The Cattle Livestock Business Insurance Program aims to provide protection for cattle from the risk of death and loss of cattle. This study aimed to determine the level of satisfaction of farmers with cattle business insurance in Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province. This research was conducted in May 2022. The population is all cattle farmers who follow cattle business insurance in Gowa Regency. The sample is farmers who follow cattle business insurance in Pattalassang sub-district, Gowa Regency amounted 45 people. The research method used was the interview method and FGD (Focus Group of Discussion). The type of data used is qualitative data, namely data in the form of words and quantitative data in the form of numbers or numbers Analysis of the data used with the CSI model. The results show that farmers feel much helped by the existence of AUTS which can minimize the risk of failure in the cattle business, namely the death of the cattle they receive, so that at least it can relieve and not be confused in looking for business capital again. It can also motivate and eliminate the worries of farmers to increase the scale of their business. Farmer satisfaction with AUTS is in the excellent category, which means very satisfied and in accordance with the expectations of farmers, both in terms of service characteristics, personal relationships, service arrangements and customer strength.
The use of liquid silica nutrients under salt stress can increase plant resistance through cell wall thickening which will also affect to increase productivity. The study aims to examine the effect of liquid silica nutrients to plant growth analyze and rice productivity affected by salt stress (NaCl). The experiment used a factorial completely randomized design. The first factor was NaCl concentrations consisted of 0 dS m-1, 4 dS m-1, 8 dS m-1, and 12 dS m-1. The second factor was application of liquid silica nutrients consisted of 0.2 mL L-1, 0.4 mL L-1, and 0.6 mL L-1. The treatments were repeated three times. Increasing the NaCl concentration to 12 dS m-1 when the plants were 4 weeks after planting caused a decrease in leaf area index. The addition of liquid silica nutrients with concentration up to 0.6 mL L-1 under salted conditions led to an increase in root shoot ratio, and the addition of liquid silica nutrients with concentration of 0.6 mL L-1 in salted conditions of 4 dS m-1 caused an increase in plant growth rate. The results showed that the leaf area index, leaf area ratio, root shoot ratio, and plant growth rate were positively correlated with plant biomass. Furthermore, the root shoot ratio had a positively correlated with productivity, the harvested index had a positively correlated with the number of productive tillers, percentage of filled grains, and rice productivity. However, the net assimilation rate and harvested index were negatively correlated with plant biomass.
This study aimed to determine the effect of each component of cultivation technology application on the production of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) in South Sulawesi. This research was carried out in three rain-type sectors within South Sulawesi Province, namely Maros for the West Sector, Bone for the East Sector, and North Luwu for the Transitional sector. A study was conducted from December 2019 to January 2020 in the form of a survey (study literature, observation, and interviews), with the selection of samples carried out purposively to 90 respondents. Data analysis employed multiple linear regression with SPSS software. The results showed that the average rice production in Maros, Bone and North Luwu regencies, South Sulawesi, was still relatively low, Maros Regency was 7,032 kg per ha, Bone was 5,020 kg per ha and North Luwu was 6,497 kg per ha. The multiple regression equation for rice production in Maros, Bone and North Luwu Regencies, South Sulawesi is Y = 3354,185 -17,751X1 – 4,044X2 +36,839X3 . Factors from the aspect of cultivation technology application can increase rice production. Variables of cropping system, irrigation system, and fertilizer dose had a significant effect on rice production, while the variables of varieties and harvest time did not have a significant effect on rice production.
In order to realize sustainable palm oil plantations and to overcome negative impacts of it, Indonesian government has required Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certification to palm oil plantation companies. After 10 years of implementation, it is important to know the impact of ISPO certification on environmental behavior of palm oil plantation companies, especially related to deforestation and land fires. Using qualitative method, this study investigates environmental behavior changes in seven palm oil plantation company related to deforestation, and land fires as results of ISPO certification and to analyze the cause of the changes. This study showed that the implementations of ISPO certification are able to change the company's environmental behavior to reduce forest conversion in concession areas and increase conservation areas as a fulfillment of ISPO principles and criteria. The change of those company’s environmental behavior caused by the pressure to issue ISPO regulation, the influence of the company's internal stakeholders in responding and understanding ISPO, and encouragement to get easy finance access from banks.
The tendency of chemical fertilizers used (inorganic) in food crop cultivation farming by the farmers is caused by their practicality. However, the continuous use of chemical fertilizers can damage the crops and their environment, including sweet corn. Sweet corn (Zea mays L. Saccharate) contains high sugar content because it naturally mutates to a recessive gene that controls sugar conversion to starch in corn endosperm. The purpose of this research were to know the effect of several organic fertilizers on productivity increase as well as Brix content of sweet corn. This research was conducted from June to August 2021 in Waempubbu Village, Amali District, Bone Regency and Laboratory of Food Process, Agriculture Faculty, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi. This research used the design of a split plot by using completely randomized design (CRD). The main plot was sweet corn varieties: Talenta (v1) and Bonanza (v2). Meanwhile, the subplot was organic fertilizers which are control (p0), compost (p1), soil ameliorant (p2), compost + soil ameliorant (p3), liquid organic fertilizer/LOF (p4), compost + LOF (p5), soil ameliorant + LOF (p6) and compost + soil ameliorant + LOF (p7). According to the results, the Bonanza variety showed high average productivity, 22.50 tons per hectare. The treatment of organic fertilizer that reveals the high average productivity is combines compost + soil ameliorant + LOF (p7). The interaction of treatment that reveals the highest productivity is an interaction between Bonanza variety with the treatment of soil ameliorant + LOF (p6), which is 27.07 tons per hectare with Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE) value is 1366.67%. The treatment of compost fertilizer + soil ameliorant + LOF (p7) exhibits the content of Brix (10.50%) and becomes the highest productivity.
The occurrence of conversion of agricultural land can cause erosion proneness, low fertility soils, and decreased land productivity. Land conversion requires an evaluation of land capability, as a basis for direction to maintain land productivity. This study aims to determine the rate of conversion of agricultural land, land capability class, the determinants of land capability, and direction of land management on initial land and converted land in agricultural land, Nguntoronadi District, Karanganyar Regency. The method used is a survey, with the research area divided into 6 LMU (Land Map Units) represented by 6 sample points in each LMU including 3 points on fixed land and 3 points on converted land, resulting in 36 samples determined by purposive sampling. The research stages include; 1) Pre survey, 2) Survey, 3) Post survey. The results of the study show that the land-use change from 2011 to 2020 covers an area of 258.56 ha and a rate of 28.73 ha per year. The land capability of the research area on fixed land and converted land is classified into land capability III and class IV. Factors that determine land capability include soil erodibility and drainage. The recommended direction for land use and management for Nguntoronadi District is the provision of green manure, making terracing, and making drainage irrigation
Doubled haploid plants are very important for the development of complete homozygous plants from heterozygous parents in one generation as they possess duplicate copy of haploid chromosome. Haploid production is easily obtained from in vitro anther culture. The present study was undertaken with the objective to develop doubled haploids using anthers for in vitro induction of callus on N6 medium supplemented with various combinations and concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) (0.5-2.5 mg/L), Kinetin (0.5-1.0 mg/L) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (2.0 mg/L) as callus induction medium (CIM). The highest callus induction frequency was obtained when N6 medium fortified with 2,4-D (2.5 mg/L), Kinetin (0.5 mg/L) and NAA (2 mg/L) of 10.07 per cent. The induced callus was sub cultured for shoot regeneration on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with growth regulators: Kinetin and NAA (0.5 mg/L each) in combination with BAP (0.0 - 2.5 mg/L). MS medium supplemented with NAA (0.5 mg/L), Kinetin (0.5 mg/L) and BAP (1.5 mg/L) was most responsive exhibiting regeneration frequency of 28.1 per cent which resulted in maximum regeneration of green plantlets and only 5.21 per cent of albinos. Individual plantlets were separated and immersed in liquid MS medium augmented with NAA (0.5-1.0 mg/L) and BAP (0.5-1.0 mg/L). Maximum rooting was observed in MS medium with NAA (0.5 mg/L) and BAP (1.0 mg/L). The survival rate of in-vitro raised plants was 51.51 per cent. Of these surviving plants, 21 plants were observed to have the sterility percentage above 50 percent and hence can be considered as the doubled haploid plants. Plant DH8 is susceptible and DH20 is heterozygous for gene Xa21. Two plants are susceptible for gene xa13
As a suburban area, Bogor Regency faces complex problems in the development of the aloe vera agribusiness. Land use conflicts, unemployment problems due to the Covid-19 pandemic, financial support and market access, post-harvest handling, and institutional support put the sustainability status of this commodity agribusiness into question. This research was conducted to assess the sustainability of aloe vera agribusiness development in Bogor Regency. Analysis of the sustainability status uses the MDS (multidimensional scaling) method, using four dimensions, namely: social, economic, institutional, and environmental. MDS analysis utilizes the Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries (RAPFISH) software. The research was conducted in five sub-districts in Bogor Regency, namely Kemang, Tajur Halang, Rancabungur, Ciampea, and Mount Sindur Districts. The results showed that, in general, aloe vera agribusiness in Bogor Regency has a sustainable status of: "moderately sustainable" (Mount Sindur and Kecamatan Kemang), “close to moderately sustainable" (Rancabungur and Ciampea), and "less sustainable" (Tajur Halang). To support the sustainability status of the aloe vera agribusiness in Bogor Regency, group land management should be undertaken, assisted by counseling from government institutions, availability of agro-industrial processing, and clarification of land status.
The content of polysaccharides, polyphenols, proteins, and RNA compounds is the main problem often found in Plants DNA isolation, which inhibit the process of DNA isolation. Comparing the methods of plant DNA isolation is necessary for obtaining the DNA with good quality, purity, high concentration and efficiency time and cost. This study aimed to determine the best DNA isolation method that derived from leaves of a potential anti-cancer Rodent Tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme) plant by comparing the conventional DNA isolation method (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide/CTAB) and 2 commercial kits (Promega Wizard™ Genomic DNA Purification Kits, and Geneaid Genomic Mini Kit). The results showed that the CTAB method yielded a higher amount of DNA (>100 ng/µL) at the cost of 0.49 USD per sample, in comparison with Promega method (69.19 to 157.68 ng/µL) at 3.28 USD per sample and Geneaid method (8.15 to 18.52 ng/µL) at 2.06 USD per sample. Based on the purity of isolated DNA (A260/280), CTAB method produced relatively similar DNA quality to Promega kit (1.8-2.0). On the other hand, Geneaid method resulted in a lower purity value at 1.15 to 1.60.
The vast area of paddy crop in Anantnag district (Jammu and Kashmir) has been converted for the construction of houses, roads and especially for horticultural purposes. The cultivation of paddy has been an old cultural heritage of Anantnag district as well as for the Kashmir valley as a whole, while the farmers are increasingly finding it less profitable in recent times. The present study used both primary (Survey) and secondary data from different sources with an aim to highlight the issue of diversifying of food crops (Paddy) towards cash crops (Apple) in district Anantnag. The findings from the study reveal that 6908 hectares of agricultural cropped area is shifted towards the horticultural cropped area, as agricultural crops (paddy) have low comparative advantage over horticultural (Apple). Paddy land under surveyed farmers has registered a significant decrease from 330 canals (83.75%) in 2000-01 to 158 canals (40.11%) in 2014-15, therefore showing an absolute change of -172 canals. The primary survey further reveals that 09 (30%) of the respondents says less profit is the main reason behind the shift, followed by irrigation (drought) problems 07 (23.34%) and 14 (46.66%) respondents says both reasons are responsible behind shift of Paddy to Apple cultivation in the region.
Soil profiles are generally heterogeneous and consist of various horizontal layers due to geological processes, the formation of crusts, or other artificial or man-made activities. To quantify infiltration into these heterogeneous soil profiles, the Modified Green-Ampt Model (MGAM) is a physically-based hydrologic model that can efficiently perform under both steady and unsteady rainfall events. Based on the secondary data, this study sought to determine the effect of changing soil layers (soil textures) on infiltration rates and cumulative infiltrations in in both laboratory and field settings. Different scenarios were analyzed by rearranging soil layers and evaluating their impacts on corresponding infiltration rates and cumulative infiltrations. Simulations were run with HYDROL-INF software environment using MGAM. Three scenarios were considered for a laboratory experiment with two different types of soil texture coupled with five different soil profiles. Similarly, four scenarios were considered for the field experiments with five different types of soil texture couple with eight different soil profiles. The simulated infiltration rates and cumulative infiltrations were found to vary with soil layer change scenarios. The simulated cumulative infiltrations, ponding times, infiltrating rates at ponding, and total depth of wetting front at ponding of a five-layered laboratory soil column were identical for the three scenarios. Simulated cumulative infiltrations were 33.16, 23.65, 21.29, and 42.77 cm, respectively, for scenarios (combinations) 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the eight-layered soil profile in the field scenarios. Infiltration rates among scenarios at ponding were identical (0.46 to 0.53 cm/h) with field scenario data.
Red ant (Dorylus orientalis Westwood) is the most destructive insect pest of potato tubers in the field in Nepal. A field experiment was conducted at Bhatkada, Dadeldhura district, Nepal in 2020 to determine the efficacy of various biopesticides and chemical insecticide on red ants. The plot size in this experiment was 106.7 m2. Five treatments viz. Chlorpyriphos 20% EC (2 mL L-1 water), Banmaara (2 kg plot-1), Cow urine (2 L 6 L-1water plot-1), Agave (25 g tuber-1) and Control (no treatment) were evaluated in randomized complete block design with four replications. The data on plant height and the number of leaves were taken at 45, 60, and 75 days after planting (DAP). The data on slightly and severely infested tubers were taken after harvesting of potato. The results showed that Chlorpyriphos treated plots gave the lowest values of traits viz numbers of slightly infested tuber (91,500 ha-1), severely infested tubers (12,500 ha-1), weights of slight infested tubers (7,700 kg ha-1) and severely infested tuber (1,130 kg ha-1). Among the botanical pesticides, Agave treated plots provided the second lowest values of numbers of slightly infested tuber (145,500 ha-1), severely infested tubers (37,400 ha-1), weights of slight infested tubers (13,400 kg ha-1) and severely infested tuber (3,110 kg ha-1). The results showed that the Agave treatment provided the highest marketable yield (50,900 kg ha-1). Thus, Chlorpyriphos and Agave could be used to efficiently protect potato tubers from red ant in potato field.
One of the efforts to increase rice production is by extensive farming through the utilization of marginal lands affected by drought. The present study aims to examine the influence of seed priming with PEG 6000 on rice seed germination and growth of rice seedlings in drought conditions and to group the rice varieties tested based on their tolerance to drought, and determine priming formulations for early adaptation of rice seedsthat can be used by farmers and industry. The research was organized in the form of a Split Plot Design with Randomized Group Design. TheMain Plot is a rice variety, consisting of 10 levels, i.e., Inpari 31, Inpari 33, Inpari 36, Inpari 39, Inpari 40, Inpago 8, Inpago 10, Mekongga,Rindang 1 and Rindang 2. While the Split Plot is a concentration of PEG, which consists of 5 levels, i.e., without soaking as negative controlconcentration 0 g L-1 PEG as positive control, and 50, 100, and 150 g L-1 PEG-6000. Each of these treatments is repeated three times, so thereare 150 observation units. Results showed that among the 10 varieties tested, there were 2 less tolerant varieties with scores of 5-10 (Inpari 31and Inpari 39), 5 varieties are quite tolerant with a score of 11-16 (Inpari 33, Inpari 36, Inpari 40, Inpagi 10 and Mekongga) and 3 varieties are very tolerant with a score of 17-22 (Rindang 1, Rindang 2 and Inpago 8) with priming concentrations of 100 g L-1 PEG-6000 for 36 hours.
Growing temperature due to climate change is one of the biggest threats in the current situation for humankind after Covid-19. Heat exposure is challenging for certain occupations like agriculture because of the combined effect of the external thermal environment and heat generated by inner organs due to heavy muscular work. A potential part of the world population is agriculture, commonly affected by heat-related illness and productivity loss due to heat exposure. We use our review as a springboard to expand the negative influence of heat stress on the agricultural workforce's health. We used CrossRef, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct databases, and some other reverent websites to revise various research priorities related to heat stress associated with epidemiology, loss of productivity, and some effective prevention measures. We have properly reviewed selected top 35 scientific priorities associated with heat stress-related epidemiological studies on more than 5 million agricultural workers to elaborate the probability of heat-related illness in the farming sector. We divided the examined data into six categories for the effective analysis of chosen studies: author, topic of study, target population sample condition of study heat exposure recognized health issue, specific study outcome, etc. The result of the survey reveals that heat stress-related disorder among farmers is in increasing order. The increasing order of impact of climate change in the form of heat stress in the agricultural sector tremendously influences the agricultural worker's health, productivity, and livelihood. Most of earlier research priorities concluded that heat stress could effectively reduce by low-cost measures, proper work-rest Schedule, hydration, heat stress awareness, and prevention training but needs adequate implementation. Further comparative assessment of physiological parameters of agricultural workers in heat stress conditions of different geographical locations is essential for future research to develop a Policy for sustainable livelihood in the agricultural sector.
Smart irrigation system is an automatic irrigation and monitoring system on agricultural land with a sensor, automation, and control technology based on the Internet of Things (IoT). This system can reduce the agricultural activities that were previously performed manually into an automatic system with a reduced human supervision. Smart Irrigation systems that are widely developed used Arduino as the controller. Arduino still lacks in response, low durability, and sensitivity to temperature change, hence requiring frequent maintenance to avoid weather disturbances, insects, and others. This paper presents a development of a smart irrigation system using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) as the controller and a soil moisture sensor as a humidity condition measurement tool. The advantage of using PLC as a controller is more stable and has sensor compatibility with higher accuracy. Hence the results are more consistent and accurate. The PLC system is expandable, allowing for the inclusion of more channels for sensors and other measurement instruments. The developed system can collect data on soil moisture conditions, trigger valves, and perform auto irrigation using sprinklers, reducing or even eliminating the need for human intervention. The IoT collects data from sensors and updates the data into a database system, allowing users to monitor the land conditions in real-time. The developed system was predicted to save manpower (20%) and water usage (42.47%) compared to the conventional method. Keywords: Smart Irrigation; IoT; PLC; Moisture Sensor; Sprinkler
Water is the most precious commodity that human being wanted, nowadays water is depleting due to several human interventions. In Kerala state, even though high rainfall is received, still water scarcity is faced during summer and soil erosion is higher. This watershed area is prone to water scarcity during the summer season and stream network become dry during that period. This clearly indicates that human interventions and unscientific agricultural activities may be the result. In this, study GIS and RS technologies are used to find and map the Soil and water conservation priority zones, also several action Plans where proposed. SOI Topo sheet were used to digitize the contours and DEM was created using that with ArcGIS 10.2.2 software. LULC maps were digitized from satellite image and using other parameters and suitable weight values, the weighted overlay was done to find out the Priority Zones. Cadastral Plot boundaries were overlaid for plot-wise priority zones and several conservation methods like gully plugin, check dams, vegetation bund etc. were proposed.
Cibodas Botanical Garden (CBG) is an ex-situ plant conservation institution, maintaining living collection from various taxa including Rubiaceae. Most of Rubiaceae ornamental plants are introduced species with regard to their attractive characters. However, introduced species of ornamental plants is one of significant global plant invasion pathways. The aims of this research was to conduct inventory study of CBG’s Rubiaceae collection, to determine native and introduced species, and to bring out CBG’s native Rubiaceae potential as ornamental plants. The research was divided into two methods, field study and literature study. Field study was conducted by making inventory of Rubiaceae living collections and plant morphology observations. Literature study was conducted by obtaining data of plant distributions, utilization as ornamental plants, and also comparing domesticated species with CBG’s living collections. Results showed that CBG has collected 20 genera, 50 species and 116 specimens of Rubiaceae as living collections. There are 22 native species, 15 introduced species and 13 species that can not be determined. There are 5 species commonly utilized and cultivated as ornamental plants, 8 species are not known for their aesthetic characters but has potential as ornamental plants. These species are Gardenia pterocalyx Valeton, Hypobathrum frutescens Blume, H. racemosum (Roxb.) Kurz, Mycetia cauliflora Reinw., Pavetta montana Reinw. Ex Blume, Psychotria angulata Korth, P. montana Blume, and Wendlandia densiflora (Blume) DC. This study demonstrated that there is a promising potential from these lesser-known native Rubiaceae species for ornamental use. CBG should conduct more research about native species’s potential as ornamental plants.
As one of the largest natural rubber exporters in the world, Indonesia has a potential to globally conquer the natural rubber export market. Furthermore, natural rubber gave a positive contribution to economy due to supplying foreign exchange for the country. This condition was indicated from a high Indonesian natural rubber export value to the global market. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the Indonesian natural rubber export competitiveness in global market. The methods in this study used Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Constant Market Share (CMS). The result showed that the Indonesian natural rubber export still had competitiveness in global market, but in a declined trend. One cause of declined Indonesian natural rubber export competitiveness in global market was due to low quality product of natural rubber. Moreover, land control was still dominated by the community plantation, therefore necessary performed a dissemination related to cultivation technological use to improve the Indonesian natural rubber productivity.
Pest control by using chemical pesticides continuously can harm the environment. Therefore it is necessary to look for environmentally friendly technologies, one of which is the use of entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae. The alternative media should be easy to obtain and has a good shelf life so the growth of M. anisopliae should be optimum. This research aimed to obtain alternative media that provide the best growth and development at each different shelf-life. The research method used was an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Factorial and it was repeated 4 times. The media factors were from PDA, bran, green beans, and maize. The shelf-life factors were at 21 and 42 days old (d-old). The diameter on maize media gave the highest diameter value of 8.57 cm at 42 d-old. Green bean media gave the best spore density results of 2.08×107. Whereas the germination capacity of the media ranged from 63.94% to 94.23%. Germination showed no significant difference at 21 and 42 d-old. Therefore, green beans and maize media were effectively used for propagation of M. anisopliae as a substitute for synthetic media.
The Nigerian economy largely depends on agriculture which is vulnerable to unfavorable climatic conditions. Consequently, rice is a very important staple crop, widely cultivated and consume by millions of people in the country. Nigerian government policy heavily protects rice in order to stimulate it local production. There is still scanty empirical evidence on the effect of climate change on rice production in Nigeria. This study was carried out to fill this gap. This study specifically examined the effect of climate change on rice output in Nigeria. This study utilized climate data (rainfall and temperature) from Nigerian Meteorological Center, Carbon dioxide data from FAOSTAT, and information on the country’s` milled rice from USDA (1970-2016). The analytical tools employed in the data analysis were Descriptive, Trend analysis, Unit root test, Co-integration and Regression model. Findings of the study revealed that there is variation in the trend of the climatic factors and also variation in rice output over the period of study. The result also shows that that annual rainfall, and temperature contributes significantly to rice output in Nigeria. Rainfall had positive coefficient and significant 5%, temperature had negative coefficient and significant at 1%. The area of land cultivated had positive coefficient and significant at 1%. The study concluded that climate change significantly influence rice output in Nigeria. The study recommended that consideration be given to climate change in the formulation of agricultural policies for the attainment of food security and national aspiration for sustainability in the production of rice production in Nigeria.
