Background and Study Aim. Achievement motivation is a multidimensional construct influenced by individual characteristics, athletic experience, and psychosocial factors. Coach communication has been identified as a potential contributor to athletes' motivational orientation. However, the relationship between these variables in amateur football contexts remains insufficiently examined. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between football players' achievement motivation and coach communication, and to compare these variables across selected demographic variables. Material and Methods. A total of 300 volunteer athletes participating in amateur football competitions in Kayseri province were included via random sampling. The Sport-Specific Achievement Motivation Scale and the Coach Communication in Football Scale were administered alongside a researcher-developed personal information form. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and LSD post-hoc test was applied for group comparisons. Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to examine the direction, strength, and predictive relationships between variables. Results. Achievement motivation did not differ significantly across most demographic variables at the general level. Age, sports experience, and playing position produced partial differences in specific motivation sub-dimensions. Coach communication showed a positive association with athletes' achievement orientation. However, coach communication did not independently predict achievement motivation. Conclusions. Coach communication positively supports achievement orientation but does not function as a sole determinant of motivation. Individual characteristics, athletic experience, team roles, and psychosocial factors must be considered collectively to understand and enhance athletes' motivation levels.
Background and Study Aim: Volleyball is a sport with a high demand for explosive actions of the lower extremities, where vertical jump is a key determining factor. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of plyometric training on vertical jump in female players aged 12-18 years. Material and methods: A quasi-experimental, prospective, longitudinal design was used (n=32 intervention, n=12 control). Squat Jump, Counter Movement Jump, and Abalakov jumps were measured before and after 5 weeks of plyometric training using the MyJumpLab application. The intervention consisted of two weekly sessions of jumping exercises (e.g., pogo jump, depth jump, and unilateral jumps) with moderate-to-high intensity and progressive volume. Results: Significant improvements were showed in the intervention group for all three types of jumps (p < 0.001; Cohen’s d ranging from 0.82 to 1.14), with increases from 9.4% to 10.1%. The control group showed heterogeneous performance: it decreased in CMJ (-11.3%; p < 0.001; d = -1.51), remained stable in ABK (-0.4%; p = 0.956; d = -0.02), and improved in SJ (+13.4%; p < 0.001; d = 1.57). The comparison between groups showed significant differences in favor of the intervention group in CMJ (p < 0.001) and ABK (p = 0.002), but not in SJ (p = 0.263). Conclusions: Plyometric training positively influences vertical jump capacity. These findings support the implementation of plyometric training programs to optimize performance in young female volleyball players, which should be taken into consideration by coaches and practitioners of this sport.
Background and Study Aim. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of corrective technology for improving the accuracy of students' physical self-esteem, which included providing personalized feedback based on objective physical fitness test results. Model analysis was used to determine patterns and limits of its effectiveness. Material and methods. The study involved 159 university students (110 males and 49 females). The following methods were used: a pedagogical experiment, physical fitness testing (strength, coordination, flexibility, and endurance), a survey using the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire, and nonparametric statistical methods (the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests). General Regression Modeling (GRM) was also used to analyze the relationship between subjective and objective physical fitness evaluations. Results. A statistically significant decrease in the absolute value of Δ was found in both young men (-25.0%) and women (-33.3%) (p < 0.0001), which indicates that both groups developed more accurate physical self-esteem, regardless of gender. The constructed polynomial regression model (F = 160.103; p < 0.0001; R² = 67.2%) revealed a nonlinear relationship between the initial and final values of Δ and demonstrated the highest efficiency of the technology for subjects with moderate initial deviations in physical self-esteem (|Δ| ≤ 3 points). However, the effectiveness of the corrective intervention was limited in groups with extremely overestimated physical fitness. Conclusion. The proposed technology is a statistically significant and effective tool for improving students’ physical self-esteem, which ensures the development of a more accurate perception of one’s physical abilities by providing personalized feedback. The results confirm the feasibility of its incorporating in the educational process and determine prospects for improving corrective interventions for students with high initial deviations in physical self-esteem.
Background and Study Aim. Modern Greco-Roman wrestling is characterized by increasing demands on all aspects of athletes’ preparedness, including not only physical, functional, and technical-tactical characteristics, but also the level of development of cognitive functions. Under conditions of high competition, limited time for decision-making, and constantly changing competitive situations, cognitive mechanisms play a crucial role in ensuring the rapid perception of information, its analysis, the selection of the optimal action, and behavioral adaptation to the opponent’s actions. Therefore, particular importance is attached to studying how cognitive functions are associated with competitive performance indicators in wrestlers of different qualification levels. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of cognitive functions on competitive performance indicators in Greco-Roman wrestlers of different qualification levels. Material and methods. The study involved 40 Greco-Roman wrestlers: qualified athletes (n=20; 16.9±0.80 years) and elite athletes (n=20; 24.6±3.40 years). Cognitive functions were assessed using a set of specialized computer-based tests for tablet devices running iPadOS: “Short-Term Memory”, “Spatial Perception”, “Reaction Go/No-Go”, and “Size Test”. Competitive performance indicators were analyzed using the “Martial Arts Video Analysis” software. The following parameters were determined: attack and defense efficiency, attack interval and successful attack interval, scoring performance, average score per bout, average score per minute, success index, performance index, average bout duration, and percentage of early victories. Statistical processing included descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test for between-group comparisons, and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis to identify relationships between the studied parameters. Results. It was established that elite wrestlers demonstrated statistically higher defensive efficiency and a longer, more tactically controlled pattern of bout performance. By contrast, qualified athletes were characterized by a more dynamic model of competitive activity, reflected in shorter intervals between attacks, shorter bout duration, higher average score per minute, and a greater number of early victories. For most cognitive function indicators, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups (p>0.05), indicating a relative similarity in the basic cognitive profile of both groups. The only exception was the “Size Test”, in which qualified wrestlers showed significantly poorer results (p<0.01) compared with elite athletes. Correlation analysis demonstrated different patterns of relationships between cognitive functions and competitive performance indicators. In elite wrestlers, the most pronounced associations were found between inhibitory control, short-term visual memory, and indicators of defensive efficiency and overall scoring performance. In qualified wrestlers, significant associations were identified between inhibitory control, spatial perception, and indicators of scoring performance, attack efficiency, and temporal characteristics of the bout. Additionally, it was found that with increasing sports mastery, the overall level of basic cognitive functions changes to a lesser extent than the way these functions are integrated into the structure of competitive activity. In qualified wrestlers, cognitive functions were more closely associated with bout tempo, attacking activity, and the spatial-perceptual support of actions. In elite athletes, however, they were integrated into more complex mechanisms of tactical control, performance stability, and the reliability of defensive actions. Conclusions. The qualification level of Greco-Roman wrestlers primarily determines the specific features of competitive activity and the functional role of cognitive processes in supporting it. In qualified athletes, cognitive functions are more closely associated with sensorimotor regulation, spatial perception, and attacking activity. In elite wrestlers, greater importance is attached to cognitive mechanisms related to tactical control, defensive reliability, and performance stability. The obtained results indicate the feasibility of a differentiated approach to the development of cognitive functions within the training system of wrestlers of different qualification levels. They may also be used to optimize the training process and improve sports selection.
Background and Study Aim. Youth football is characterized by constant movement and intensity, which increases the demands on physical fitness. However, this physical fitness must be tactically conditioned - players must be able to effectively perform their tactical roles throughout the match. The purpose of this study is to analyze and establish the effectiveness of the use of experimental approaches to technical and tactical training of football players at the stage of specialized basic training. Material and methods. The study involved 30 football players (16 years old), who are students of the Metalist-1925 football academy (Kharkiv). In order to ensure the equivalence of initial conditions, the participants were divided into control and experimental groups based on comparable indicators of their physical and technical fitness. For eight months, both groups used an identical weekly microcycle consisting of six training sessions. The experimental group additionally used tactical models of team play aimed at optimizing the quality of game performance indicators, in particular: accuracy of passes in the defense, midfield and attack zones. In contrast, the control group used exclusively technical and tactical exercises in accordance with the curriculum recommended by the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Ukraine. The assessment of the dynamics of changes in game performance indicators in both groups was carried out based on the analysis of data obtained during control matches. Results. The use of innovative team game models in the experimental group led to a significant increase in game activity indicators. This increase occurred due to an increase in the accuracy of passes to partners in all three zones of the field: in the defense zone, middle zone and attack zone - (p<0.001). The results obtained demonstrate a steady trend of improving the game activity of football players in the experimental group compared to the control group, where such tactical models were not used for 8 months. The study proved that experimental tactical models have a positive effect on the quality of team interactions, which is achieved through the implementation of the "rational tactical actions" model, which involves players memorizing algorithms for interacting with partners in accordance with their game role and the general team scheme. Conclusions. Tactical models of team play can be considered a highly effective type of small training games for improving the technical and tactical activities of football players. 1. High game specificity. Unlike traditional exercises, tactical models (when players perform actions in accordance with the tasks of the team scheme) simulate real game situations. This allows players to develop technical skills (passing, control, shots) under the pressure of time, space and the opponent, which is critical for football. 2. Comprehensive technical and tactical development. Small training games built on tactical models: - Stimulate players to perform technical techniques (accurate passes, beating) with a tactical goal (getting out of pressure, creating a scoring opportunity). - Require constant decision-making regarding movement, positioning, choosing the direction of attack or defense, which directly works out the algorithms of interactions in the team scheme. 3. Increased game activity. Typically, small training games have a higher intensity and density of action compared to a full-size match. This contributes to: - More frequent contact with the ball (better demonstration of technique). - More accelerations and changes of direction (better physical development, especially speed-strength endurance). - Better understanding of space and positional requirements. The findings of our study confirm that such tactical models significantly increase the accuracy of passes and overall game activity in key areas of the playing field, which is a direct reflection of improved technical and tactical readiness.
Background and Study Aim. Due to age-related changes and sedentary lifestyles, middle-aged women are experiencing a higher risk of physiological declines, especially in cardiovascular and respiratory functions. Although Pilates has gained global popularity due to its holistic approach to promoting physical health, its comprehensive physiological effects are still underexplored in rural and semi-urban communities in India. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of 12 weeks of mat-based Pilates exercises on selected physiological variables among healthy middle-aged women. Material and methods. A quasi-experimental two-group pre-post study was carried out with 60 healthy sedentary participants (age 40–55 years), purposively divided into two equal groups experimental (EG; n=30) and control (CG; n=30) groups. The intervention group underwent a 12-week mat-based Pilates exercises four days per week, 50–60 minutes per session. Pre-tests and post-tests were conducted on physiological variables including—resting heart rate (RHR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), oxygen saturation (SpO₂), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and FEV1/FVC ratio. After accounting for dropouts, data from 54 participants (n=27 each group) were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests, with non-parametric tests where appropriate. Results. The 12-week mat-based Pilates intervention significantly influenced the RHR (p= 0.003), SBP (p= 0.023), DBP (p= 0.042), FVC (p= 0.007), FEV1 (p= 0.041), and PEFR (p= 0.001) in the EG, while no changes were observed in SpO2 (p= 0.705) and FEV1/FVC ratio (p= 0.479) among the participants. The CG showed no significant changes in those physiological variables. But the intergroup comparison between CG and EG showed significant differences in FVC (p= 0.05) and PEFR (p= 0.005) after the intervention period. Conclusions. The current experimentation may conclude that Pilates can effectively improve cardiovascular and pulmonary health in middle-aged women. Moreover, further research is needed on the same age group of healthy middle-aged women to confirm the outcomes.
Background and Study Aim. The introduction of aquafitness elements and interval hypoxic training into the training process of young swimmers aged 11–12 years, in accordance with their age-related and morphofunctional characteristics, may enhance the effectiveness of functional and special physical fitness without increasing the volume of traditional physical loads. Such an approach reduces the risk of maladaptive responses and functional disturbances of the cardiovascular system. The aim of the study was to scientifically substantiate and develop a swimming training programme incorporating aquafitness elements and interval hypoxic training to improve the functional and special physical fitness of swimmers aged 11–12 years. Material and methods. The following research methods were applied: theoretical analysis and synthesis of scientific literature; pedagogical methods (observation and experiment); testing of special physical fitness; physiological research methods (cycle ergometry, heart rate monitoring, chronometry, Stange and Genchi breath-holding tests); and methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The study presents data on the effects of swimming training sessions incorporating aquafitness elements and interval hypoxic training on the functional and special physical fitness of swimmers aged 11–12 years. Conclusions. The combined application of interval hypoxic training and aquafitness elements contributes to a significant improvement in special physical and functional fitness of swimmers (boys and girls) aged 11–12 years. This approach optimises adaptive processes in young athletes and reduces the risk of overload. The obtained results confirm the feasibility of implementing this methodology in the training process and open prospects for further research aimed at its improvement.
Background and Study Aim. Psychological factors play an essential role in performance and adaptation in combat sports. However, there is little research focused specifically on elite female sambo athletes. The present study aimed to investigate the interpersonal and motivational profile of elite female sambo athletes from the Romanian National Team. The emphasis was placed on social relationship styles and motivational needs. Material and methods. The study included 10 elite female sambo athletes (mean age = 22 years), all active members of the Romanian National Sambo Team. Two standardized psychological instruments were administered online through the PsihoProfile platform: the Social Relationship Style Questionnaire (SRS), assessing interpersonal orientation and communication style, and the Motivational Needs Questionnaire (TM7), evaluating seven core motivational dimensions. Descriptive statistics (mean, median, standard deviation, minimum, maximum and 95% confidence intervals) and correlation analyses were used to identify the relationships between interpersonal and motivational variables. Results. The findings revealed a coherent interpersonal profile characterized by transparent and principle-based communication, elevated emotional attachment and a preference for harmonious social relationships. Athletes also demonstrated tendencies toward conflict avoidance and moderately critical self-evaluation. The motivational profile was dominated by relatedness and self-actualization needs, accompanied by moderate levels of morality, competence and spirituality, while the levels of autonomy and security were comparatively lower. Correlation analyses indicated differentiated psychological orientations within the group. Relational networking was positively associated with emotional attachment (r = 0.77) and negatively associated with social self-evaluation (r = −0.66) and competence needs (r = −0.79). Competence needs were positively related to autonomy (r = 0.58) and higher self-evaluation (r = .61), suggesting the coexistence of relationally oriented and performance-oriented motivational pathways. Conclusions. The results support the existence of a multidimensional psychological structure in elite female sambo athletes, reflecting the interaction between interpersonal involvement, motivational regulation and performance orientation. The findings highlight that successful adaptation in sambo may rely not only on individual competence and autonomy, but also on emotional connectedness, group cohesion and intrinsic motivation for personal development. Despite the exploratory character of the study and the limited sample size, the research contributes to the emerging body of knowledge concerning the psychological characteristics of female combat sport athletes. The research also provides directions for future investigations and applied sport psychology interventions.
Background and Study Aim. The evolution of personal mobile devices and the rapid spread of wearable technologies have led to a steady trend towards the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) tools into the professional training of specialists in the field of physical culture and sports. The modern educational context requires the development of specific forms of e- learning for student athletes that would allow them to harmoniously combine academic activities with continuous training, bridging the gap between the technical perfection of the tools and their pedagogical value. The aim of the study is to develop and empirically verify a pedagogical algorithm for using Internet of Things tools in the process of e-learning of student athletes. Material and methods. The research design was based on a quasi-experimental approach involving a sample of 47 student athletes representing martial arts, technical-aesthetic and game sports, who underwent a ten-week training course in the selective component «Organisational foundations of conditioning training» in electronic format. The developed algorithm was based on the principles of connectivism and self-regulated learning theory, which involved the use of available mobile equivalents of IoT tools, such as accelerometers and GPS modules of smartphones, to collect and analyse objective indicators of physical activity and heart rate. The effectiveness of the intervention was assessed through comprehensive testing of technology adoption dynamics using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model (UTAUT), digital literacy using the DigComp 2.2 framework, readiness for online learning using the OLRS scale, and group cohesion index using the Sishora method with parametric and non-parametric statistics. Results. Empirical analysis revealed that smartphones and smartwatches are the most widespread and subjectively convenient tools for respondents, which made it possible to successfully unify learning tools through accessible mobile analogues. The implementation of the algorithm ensured a statistically significant increase in the integral indicator of UTAUT technology acceptance, where the key drivers were an increase in perceived usefulness, ease of use, and a strengthening of students’ immediate intention to interact with the digital environment. The digital competence of respondents within the DigComp 2.2 framework showed significant progress, especially in the domains of information literacy and security, indicating the success of the pedagogical transformation of IoT data into structured learning content through the electronic diary system. Positive shifts in online learning readiness scores (OLRS) occurred mainly due to the intensification of internal motivation and the strengthening of students’ central self-assessments. It was found that group cohesion developed non-linearly with the identification of a critical phase of adaptation at the third stage of measurement, but the general trend towards strengthening collective unity served as the foundation for autonomous learning activities and self-regulation of respondents in the digital space. Gender-specific adaptation processes were also identified, with the female subgroup demonstrating higher sensitivity to digital security and social influence factors at the end of the intervention compared to the male subgroup. Conclusions. Creating a specialised environment based on accessible IoT technologies minimises information overload and promotes the formation of collective unity as a necessary moderator of technological acceptance. The successful implementation of the Internet of Things in the educational process depends on the systematic pedagogical adaptation of tools, rather than their technical complexity. The proposed algorithm provides a comprehensive transformation of the training of student athletes, creating a dynamic infrastructure for the development of professional competencies and self-regulation skills. The use of affordable mobile analogues of IoT devices has proven effective in overcoming barriers to technological acceptance and strengthening psychological readiness for innovation in future professional activities. Thus, the developed model allows to effectively bridge the gap between technological excess and the need for high-quality methodological interpretation of data in the field of physical culture and sports.
Background and Study Aim. The creation of new effective programs, tools, and approaches to the rehabilitation of students with disabilities resulting from mild traumatic brain injury from blast waves (blast TBI), which is implemented within the university's physical education course, is becoming extremely important today, given the constant increase in the number of such students. The purpose of the study is to establish the reliability and validity of a digital control device for Functional Reach Test (FRT) for students with disabilities resulting from blast TBI. Material and methods. The study used a comprehensive approach combining two logical stages: technological (creation of a digital control device) and experimental-analytical (verification of implementation and establishment of the reliability and validity of the digital control device), the results of which were processed using methods of mathematical statistics. The general population consisted of students with disabilities due to blast TBI with mild functional impairments (35 students, men) who were enrolled in the first year of higher education. Results. A digital control device was developed based on a compact Movesense inertial module with magnetic mounting, which combines a three-axis accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer, providing high accuracy in controlling the necessary balance parameters. The choice of components allowed us to achieve a high sampling frequency and data stability, which is critical for recording micro-oscillations of the center of mass and disturbances in dynamic balance during the Functional Reach Test, which remain invisible when recording results manually. Another structural element in the development is the Nordic Semiconductor nRF7002 microcontroller. Software has been developed for the microcontroller that collects data from sensors, processes the values obtained, and generates control signals for the executive mechanisms. Artificial intelligence algorithms are used to individualize the analysis of movement strategies.The reliability and validity of digital recording of results have been experimentally confirmed and certified by a high intraclass correlation coefficient, which proves the possibility of completely replacing manual measurements with automated ones. Conclusions. The results of the empirical study established a high level of reliability and validity of the FRT, which was implemented using the developed digital device. The proposed system of FRT digitization in the practice of physical education of students with disabilities due to mild explosive traumatic brain injury allows objectifying the results of the rehabilitation process and increasing the overall effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions based on objective control data.
Background and Study Aim. Kicking accuracy is a critical determinant of competitive performance in taekwondo. However, identifying the effective training approaches to improve this skill in adolescent athletes remains a relevant challenge. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a specialized vestibulosomatic exercise program on kicking accuracy in 15–16-year-old taekwondo athletes. Material and methods. A seven-month pedagogical experiment involved 36 taekwondo athletes aged 15–16 years, who were divided into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). Both groups followed identical training schedules (12 sessions per week). The CG continued traditional training, whereas the EG integrated a specialized vestibulosomatic exercise program aimed at improving balance stability and kicking accuracy. Kicking accuracy was assessed under stationary conditions and after 15 body rotations. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and effect size estimation using Hedges’ g with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were applied. Results. The EG demonstrated significantly greater improvements in kicking accuracy compared to the CG. Under stationary conditions, right-leg accuracy increased from 4.3 ± 0.60 to 5.6 ± 0.77 attempts in the EG (30.23%, P < 0.001; g = 1.24, 95% CI 0.47–2.00), whereas the CG showed a smaller improvement from 4.5 ± 0.53 to 5.1 ± 0.59 attempts (13.33%, P < 0.05; g = 0.70, 95% CI 0.06–1.34). Similar differences were observed for the left leg, where the EG improved by 28.57% (g = 1.21), while the CG showed only minor, non-significant changes. After rotational tasks, improvements in the EG remained substantial, with large effect sizes (g ≈ 1.22–1.54), whereas the CG demonstrated only moderate effects (g ≈ 0.66–0.94). Additionally, the experimental training reduced inter-limb asymmetry in kicking accuracy. Conclusions. The integration of vestibulosomatic exercises significantly improves kicking accuracy and balance stability in adolescent taekwondo athletes. The findings support the effectiveness of vestibular-based training as a scientifically grounded approach for optimizing technical performance in taekwondo.
Background and Study Aim. To carry out a multifactorial analysis of the influence of competitive stress on the variability of technical and tactical decisions of professional tennis players. Material and methods. The study involved 16 professional tennis players who are included in the rating of the TOP-100 professional tours of the ATP and WTA. The average age of the subjects was 24.6±2.8 years. All participants are active professionals with a high level of competitive practice in Grand Slam and Masters tournaments. To collect empirical data, more than 120 sets and 1800 key draws were analyzed between January and June 2025. content analysis of video footage of matches shot by high-resolution cameras. Parameters such as the variability of the directions of shots (shots on the line - shots to the center), the type of decision made (active, combined or defensive) and the spatial geometry of the court in the context of ten typical game situations (from S1 to S10) with varying degrees of psychological stress were recorded. At the same time, the psychocognitive state of tennis players was assessed by remote monitoring of behavioral and chronometric stress markers. The level of psychological stress was determined through the analysis of latent time indicators of preparation for serving and the variability of pauses between rallies in situations with varying degrees of responsibility (neutral vs. critical moments). The obtained data were verified by the method of expert assessment of non-verbal manifestations of emotional tension and muscle rigidity directly in the critical phases of the match (break points, matchballs). Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics 23 program. To check the normality of the distribution, the chi-square criterion was used. Descriptive statistics included the calculation of arithmetic mean (x), standard deviation (S), and coefficient of variation. To identify systemic relationships between psychological determinants and TTP efficiency, multivariate correlation analysis was used to compare game performance in situations with different levels of stress. To identify hidden patterns of tactical regression, the principal component method (PCA) was used, which made it possible to structure the factors that determine the operational efficiency of players under pressure. Results. It has been established that an increase in psycho-emotional stress leads to a systemic degradation of the playing activities of professional tennis players (TOP-100), which manifests itself in the phenomenon of "tactical regression". In critical situations (S9–S10), a statistically significant increase in the concentration of shots into the central zone of the court by 150.4% was recorded, while a decrease in the frequency of attacks along the lines by 76.1%. Psychochronometric analysis revealed an increase in latent pauses before serving by 31.5%, which correlates with the loss of variability of technical and tactical decisions (r = -0.85). It is substantiated that the biomechanical basis for the decrease in performance is an increase in muscle rigidity by 258.3%, which limits the amplitude of the swing and the accuracy of blows. Factor analysis (PCA) made it possible to structure the degradation of the game according to three vectors: tactical rigidity (43.5%), cognitive discomfort (21.8%) and biomechanical clamping (16.3%). Conclusions. It has been proved that the psycho-emotional state of professional tennis players is a key determinant of the variability of their playing activity: a critical increase in anxiety directly correlates with a decrease in cognitive resource and loss of operational efficiency of TTD. The concept of "tactical regression", which consists in the transition from a complex, spatially branched game to primitivized centralized strategies (an increase in the share of shots to the center of the court to 52%) as an unconscious reaction to the fear of mistake, has been substantiated. The developed multifactorial model confirms the need to integrate cognitive training into the tactical training system to maintain the variability of the game in conditions of extreme psychological pressure.
Background and Study Aim. The role of the coach has been reinvented by the digital transformation of sport, embedding advanced technologies into performance environments and extending the reach of evidence-based practice. Material and methods. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence across three domains: wearables, mobile applications, and game-based training; while focusing on their implications for Paralympic athletes in individual sports. Results. Wearable systems provide real-time data for monitoring workload, recovery, and impairment-specific biomechanics, enabling highly personalized training interventions for athletes with prostheses, limb differences, visual impairments, or short stature. Mobile applications expand communication and accountability by delivering remote training plans, integrating rehabilitation care, and supporting accessible athlete self-monitoring, though concerns remain regarding equity, digital literacy, and data governance. Game-based and gamified training approaches, including virtual and augmented reality, foster motivation, cognitive agility, and skill acquisition while reducing social isolation for athletes unable to relocate from their home environments. Importantly, these innovations make long-distance coaching increasingly viable, allowing athletes to maintain essential medical, familial, and social supports while still accessing elite coaching. Conclusions. Sustaining effective practice requires integrating these tools with mentorship, empathy, and ethical safeguards to preserve holistic athlete development and ensure inclusive high-performance pathways. Technology must be harnessed not only to enhance performance but also to safeguard athlete welfare across the lifespan.
Background and Study Aim. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the motivational types that determine the attitude and involvement of students with hearing impairments in physical education classes in general education and inclusive educational institutions. Material and Methods. The study is based on a theoretical analysis of contemporary concepts of motivation (in particular, self-determination theory) and an empirical study of the motivational orientations of 146 schoolchildren aged 7–16. We used questionnaires, an adapted physical activity motivation scale (APAMS), semi-structured interviews, and pedagogical observations, which allowed us to identify types of motivation, barriers to involvement, and social factors of influence. Results. The results showed that the majority of students demonstrate external and identification motivation, while internal motivation is more pronounced in students of general education institutions where adapted communication and physical education methods are used. In inclusive classes, amotivation is more common, which is associated with insufficient sign language communication, unclear instructions, and emotional isolation. Key barriers to participation were identified: fear of mistakes and condemnation, low self-esteem, lack of clear instructions, and insufficient teacher support. At the same time, positive reinforcement, the use of sign language, emotional support, and the creation of situations of success significantly enhance motivational engagement. Conclusions.The data obtained confirm that the formation of sustainable motivation in students with hearing impairments depends on the accessibility of communication, the adaptation of physical education tasks, a positive social environment, and pedagogical strategies focused on student autonomy and competence. Practical recommendations are proposed for teachers to reduce demotivation and increase intrinsic motivation through individualization, emotional support, modern gaming technologies, and the systematic use of nonverbal teaching aids. The study contributes to the development of adaptive physical education and inclusive pedagogy, emphasizing the need to create a barrier-free and motivationally supportive educational environment for schoolchildren with hearing impairments.
Background and Study Aim. This study aims to examine the effects of an 8-week motor imagery training program on target-oriented punch performance, motor imagery skills, and proprioceptive senses in karate athletes aged 15-17. Material and methods. The research employed an “non-equivalent control group design.” A total of 31 athletes were divided into experimental (n=16) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group participated in motor imagery sessions in addition to their routine karate training for 8 weeks, while the control group only performed standard technical training. Data were collected at four different intervals using a target-oriented punch performance test, a joint reposition test (proprioception), and a movement imagery scale. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Repeated Measures ANOVA, Paired Samples t-test, and Bonferroni corrections. Results. The results indicated that while both groups showed improvements in target-oriented striking performance, the experimental group achieved significantly higher mean scores in post-test measurements compared to the control group. Regarding proprioceptive sensory measurements and movement imagery scales (both kinesthetic and visual), the experimental group demonstrated superior development, reaching scores near the maximum possible value. However, retention test measurements revealed a relative decline in shoulder joint sense and technical performance compared to the immediate post-test values. Conclusion. It was concluded that motor imagery exercises practiced in parallel with kumite training significantly enhance technical striking precision, mental imagery capacity, and deep sensory perception in karate athletes.
Background and Study Aim. The article addresses the issue of enhancing the level of speed endurance in female athletes specializing in hurdle running. A high level of speed endurance is a critical factor in the successful performance of hurdlers in competitions, enabling the maintenance of a predetermined pace throughout the race while minimizing speed decrement in its final stages. Purpose: to develop approaches for improving speed endurance in elite female 400m hurdlers. Material and methods. The experimental program, was conducted over 12 months and consisted of two macrocycles: winter and summer. In the preparatory phase of each macrocycle, interval hurdling was employed as the primary training method. Results. To assess velocity parameters, a study was conducted on the performance of elite female athletes in the 400m hurdles. The race distance was conventionally divided into two segments — the first and second 200 meters. A comparative analysis of velocity indicators over these segments revealed that athletes exhibited a substantial decrease in speed during the second 200 meters compared to the first. The evaluation of training interventions aimed at enhancing speed endurance in elite athletes demonstrated improvements in velocity both over the first 200 meters and, more notably, over the second 200 meters of the race. Conclusions. Over the 12 months of the pedagogical experiment, the EG hurdlers ran the 400-meter hurdles 7.8 seconds faster. It has been proven that interval hurdle running has a positive effect on the improvement of sports performance in qualified athletes.
Background and Study Aim. In women of the second period of mature age, the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases increases, which is associated with significant biological changes. The purpose of the study is to use factor analysis to justify the prerequisites for developing a concept of physical and sports rehabilitation for women in the second period of middle age with modified risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Material and methods. The study involved 79 women who were divided into two groups: a group of 36-40 years old – 36 people, a group of 41-45 years old – 43 people. Factor analysis was performed using the principal component method with Varimax rotation. The starting point was the study of the statistical relationship between physical, physiological, and biomechanical parameters and the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Results. Factor analysis was used to identify groups of interrelated indicators that have the greatest impact on the overall health of women. The factor analysis of parameters in women aged 36–40 years allowed us to identify five factors that influence the risk of cardiovascular disease: age-related and adaptive changes; cardiovascular response to exercise; metabolic disorders; functional state of the cardiovascular system; and psychoemotional state. In women aged 41–45, the structure of factors reflects a deterioration in vascular reactivity, a strengthening of the link between psychoemotional state and somatic indicators, and the identification of blood pressure as a separate risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Conclusions. In women aged 36–40, five factors were identified that reflect the relationship between age, adaptive abilities, excess body weight, heart rate, and anxiety. In women aged 41–45, there are also five factors, but with different content: cardiovascular adaptation, cardiovascular response to exercise, metabolic risk, psychoemotional state, and hypertensive factor.
Background and Study Aim. Modern rhythmic gymnastics is characterized by high demands on the level of development of motor qualities at the initial stages of training. Scientists point out that timely and methodically substantiated formation of flexibility, coordination, speed, endurance and strength is the key to achieving stable sports results in the future. However, the question of the effectiveness of complex programs that combine the development of several qualities simultaneously during the annual macrocycle remains open. The purpost of the study was to determine the degree of influence of the experimental training program on the level of development of the main motor skills of female gymnasts aged 6-7 years. Material and methods. 31 female gymnasts aged 6-7 years took part in the pedagogical experiment. The athletes were divided into control (n=16) and experimental (n=15) groups. The research program included the use of standard tests to assess flexibility, speed abilities, as well as the strength of the muscles of the arms, abdominals, and legs. The duration of the pedagogical experiment was 12 months in the structure of the annual macrocycle of training. For statistical analysis of the results, Student's t-test was used. Analysis and processing of data was carried out using the SPSS Statistics 25.0 program at a significance level of p<0,05. Results. Significant improvements were recorded in the experimental group for all the main tests: the greatest improvement was obtained in the following indicators: twisting the arms back with a gymnastic stick (t=6,42; p<0,001), transverse splits (t=5,02; p<0,001), bridge stand (t=5,22; p<0,001), forward bend sitting with legs apart (t=3,75; p<0,001). Additionally, an increase in strength and speed indicators was noted. Conclusions. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the integrated methodology for developing motor skills in children aged 6-7 years, since improving one of the physical fitness indicators affects other qualities involved in their implementation. Therefore, it is advisable to direct further research to developing integrated programs for different ages.
Background and Study Aim. Rondo drills are considered a specific kind of possession games commonly used by soccer coaches in several countries and settings with the aim to enhance problem-solving process. The aim of this study is to analyze the external and internal load observed in different rondo pitch sizes. Material and methods. Thirty-four soccer players (age: 17.33±0.70 years, height: 178±0.06 cm; weight: 72.78±5.24) from the Italian U19 national teams were involved in this study. Rondo drills (3vs3+3) were performed in small (25x25 m – 69 m2 ∙ player) and large pitch (35x35 m – 136 m2 ∙ players). All experimental sessions were conducted completing 3x4’30” bout, followed by 2’ of passive recovery. The variables examined on external load were total distance, peak of speed, distance covered at moderate intensity, at high-intensity, metabolic power at very high-power and maximum power. The rate of perceived exertion socres for internal load were recorded. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05 and the magnitude thresholds for effect size was calculated. Results. Large rondo significantly produced greater values on total distance (p<0.05), distance covered at moderate intensity (p<0.05), at high intensity (p<0.01), metabolic power at very high power (p<0.05), at maximum power (p<0.05) and peak of speed (p<0.01) than small one. The rate of perceived exertion socres were significantly (p<0.001) higher when elite young soccer players performed large rondo. Conclusions. Rondo drills can be considered an effective ball possession to increase physical demands of elite young soccer players. Large rondo could be scheduled during neuromuscular training sessions to provide an optimal stimulu son high-intensity variables, while small rondo may be implemented during technical warm-up. Finally, we suggest to incorporate maximal running-based interventions to increase sprint running exposure.
Background and Study Aim. Chronotype is an important physiological characteristic that influences individuals’ daily performance levels based on their biological rhythms. In athletes, chronotype-related timing differences are known to affect physical fitness and exercise responses. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the effects of chronotype on aerobic performance, body composition, and exercise-induced physiological responses in young athletes. Material and methods. A total of 28 volunteer athletes (14 morning type and 14 evening type) aged between 18-22 years were categorised using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). All tests were performed in the morning (09:00-10:00). Measurements included the Cooper test, VO2max, body mass index (BMI), muscle mass, body fat percentage, body temperature, and heart rate before and after exercise. Statistical analyses were conducted using independent sample t-tests and two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results. The findings showed that morning-type individuals showed significantly greater running distance and VO2max values compared to evening-type individuals. Furthermore, morning types were found to have a lower BMI and demonstrated changes in heart rate and body temperature. Although differences in muscle mass and fat percentage were not statistically significant, moderate to large effect sizes indicate better body composition in morning types. In contrast, evening-type individuals showed lower physiological adaptation to exercise and less efficient thermoregulation. Conclusions. These findings emphasise that adapting exercise timing to an athlete's chronotype can enhance aerobic performance and improve physiological adaptation. Consideration of biological rhythms in training design may contribute to both optimal performance and metabolic health, especially in young athletes. In future research, chronotype-based interventions at different times of the day could be analysed.
