Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se a produtividade do capim-paiaguas (Urochloa brizantha cv. Paiaguas) é suprimida em sistemas com múltiplas espécies forrageiras estabelecidas após a colheita da soja e, identificar se a espécie utilizada em pastagem mista melhora a massa de forragem total e a morfologia e composição bromatológica. Os tratamentos consistiram de diversidade de espécies: sem diversidade (capim-paiaguas em monocultivo), baixa diversidade (capim-paiaguas com Vigna unguiculata), média diversidade (capim-paiaguas com Vigna unguiculata e Guizotia abyssinica) e alta diversidade (capim-paiaguas com Vigna unguiculata, Fagopyrum esculentum, Raphanus sativus e Stylosanthes capitata e Stylosanthes macrocephala). As pastagens foram estabelecidas em março, em sucessão à soja, e avaliadas em junho. Não houve redução na massa de forragem com o aumento da diversidade, porém, houve redução na participação do capim-paiaguas na massa de forragem, sem alterar a composição morfológica. O aumento da diversidade de espécies reduziu os teores de cinzas e proteína bruta. Assim, o capim-paiaguas é suprimido devido ao aumento de espécies na pastagem mista, sem alteração da composição morfológica, mas com alteração da composição bromatológica.
The objectives of this study were: a) to determine the reference values (standards) macro levels and micronutri loved, useful to the assessment of the balance sheet at Kenworthy method b) to assess the nutritional status of soybean crops in the degree of balance and obtain the potential for response to fertilization for nutrients. The work was carried out based on a database of leaf nutrient content and grain yield of 763 soybean crops in Mato Grosso, Campo Novo dos Parecis region, covering different agricultural years, cultivars, soil textures and time of use area with soybean culture. Considering macronutrients, on average 69,7% of low productivity crops are in the normal class, while for micronutrients this percentage is lower, 60.9%. N is the most frequently found nutrient in crops (83,2%) while Cu (49,8%) is the least frequent in the normal class. 78.3% of the crops have an adequate nutritional balance. Mg, P and Ca in the group of macronutrients and Cu, Mn and Zn in terms of micronutrients are those for which there are greater expectations of gains in crop productivity in response to fertilization.
With the hypothesis that the use of rock dust is an economically viable alternative for supplementary fertilization in the soybean crop in the region of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), this study evaluated the use of rock dust in the soybean crop, taking into account the relationship between productivity and cost of production. The experiment was installed with the application of rock dust (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 Mg ha-1) in soybean cultivation. Productivity, production cost, and economic viability indicators were monitored and calculated. Results showed that the application of rock dust positively influenced the total revenue, as well as the gross margin and net margin of the treatments, allowing a higher rate of return on the producer's investments. With the application of doses greater than 2.5 Mg ha-1 of rock dust, a higher total revenue could be obtained, however, there was a lower value of gross margin, net margin, leveling price, and leveling point components. Therefore, conclude that the application of up to 2.5 Mg ha-1 is a viable alternative to increase soybean profitability in the region of Dourados/MS.
Goat farming has been present in Brazil since the colonial period, currently the Northeast has the largest contingent of these animals, where they are exploited to obtain meat, milk and leather. The objective of this work was to analyze the profile of goat farming in the municipality of Anajatuba, Maranhão (MA), highlighting the characteristics of the management of the creation and the preponderant socioeconomic aspects involving the activity. For this, eight goat farmers from four villages in the municipality of Anajatuba-MA were interviewed. A pre-structured questionnaire was used with data associated with the owner, property, herd, general management and commercialization of the products. Data were tabulated and presented as percentage averages. The results showed a production chain based on subsistence, with a prevalence of men with an average age of 46 years and low level of education, without planning and technological resources, prevalence of the extensive system of creation dedicated to meat exploitation, with deficient sanitary and reproductive management. There is an inefficiency in the complex that forms the dynamism of the goat production chain in the municipality of Anajatuba-MA.
Production of well-developed Pinus taeda L. seedlings is essential for satisfactory development of planted forests. Biostimulant compounds, such as pyroligneous extract, have shown great potential to improve plant growth of some agronomic crops, and therefore should be tested in forestry species as well. Hence, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of pyroligneous extract on P. taeda seedlings under nursery conditions. The experiment was carried out under completely randomized conditions, studying three concentrations of extract added to the substrate. Plant height and diameter were measured monthly, and data regarding plant biomass and development were collected after six months. Pyroligneous extract had no effect on seed germination. Plant height was improved in 12.5% only at 30 days after sowing with 2.5% extract added to the substrate. Fresh mass or volume of roots, as well as shoot mass, were not affected by pyroligneous extract. However, root dry mass was increased from 0.258g to 0.335g with 1.0% pyroligneous extract. Root production by Pinus taeda seedlings is significantly improved by adding 1.0% pyroligneous extract in the substrate before sowing. Therefore, addition of 1.0% pyroligneous extract to substrate is recommended to improve root development of Pinus taeda seedlings at nursery.
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray has been recommended as a fertilizer species and its liquid extract as a biofertilizer in organic agroforestry systems. However, studies indicate that plant extracts have inhibitory effects on the germination and growth of several plant species, acting as allelopathic. In this sense, the work aims to evaluate, on a laboratory scale, the biological effect of concentrations of aqueous extract of T. diversifolia on the germination and initial development of seeds, using lettuce as an indicator species. Aqueous extracts were produced at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, using distilled water as a control. Lettuce seeds were arranged in Gerbox boxes, on filter paper, in the amount of 25 seeds per box, under a constant temperature of 20°C and natural light, for seven days. The percentage of final germination, mean germination time (MGT), germination speed index (GSI), and phytosanitary status of the seed on the seventh day were evaluated. The aqueous extracts of T. diversifolia in concentrations between 5% and 20% do not affect the final germination of the seeds, however, they reduce the germination speed; affect seedling size, and induce a higher percentage of abnormalities in germinated seeds. The results suggest that extracts of T. diversifolia have allelopathic potential for the germination of species.
The lack of information on the agronomic potential of blueberry cultivars in response to edaphoclimatic and biogeographical characteristics limits the establishment of commercial orchards in the producing regions of southern Brazil. Thus, the research objective was to investigate whether the agronomic potential differs among blueberry cultivars in an organic cultivation system in the Brazilian subtropics. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Lagoa Vermelha, Brazil, from August 2021 to January 2022, in a commercial orchard. The treatments were three blueberry cultivars belonging to the rabbiteye group (‘Bluegem’, ‘Clímax’ and ‘Florida’), arranged in a completely randomized design, with eight replications. Fruit production and quality were evaluated. ‘Florida’ produced the highest number of fruits and had the highest blueberry production and yield. ‘Bluegem’ and ‘Clímax’ stood out in terms of fruiting rate. ‘Bluegem’ and ‘Florida’ had fruits with greater longitudinal diameter. ‘Clímax’ stood out for its larger cross-sectional fruit diameter and for producing blueberries with higher sugar content, lower citric acid content and better palatability. In conclusion, the three blueberry cultivars in organic cultivation system in the Brazilian subtropics differ in terms of their productive potential and fruit quality. ‘Florida’ has the best yield potential and ‘Clímax’ produces blueberries with the best chemical quality.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality and pH of fresh ground beef sold in supermarkets in southern Bahia. Samples were collected and prepared from “ground beef” in which pH was measured and microbiological analyzes were performed, with techniques for identification of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, mold and yeast. The microbiological quality of meat, the most likely number of total coliforms ranged from 21 to 2.7 x 104 MLN/g (average 3.5x103 MLN/g), and coliforms at 45 ºC or thermotolerant <3 to 5 x 103 MLN/g (average 1.3x103 MLN/ g). The presence of Escherichia coli was confirmed in 70% of the samples. No Salmonella was detected in any of the samples.
Meliponiculture is the rational exploitation of stingless bees, in which different species of bees are exploited. This diversity ensures differences in morphological and biological aspects, nesting habits, resource gathering behaviors, defense and productivity. Knowledge of the aspects of this diversity of bees makes it possible to understand and disseminate technical-scientific information. However, the difficulty of obtaining knowledge in this area that is on the rise is something that hinders the dissemination of scientific knowledge. This review aims to disclose the importance of meliponiculture, its main aspects and emphasize the productive potential of the genus Scaptotrigona.
The search for technologies to increase productivity of the herds, without increasing production costs, brings a positive highlight to extruded feeds, since these products act to maximize digestive efficiency. The objective was to evaluate the effect of using different levels of inclusion of extruded roughage to replace corn silage on nutritional and metabolic parameters in sheep. For this, 20 ewes aged over three years were used, housed in metabolic cages, distributed in a completely randomized design in four treatments, which consisted of different levels of inclusion of extruded roughage to replace corn silage (20%, 40%, 60% and 80%). Dry matter intake (DMI) and water intake were calculated by the difference between what was offered and what was left over. Blood glucose and energy and protein metabolites were obtained through blood collection by jugular venipuncture and subsequent laboratory analyses, and feeding behavior by observation every 5 min. for 24 h. DMI and water intake increased linearly with the inclusion of extruded roughage in the diet. The greater inclusion of extruded roughage reduced the total chewing time, consequently increasing the efficiency of ingestion, rumination and total chewing. The inclusion of extruded roughage in the diet of sheep increases the dry matter intake, without reducing the digestibility of nutrients, reducing the time spent on chewing.
Limestone, a common soil amendment in agriculture, is used to correct soil acidity by raising pH, increasing Ca and Mg levels, and neutralizing Al. This study evaluated the effectiveness of surface application of calcitic limestone doses to correct acidity at different soil depths. The research was conducted in a Eutroferric Red Latosol using a randomized block experimental design with eight repetitions in 30 m2 plots, covering a total area of 960 m2. Four doses of calcitic limestone (0, 3, 6, and 9 t ha-1) were applied without mechanical incorporation into the soil. Evaluations were performed at 12 and 24 months after the doses were applied, at depths of 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20 m, measuring chemical attributes such as pH, H+Al, Al, Ca, Mg, BS, and m. As the calcitic limestone doses increased, there were improvements in pH, approaching neutrality, an increase in Ca content, and an elevation in BS, reducing Al content and potential acidity. This demonstrated the effectiveness of calcitic limestone in increasing BS and reducing m. After 2 years, liming with calcitic limestone provided improvements to the root environment up to a depth of 0.20 m, with increased pH and base saturation, as well as reduced Al and H+Al levels. Furthermore, calcitic limestone doses did not influence soil Mg levels.
The straw remaining from the sugarcane harvest can influence soil fertility and the crop in the field, depending on the amount and time these residues remain in the soil and the relationship they establish. with abiotic factors and microorganisms that act in the process. The objective was to identify the remaining straw levels (0; 5; 10 and 15 Mg ha-1) on soil fertility keep and sugarcane productivity (third cutting), in tree periods cuttings - 1 (variety RB 855156), 2 (variety RB 835486) and 3 (variety RB 835054). For chemical attributes, samples were collected from soil with deformed structure at depths of 0-5; 5-10; and 10-15 cm, after the sugarcane harvest in 2012, before the establishment of the straw levels (initial) and after the ratoon harvest in the 2013 harvest (final), in periods cuttings 1, 2 and 3, respectively. the maintenance of 15 Mg ha-1 of crop residues does not increase nutrient levels in the surface soil layers, nor does it result in a reduction in organic matter values in the surface soil layers after one year of sugarcane cultivation, even with the complete removal of crop residues. There is feasibility for partial removal of crop residues without affecting soil chemical attributes in the subsequent crop season, considering that the maintenance of 5 Mg ha-1 promotes maximum productivity of stalks and sugars in the late-season harvest (3rd period).
Easily found in humid and shady places, Maranta sobolifera has spread in agricultural areas. However, the lack of information on the development of the species in different environments makes it difficult to understand its adaptive capacity. This paper evaluated the morphophysiological changes of M. sobolifera plants to sun exposure and soil textures. In a completely randomized experimental design and split plots, the main plots corresponded to light exposure and the subplots to soil textures. Gas exchange indices, stomatal density, chlorophyll a, b and total contents, macronutrients and dry mass were evaluated. The lower incidence of luminosity increases the photosynthetic rate by an average of 43% and 33% in clayey and sandy soils, respectively. Stomatal density was higher in full sun, while chlorophyll contents a and b were higher in shaded plants. The N and K contents in leaves, stems and roots were higher in shaded plants by up to 37%. The P content in the stem was 69% and 48% higher in plants grown in clayey and sandy soil, respectively. Dry mass was 26% higher in shaded plants compared to plants grown in full sun. In clayey soil, the total dry mass was 42% higher in relation to plants in sandy textured soil. It is concluded that M. sobolifera plants show morphophysiological changes (>stomatal density) that help adapt to full sun. However, under the canopy of agricultural crops, this species can compete intensely for nutrients, especially in clayey soils.
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for the growth, development and metabolism of animals, including humans. It is an integral part of a set of proteins, the selenoproteins, with antioxidant action, involved in the metabolism of thyroid hormones, growth regulation, cell viability, immune system functions and reproduction. This element fulfils the same function in vegetables, although it does not play an essential role in their nutrition, so it is currently included in the group of beneficial elements. It is introduced into the food chain by ingesting plants and products derived from them. Plants assimilate Se compounds, present in the soil, mainly in the form of inorganic compounds of selenate (Se6+) and selenite (Se4+). Both have water solubility and are part of the metabolic processes that occur in humans. In view of the above, the objectives of this literature review were to present information on some of the main aspects of selenium for humans and plants, describing its forms of absorption, benefits, problems related to its deficiency and its use in food biofortification. Selenium (Se) has several benefits for plants and human health, and for humans, when administered in ideal concentrations. In addition to providing a healthy diet, it can act as an antioxidant, playing an important role in protecting against viral infections.
The objective of this work was to verify the influence of different previous cultures on the productivity and nutritional quality of soybean grains. The experiment took place in the city of Pejuçara, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil, in the 2019/20 agricultural season. The experiment took place in a 5X4 factorial scheme, in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments composing by the combination of five soybean genotypes (BMX Lança IPRO, M 5838 IPRO, BMX Raio IPRO, BMX Zeus IPRO, DM57i52 IPRO), and four previous coverages. We measured morphological, productive and physicochemical characters of soybean grains. The data obtained were submitted to a density analysis, after which Pearson's linear correlation was performed in order to show the linear trend of association between the characters. Subsequently, Principal Component Analysis was performed to assess the interaction between the variables studied and the treatments. Moreover, cluster analysis to verify the levels of similarity that group the treatments. It is not possible to perceive a significant effect between the variables analyzed and the predecessor cultures used, in addition to the fact that in relation to bromatological quality, plant chemistry, productivity and nutritional quality of the grains, they presented values consistent with the literature. Thus, conclusion is that both predecessor cultures (oat, pasture, wheat and linseed) did not interfere directly in the soybean crop.
Phytotechnical positioning procedures in soybean crop must be validated in the context of the interaction between genotype, environment and management. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of soybean cultivars sown in different row spacing, in early (October 8th) and conventional (November 12th) sowing dates in a subtropical climate region of southern Brazil. The experimental design was in an 18 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The factors were constituted by 18 soybean cultivars (with a maturity group of 5.3 to 6.4) installed with row spacing of 25 and 50 cm. Final plant population, plant height, lodging, 1000-grains weight and grain yield were evaluated. The row spacing and the cultivar used interfere in the agronomic performance of soybean, regardless of sowing date. The narrow row spacing of 25 cm increases the 1000-grains weight and the soybean grain yield, regardless of cultivar and sowing date, with the most pronounced augments in the conventional sowing date. In general, the most yield cultivars were M 5947 IPRO and M 6410 IPRO.
Meloidogyne incognita is an endoparasitic and sedentary nematode that forms galls on the roots and damage several agricultural crops, including soybean. Its control needs several management methods, including the use of microbial extracts. Thus, the objective of this work was to verify the influence of the fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus extract on the control of M. incognita in soybean. The treatments were concentrations of the crude extract of basidiocarps from P. sanguineus (0%; 2.5%; 5%; 7.5%; and 10%) which were applied to the aerial part of the plants, and after 72 h the nematodes (eggs + second stage juveniles – J2) were inoculated. After 60 days were evaluated fresh and dry masses of the aerial part and height of aerial part, and the nematological parameters number of egg masses, number of galls and total number of nematodes. It was concluded that there was a reduction in total number of nematodes in a dose-dependent manner for crude extract of P. sanguineus, where the calculated value of 17% was the concentration which more reduced de number of nematodes. The vegetative parameters were not influenced, indicating that besides the control of the pathogen in the roots by the treatments on the leaves, this induction of resistance did not produce metabolic fitness to the plant.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of flooding on the growth of maize plants through growth analysis through simple logistics. The work was conducted in the 2016/2017 growing season. The climate is temperate, with well distributed rainfall, hot summer andthe soil is classified as solodiceutrophic haplic planosol. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks arranged in a factorial scheme, with two soil water conditions x five plant samples, arranged in four replicates. It was carried out the flooding of the parcels. The variables measured were total dry mass; dry matter production rates; relative growth rate; net assimilation rate; leaf area ratio; leaf mass ratio; maximum values of specific leaf area; leaf area index; efficiency of solar energy on version and mass partition, carried out in five collections. There is a reduction in leaf mass ratio, dry mass production rate, and relative growth rate in plants submitted to flooding, compared to those kept at field capacity. Corn plants submitted to soil flooding presented negative changes in the assimilated partition throughout their development. Soil flooding over the period of 72 hours adversely affects the physiological parameters of maize plants, leading to a reduction of their productive efficiency.
Leafcutter ants tend to adapt to the different climatic conditions, soil, and vegetation.They also have the particularity of attacking different cultures. The objective of this work was to survey and record the occurrence of leafcutter ants in 5 pasture areas located in the municipalities of Altônia, Iporã, and Cafezal do Sul, as well as to identify them at the genus level. The study areas were covered by the walking method, performing the geolocation of the anthills in order to verify the incidence of anthills, calculating the anthill areas, preparing maps of land use, and occupation and geolocation of the anthills, calculating the density and the spatial distribution of anthills. Across the 5 areas, 56.72 ha of pasture were sampled and the existence of anthills inside the properties was established. Totally, 55 anthills were sampled from which specimens were collected for identification at the genus level, which will be classifiedunder the genus Atta. The areas of the anthills vary from 0.26 m² to 97.34 m². The density of anthills ranged between 0.25 and 0.75 anthills ha-1and the spatial distribution obtained was I = 1.13. Of the 55 anthills, all belonging to the Atta genera, and different types of management related to the occurrence of leafcutter ants in the areas.On the basis of the evaluation of monitoring and georeferencing data, it was possible to record the occurrence of leafcutter ants in pasture areas in the cities of Altônia, Cafezal do Sul, and Iporã, which presented different distribution and density of nests. In all evaluation areas, the domain of the genus Atta was registered.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance characteristics of the morphometric sheep of the Santa Inês breed, recently-Paris, with their respective Lamb Texel x Santa Inês, a paste, in creep feeding system. For this purpose, 30 Sheeps and theirs and the respective lamb were used for natural breastfeeding for 60 days until weaning. The randomized blocks used, with two Treatments (absence of the presence of the private feeder), with 10 repetitions, being shadow sheep by repetition municipality or relative lamb. In Studies on the termination of two Cordeiro, the bone of heavy animals was measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiments (25 days), using the 30-Cordeiro weaned. The randomized blocks, used with three Treatments (0.400 of 800 g of concentrate / lamb / DIA). There was no difference in weight between the sheep outside of Cordeiro (supplemented or not). There were no two treatments effect on the morphometric characteristics among the sheep outside between the Lamb bone. The use of creep feeding did not provide greater weight gain in recovery to give weight to give infant sheep, nor did it provide greater weight gain, we Lamb supplemented in relation to this not supplemented during breastfeeding, but the supplementary feed 400g / animal / day in the finishing phase it shows better results for I gained two lambs of weight.
