechniques.
The ora-pro-nóbis is an unconventional food plant, widely recognized for its high protein content, which makes it a highly relevant alternative for food security and the fight against hunger. It is predominantly propagated by cuttings. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of vegetative propagation of ora-pro-nóbis, taking into account the size and physiological maturity of the branches used. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Santo Cristo-RS, in a completely causal design, with 6 treatments and 4 replications, totaling 24 experimental units, each containing 3 cuttings. The treatments consisted of (T1) a 5 cm basal cut, (T2) a 5 cm central cut, (T3) a 5 cm apical cut, (T4) a 10 cm basal cut, (T5) a 10cm central cut and (T6) a 10 cm apical cut each. The variables evaluated included rooting percentage, number of roots, length of the largest root, root volume, weighted root diameter, root area, green mass and dry mass of the roots, as well as sprouting percentage, number of sprouts, number of leaves per sprout, green mass and dry mass of the sprouts with leaves. The evaluation took place 60 days after planting. The results showed differences between the treatments for all the variables analyzed. The treatments with 10 cm basal and central cuttings stood out from the other treatments with 5 cm cuttings. Treatment 4 appears to be the best option for implementing a production system for this plant, as it shows the best results in terms of characteristics such as the number of leaves and the production of green and dry mass of the shoot, as well as the number of roots and the dry mass of the roots.
Cobre está entre oito micronutrientes essenciais para o crescimento vegetal. Assim como os demais metais, em função da atividade humana no Antropoceno, comporta-se como um poluente importante na biosfera. Nesse contexto, este estudo tem como objetivo identificar o potencial da espécie vegetal Cyperus rotundus L. (tiririca) no tratamento de solos contaminados por cobre a observar: a redução da quantidade de cobre no solo após experimento, diferença da massa fresca e seca e parâmetros químicos como condutividade elétrica (CE) e potencial hidrogeniônico do solo (pH). De acordo com os parâmetros analisados, a tiririca demonstrou uma eficiência significativamente maior na fitoextração quando os níveis de cobre no solo estavam em doses mais elevadas. Essa resposta adaptativa indica que a planta possui uma alta capacidade de acumulação de cobre em condições de elevada contaminação, o que viabiliza sua utilização como uma estratégia eficaz para a descontaminação de solos saturados com esse metal. Portanto, a tiririca se revela uma candidata promissora para ser utilizada na técnica de fitorremediação, particularmente em áreas onde a contaminação por cobre atinge níveis críticos.
A necessidade de reforma do canavial tem impulsionado a expansão do cultivo de soja em rotação com a cana-de-açúcar. Plantas daninhas são uma das principais razões para essa reforma, exigindo manejo específico na rotação. O uso de herbicidas em pré-emergência da soja é uma opção viável, porém sua eficácia em solos arenosos requer mais estudos. Neste experimento, avaliamos o desempenho de herbicidas pré-emergentes sobre palhada de cana, focando no controle de Digitaria horizontalis. Foi conduzido experimento em condições de campo com 11 tratamentos e quatro repetições, aplicando herbicidas imediatamente após a semeadura da soja. Exceto o herbicida, diclosulam, todos os outros proporcionaram controle eficiente da D. horizontalis, com mais de 80% de controle em todas as épocas avaliadas. A associação clomazone+sulfentrazona apresentou o maior efeito residual, mantendo a área limpa por até 21 dias após a aplicação. O controle sem capina resultou em produtividade equivalente a 66% da máxima obtida. O uso de herbicidas inibidores da divisão celular permitiu que a cultura da soja crescesse sem competição de plantas daninhas. O uso de herbicidas em pré-emergência da soja sob palhada de cana resultou em ganhos de produtividade devido ao controle eficaz de D. horizontalis.
The propagation process of sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata group) is carried out through seeding. For good quality in this process, the operating speed and graphite dosage must be assertive for a greater plant stand and seed distribution and depth. Given the above, this research aimed to analyze three different operating speeds and the influence of graphite dose to evaluate the effects on plantability in sweet corn. A John Deere 4 x 2 TDA tractor with a nominal power of 78 kW (106 hp) and a Netz model PDN 6000 seeder were used to carry out the sowing. The area was part of an 18-hectare central pivot. Three operating speeds (5.0, 7.7, and 10.7 km h-1) and three amounts of graphite (4.0, 8.0, and 12.0 g for each kg of seed) used in mechanical seeders were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a 3 x 3 factorial design in subdivided plots with 12 replications. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the “F” test, and subsequently, the means of the variables in the different treatments were analyzed using the Tukey test. Statistical process control was also analyzed using control charts with upper and lower limits drawn based on the ideal sowing spacing. In conclusion, the greatest uniformity of sowing was achieved with a speed of 5.0 km h-1, and a graphite dose of 12.0 g kg-1 provided the greatest uniformity of sowing. Higher operating speeds and lower graphite doses resulted in a higher number of failed or double germinations. The lowest seed spacing VC was when there was a higher dosage of graphite and a lower operating speed.
Ambarella (Spondias dulcis) is a tropical fruit tree from the Anacardiaceae family. Recently, resulting from the natural mutation of the ambarella, the dwarf ambarella was created. However, the fruits of the dwarf plant have been studied to a limited extent. This study aimed to characterize the fruits and pulp of dwarf ambarella and collect data. The weight, diameter, and length analyses of the entire fruit were carried out. Then, the fruits were subjected to manual processing to produce the pulp and subsequent characterization regarding soluble solids (SS), moisture, titratable acidity in citric acid, vitamin C, and color. Dwarf ambarella weighed between 53.78 and 79.52 g, had a diameter between 40.31 and 45.35 mm, and a length between 53.31 and 60.72 mm. The pulp had a soluble solid content ranging from 10.3 to 13.8 °Brix, moisture between 84.13 and 86.78%, pH between 3.14 and 3.31, and acidity expressed as citric acid ranged from 0.80 to 1.03% m/m. The maximum vitamin C content equals 1.70 mg.100 g-1. The color characteristics are *L between 51.53 and 46.72, a* ranging from 7.68 to 7.04, and b* from 32.80 to 28.78. Dwarf ambarella has physical and chemical characteristics similar to the fruits of traditional cajá trees.
The culture of corn (Zea mays L.) has great economic importance, as corn is used in different ways and cultures, ranging from animal feed to high-technology industry. For example, the use of corn grain the animals feed represents the majority of consumption of this cereal. The objective of this literature review is to report on the emergence of corn, its morphology, harvesting and storage of this crop. This study took place in 2023 and used different studies as a basis to develop this review. In this review, we summarize that corn cultivation in both states and countries has been growing and so has its production demand. However, corn-based products make people look for more knowledge about this crop, as information is still very scarce, and it makes farmers look for more information every day, as this crop is growing in demand both production and commercialization in different states and municipalities.
The present study aimed to investigate and determine the most relevant fertilization levels of Simple Superphosphate to increase fruit production and improve fruit quality for fresh consumption. The experiment was conducted at the EPAMIG Experimental Field in Lambarí, Minas Gerais, from September 2021 to November 2022. Five fertilization levels were tested: 150 grams/plot, 300 grams/plot, 600 grams/plot, and 1200 grams/plot, along with a control group (no fertilization). A significant increase in fruit production was observed at the higher dose (1200 grams/plot) compared to the control, representing a 54.06% increase in fruit production. Additionally, the total fresh biomass production increased by 19.43%, the number of primary and secondary branches per plant increased by 48.99%, the branch length increased by 4.26%, and the canopy diameter increased by 6.83% when compared to the control. All these characteristics were significantly different at the 95% confidence level according to the Scott-Knott test. We concluded that 300 grams/plot was the best fertilization dose to achieve higher production and acceptable quality.
