Majallah-i ḥifāẓat-i giyāhān

Introduction: Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important plant of belong to family Solanaceae with the origin of Mexico, which is a rich source of vitamins and beneficial antioxidants to the health and the immune system. The green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the severe important pests of bell pepper in the greenhouse, which cause damage in both direct and indirect by feeding on sap and transmitting of viral diseases. The use of insecticides is the most commonly used method for controlling M. persicae, but in addition to the environmental contaminating, it increased the aphid resistance to chemical pesticides. Biological control is one of the alternative methods compatible with the crop ecosystems and is an important component in integrated pest management programs. The aphidophagous midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani is an appropriative and important predator of various species aphids including M. persicae. Also, the quality of host plants on the first level of nutrition have important effect on the eco- physiology characteristics of the predator on the third level of nutrition. In this study, the effect of foliar application of micronutrient fertilizers of iron, zinc, copper and manganese on bell pepper was investigated on the biological and demographic parameters of A. aphidimyza fed on M. persicae in greenhouse conditions. Materials and Methods: The experiments were done as a completely randomized design with 50 replications per treatments during 2020-2021 in the greenhouse. The foliar application of micronutrient was carried out in four-to six-leaf stages with a certain amount of each fertilizer. At the beginning of the experiment, 100 eggs were considered to investigate the study of biology and the life table parameters of A. aphidimyza reared on the M. persicae fed on in each of the experimental treatments. Then daily, these eggs on the all treatments were monitored for recording incubation duration, survival rate and larval developmental duration (50 larvae). A mixture of aphids of different stages were Placed daily on each leaves treatment to feed of A. aphidimyza. Then, the experiments and the observations continued until the emergence of adult insects. After, a pair of male and female adult insects (15 pairs per treatment) were released into each experimental container containing leaves aphid infestation. Daily, the investigate continued for recording of pre-oviposition and oviposition duration, fecundity, male and female longevity until the death of the last individual. Recording of life table parameters and data analysis was performed using the bisexual life table method in TWOSEX-MSChart software. The results were accomplished by Tukey’s post hoc Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test for showing the mean comparisons (Mean±SE). Results and Discussion: Based on results, the highest and lowest the intrinsic rate of increase (0.148 and 0.097 / day), the finite rate of population increase (1.160, 1.102 per day) and the net reproduction rate (15.8, and 6.42 offspring/individual) of A. aphidimyza were observed on iron and control treatments, respectively. The results show that there was a significant difference between the different treatments in terms of mean generation time (T) and the highest and the lowest T was obtained on control (19.003 day) and manganese treatment (18.096 day), respectively. Also, the foliar application of micronutrient fertilizers led to reduce the pre-adult time and increase, fecundity, oviposition period and the male and female longevity of A. aphidimyza. The results of this study show that the foliar application of plants with micronutrient fertilizers by improving the growth quality and inducing antibiotic resistance in host plants, has a positive effect on the biology and life table of A. aphidimyza. Conclusion: The host plants, as the first level of nutrition, have important effects on the predator biology as the third level of nutrition. So, the use of micronutrients by improving the quality of host plants herbivorous insects can be affect the different aspects of the biological characteristics of the higher nutrient level in plant-herbivorous interactions. Therefore, the foliar application of bell pepper with micronutrient fertilizers along with the use of A. aphidimyza as an appropriative biological control agent for aphids can be effective in integrated management programs of M. persicae.

شب­پره مینوز گوجه‌فرنگی یکی از آفات جدید و مهم گوجه­فرنگی در ایران است و هر ساله باعث کاهش راندمان و کیفیت محصول از نظر بازارپسندی می‌گردد. جهت معرفی حشره­کش­های جدید و مؤثر برای کنترل این آفت، این آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با شش تیمار و سه تکرار در مزارع گوجه فرنگی سه استان کرمانشاه، مرکزی و هرمزگان در سال 1399 انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل حشره­کش­های تترانیلی‌پرول SC 200 با دو غلظت 250 و 350 میلی‌لیتر در هکتار، ایندوکساکارب EC 15% به‌مقدار 250 میلی‌لیتر در هکتار، فلوبن دیامید WG20% به‌میزان 250 گرم در هکتار، لوفنرون+ امامکتین بنزوات WG 50% معادل 100 گرم در هکتار بودند. نتایج نشان داد که در روز چهاردهم پس از سم‌پاشی، حشره‌کش تترانیلی پرول 350 میلی­لیتر در هکتار با 03/72 درصد کارایی در استان مرکزی ، با 74/82، درصد کارایی در استان کرمانشاه و 17/82 درصد کارایی در استان هرمزگان از تاثیر بالاتری نسبت به سایر تیمارها برخوردار بوده است. بنابراین غلظت 350 میلی­لیتر در هکتار حشره­کش تترانیلی­پرول برای کنترل لاروهای شب­پره مینوز در مزارع گوجه‌فرنگی مؤثر بوده و قابل توصیه شدن است.

Introduction: One of the major pests of apple trees all-around of Iran is two-spotted spider mites (TSM, Tetranychus urticae Koch (1836)). This pest reported from Gorgan and Mazandaran areas for the first time. This cosmopolitan mite is reported in almost all parts of the country and found in all countries of the world on more than 150 economic plant species. This pest has been causing damage to the farmer in various apple orchards in the country every year. Because of high rate of fecundity, high population density, short life cycle and develop resistance to pesticides, TSM is an invasive pest on apple trees and difficult to control. Also, due to the continued use of various broad-spectrum chemical insecticides / Acaricides to controlling this pest, in addition to making the potential of resistance, it has also eliminated natural enemies. Up to date no botanical acaricides has been registered on TSM in apple orchards of Iran. Accordingly, Pestout® as a botanical acaricide to control the active stages of TSM at two concentrations and in comparison to spirodiclofen and fenazaquin were evaluated in three provinces of Tehran, Isfahan and Khorasan Razavi in 2018. Materials and Methods: During 2018, Pestout® contain cottonseed and clove oils as a botanical acaricide to control the active stages of TSM at concentrations of 3 and 5 ml/l and in comparison of spirodiclofen SC 24% (Envidor®) 0.5 ml/l, fenazaquin SC 20% (Pride®) 0.5 ml/l and control (spraying) were evaluated in three provinces of Tehran, Isfahan and Khorasan Razavi in 2018. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications (each replicate containing two trees variety yellow with the same conditions) for each treatment. Sampling was taken 1 day before and after spraying, at 3, 7 and 14 days’ intervals from 40 leaves of each experimental unit. Then the immature and female adults of spider mites in the leaves were counted and registered by using binocular in Agricultural Zoology Research Laboratory of the Iranian research institute of plant protection and also in Isfahan and Khorasan Razavi provinces. Data obtained from sampling were corrected by Henderson-Tilton formula. The normality of the data was evaluated using SAS software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. After analysis of variance using one-way ANOVA in SAS software mean comparison was performed by Duncan’s multiple range test in SAS 9.4 software. Results and Discussion: The analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between all treatments with control in three provinces across all days. Based on the results obtained in Tehran province, both concentrations of Pestout (With more than 82% mortality) besides of Envidor (with more than 86% mortality) were most efficient in all days after spraying. In Isfahan province, the efficacy of Pestout in both concentrations were in the same group with Envidor and Pride. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed between the abovementioned treatments in all days. In fact, for all four treatments acceptable performance recorded. In this province, the mean mortality of 3 ml/l Pestout varied between 74% to 80% during the test days and for concentrations 5 ml/l were 77% to 82%. In Khorasan Razavi province, the efficacy of Pestout 5 ml/l on 3, 7 and 14 days after treatment were more than 92%, 94% and 89% mortality, respectively. Also, mean mortality at concentrations 3 ml/l were recorded 84.70%, 89.91% and 82.16%, respectively. Therefore, both concentrations in this province had a good efficacy. Conclusion: Poor orchard management and the effects of climate change, are increasing pest problems, including TSM incidence, in Iranian orchards. Increased chemical pesticide use is leading to greater occurrence of pest resistance, insufficient control and increased production costs are some of the problems. The registration and implementation of low risk and effective botanical pesticides are one of the best methods for solving the problem and make a great IPM program in the orchards. Therefore, in the present study, it can be concluded that Pestout is a good candidate for controlling the two-spotted spider mite on apple trees, and the concentration 3 ml/l of this compound is recommendable in Iran.

Introduction Sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) is an important crop, grown over 2,000 hectares in Iran. The consumption demand for sweet corn in its fresh form or as a processed crop has contributed to a significant increase in its cultivation in recent years. Sweet corn is susceptible to weed competition for nutrients, moisture, and light interception. Herbicides labeled for use on sweet corn are limited. Chemical control can be very important because of the low efficiency and cost effectiveness of mechanical or other methods of weed control. Hence, it is necessary to provide information about the sulfonylurea herbicides and suitable doses. Sulfonylureas such as nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and foramsulfuron are effective group of herbicides for annual and perennial weed control in maize. These herbicides provide a new chance for weed management in maize. Their mode of action occurs through inhibiting acetolactate synthase (ALS), thereby interfering with the production of branched-chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effect of different doses of sulfonylurea herbicides on weeds control and growth and yield of sweet corn. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the effect of different doses of sulfonylurea herbicides on weeds control and growth and yield of sweet corn (KSC403su), a field study carried out during 2015 growing seasons at the Agricultural College of Shiraz University. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments included different doses of nicosulfuron (1.5, 2 and 2.5 l ha-1), foramsulfuron + idosulfuron (1, 1.5 and 2 l ha-1) and acetochlor (4.5, 5 and 5.5 l ha-1) herbicides and weed free and weedy control. The number and dry weight of aboveground weeds parts were harvested within three fixed 1 × 1 m quadrats in every plot, separated by species, enumerated, oven-dried at 75 °C for 48 h, and then weighed. Then, percent weed density and dry weight reductions were measured. The traits included ear length, ear diameter, ear number per plant, row number per ear, grain number per row, grain number per ear and canned grain yield. Data were analyzed using SAS v. 9.1 software (SAS Institute 2003). When significant differences were observed among treatments, mean comparisons were made using Duncan's multiple range tests (P < 0.05). Correlation coefficients between different traits were also calculated. Results and Discussion Results showed that the canned grain yield, 1000 grain weight and number of grain per ear were reduced by weeds up to 73, 33 and 60%, respectively. The highest dry weights reduction obtained were of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) (75.8 and 59.5%), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) (49.84 and 38.76%), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) (58.37 and 40.85%) and bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) (60.56 and 55.06%), so that applying of nicosulfuron )2.5 l ha-1) and foramsulfuron + idosulfuron (2 l ha-1) herbicides caused reduction in total dry weight of weeds in comparison with weedy treatment, and canned seed yield increased by nicosulfuron )2.5 l ha-1) and foramsulfuron + idosulfuron (2 l ha-1) herbicides in comparison to the acetochlor. Acetochlor was the weakest treatment in the reduction of weed density and dry weight. The highest canned grain yield (8.00 and 7.03 t ha-1), number of row per ear (12.00 and 11.50), number of grain per row (25.00 and 24.75), number of grain per ear (299.00 and 285.50) and 1000 grain weight (325.06 and 308.44 g) were obtained in nicosulfuron )2.5 l ha-1) and foramsulfuron + idosulfuron (2 l ha-1) herbicides, respectively. Positive correlation was found between canned grain yield and 1000 grain weight (r = 0.83, p<0.05) and number of grain per ear (r = 0.96, p<0.05). Applying nicosulfuron showed a high efficiency as compared to the foramsulfuron + idosulfuron and acetochlor for weed suppression. Conclusion It can conclude that nicosulfuron at 2.5 l ha-1 showed the best performance for weed control, especially broadleaved weeds and were associated with the maximum sweet corn canned grain yield. Therefore, due to the restricted use of herbicide in sweet corn, the herbicide used in this experiment is not created serious injury in sweet corn at the recommended rate while effectively controlling weeds. Hence, utilization of this herbicide could be a favorable option in contemporary weed control programs for local or regional sweet corn growers. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the School of Agriculture, Shiraz University for their support, cooperation, and assistance throughout this research.

Introduction Plant development is defined as a series of phenological events that are controlled by external factors and determine changes in the shape or function of some organs. Temperature and photoperiod are two of the most important environmental factors affecting phenological development. Papaver rhoeas L. and Papaver dubium L., from the Papaveraceae family, are common annual winter weeds in northern Iran. The life cycle of these species is closely related to winter crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and other winter cereals that compete severely with them. The Papaver species are capable of producing a huge amount of small-sized seeds that remain dormant at maturity. The timing of emergence, growth and sexual reproduction is highly important for the success of invasive weeds. Checking the phonological behavior of these plant species along with their seed production would be useful for decision-support systems helping managers select the best management strategies and, thereby, improving P. rhoeas and P. dubium control. Also, the phenology data would allow predicting these species invasibility of new areas. The present study was aimed to quantify the phonological behavior of these weeds. Materials and Methods In the present study, the phenology of P. rhoeas and P. dubium were studied in the research field at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Sari, Iran, with an annual rainfall of 851 mm per year. Seeds of these species were collected from a wheat field located in Mazandaran province, north of Iran during spring 2018. These species seeds were cultivated on 12 November 2018. The phenological stages were recorded from emergence to the end of the seeding stage. The phenology was studied based on the growing degree day. At the end of the experiment, the period of each phenological stage was calculated based on the day and the growing degree day. In order to determine the morphological traits of the plant, eight sampling steps were performed. Morphological traits such as plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers, number of capsules, and dry matter were measured. Results and Discussion The results showed that P. rhoeas and P. dubium grow from 0 to 1723.56 and 1759.06 growth degrees day, respectively. During this period, seven phenological stages were recorded for these two species. These stages were included emergence, rosette (7-8 leaves), stem elongation and branching, blooming, flowering, fruiting, and seed maturity. The flowering stage period in both species was long, 48 days in P. dubium and 46 days in P. rhoeas. The results showed that the shortest and longest stages of development of these two weeds were emergence and stem elongation, respectively. In this study, the growth period of P. rhoeas and P. dubium took about eight months. It has some variation with regard to height, the number of flower, number of capsule and dry matter between both species under the same environmental conditions but both plants started their developmental stages at the same time and finished at almost the same rate. The trend of changes in height, number of leaves, number of flowers, number of capsules, and dry matter were similar in both species. The life cycle of these two species begins with germination in autumn and ends with seed production in late June. The longest period of growth stage in both species was in spring and this trend decreases in late spring. The flowering stage begins in late March and ends in mid-June. The maturity period of these two species was from mid-June to the end of the first decade of July. One of the characteristics of these two species is high seed production. In P. rhoeas, at the end of the fruiting stage, each plant produced an average of 13 capsules and each plant produced an average of 5000 seeds. Also, in P. dubium, each plant produced an average of 14 capsules, and each plant of this species produces an average of 5922 seeds. Conclusion Based on knowledge of the different phenological stages of the two species, it is possible to plan for proper management. From a managerial point of view, these two species should be controlled before the blooming stage; so that their seeds do not enter the seed bank, because their seeds are considered as causes of contamination in the field.

Introduction Noctuidae species are herbivores as caterpillars and some of them are most destructive crop pests. Moreover, they role as pollinators and prey in ecosystem. Early researches on Noctuidae of Iran were published more than 150 years ago. In recent two decades, Iranian researchers investigated the Noctuidae fauna of Iran and published several articles on different subfamilies. The subfamily Xyleninae may be paraphyletic and defined by plesiomorphic character states. Xyleninae in classic taxonomy is defined by the valva of male genitalia which is not as much constricted below the cucullus at the distal end of the clasper. The cuculus usually is expanded and bears a corona of stout setae. The ampulla is small and usually finger-like, except in Xylenina. Dorsal surface of saculus is usually irregular in direction to the base. Vesica is often short and tube-like or triangular with few basal cornuti and an elongated patch of spines on the apical half of the vesica. In female genitalia, the ductus bursae is short and heavily sclerotized; and the appendix bursae is small and inconspicuous or absent. It is worth mentioning that Lepidoptera species are one of the important elements of Zagros mountain ranges which dominated by oak forests. Their larvae are important leaf-eaters of oak plants. Therefore, the aim of this research was determining the moths’ fauna of Xyleninae subfamily belonging to Noctuidae in Zagros Mountains of Khuzestan and Ilam provinces. Materials and Methods Numerous night samplings were done to study the fauna of Xyleninae subfamily (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Zagros Mountains in the provinces of Khuzestan and Ilam during 2018-2019. Sampling was performed by light traps powered by 12 volt batteries and 8 watt UVB light tubes. Sampling areas were two locations in Khuzestan province namely Imamzadeh Abdollah village in Baghmalek (31°22'24"N, 50°07'51"E, 1540 m and 31°23'10"N, 50°09'29"E, 2360 m) and Shelal village in Andika (32°16'19"N, 49°33'07"E, 1700 m and 32°19'10"N, 49°35'06"E, 1465 m) as well as two locations in Ilam province namely Kabir-Kouh in Abdanan (33°02'57"N, 47°18'04"E, 1215 m and 33°03'53"N, 47°18'40"E, 1730 m) and Protected Area of Manesht and Ghelarang (33°34'47"N, 46°33'52"E, 1455 m and 33°34'33"N, 46°36'15"E, 2215 m). The specimens and genitalia slides were deposited in the Insect and Mite Collection of Ahvaz (IMCA), Plant Protection Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.Results and Discussion A total of 28 species belonging to 19 genera of Xyleninae were collected and identified. Among them, 9 and 15 species were new to the fauna of Khuzestan and Ilam provinces, respectively. Furthermore, Dichonia pinkeri (Kobes, 1973) is newly recorded from the fauna of Iran. Notes on the bionomy and distribution of the collected species as well as diagnostic characters and illustrations of wing patterns and genitalia for the D. pinkeri were presented. According to the results, 9 species have not been recorded in the previous investigations in Khuzestan province. These species are as follows; Caradrina boursini, Hoplodrina ambigua, Polyphaenis monophaenis, Apamea syriaca fuscorhoda, Sesamia sp., Atethmia centrago, Evisa schawerdae, Leucochlaena muscosa, Pseudenargia deleta. 15 out of 17 collected species in Ilam were new for the fauna of this province. Because this province was less explored previously for Noctuidae fauna. This indicates that we are still far from a complete provincial list of the Noctuidae in Iran. It needs more samplings especially in area and times which less explored already and using different methods such as bait traps. We didn’t present the results on Agrochola species here and will treat them separately. 13 species were collected in both studied provinces, among which two species Hoplodrina ambigua and Polyphaenis monophaenis were new for the fauna of Khuzestan and Ilam. This implies that habitat of such species are Zagros areas including oak forest vegetations and their distribution range may be further expanded in Zagros range. Comparing to the results of Esfandiari et al. (2011) on the noctuid fauna of sugarcane plantations in Khuzestan province, only Spodoptera exigua and Caradrina clavipalpis out of their 9 Xyleninae species were recorded in the present study. This is because of semidesert climate in sugarcane farms which differs from climate and land cover of our sampling areas. It is necessary to investigate the noctuid fauna, complete the checklists and provide identification catalogues for Iran. Also, larval stages and food plants must be studied in each area. Furthermore, we need local taxonomic revisions in some groups.

آزمایش‌ مزرعه‌ای در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در خراسان رضوی در دو مزرعه چهارساله زعفران با اقلیم‌های متفاوت جهت ارزیابی اثر ترکیب علف‌کش و مالچ به‌عنوان روشی جدید در کنترل علف‌های هرز زعفران طی سال‌های 96-1395 انجام شد. تیمارهای موردبررسی شامل کاربرد علف‌کش‌های پیش رویشی تریفلورالین (EC48%، شرکت گیاه)، پندیمتالین (EC33%، شرکت آریا) و متریبوزین (WP70%، شرکت گیاه) به ترتیب در مقادیر 1200، 1485 و 525 گرم ماده مؤثره در هکتار به سه روش مختلف به‌طور مستقیم در خاک، زیر لایه مالچ تراشه چوب و کاربرد مخلوط علف­کش­ها با مالچ تراشه چوب همراه با سه تیمار شاهد وجین، مالچ به‌تنهایی و نیز شاهد بدون کنترل بودند. نتایج نشان دادند که گونه‌های علف هرز غالب متعلق به خانواده‌های گندمیان، شب­بو و کاسنی بود. در هر دو مزرعه کمترین وزن خشک علف‌های هرز (به ترتیب 90و 93 درصد کاهش در مقایسه با شاهد) و بیشترین عملکرد زعفران (به ترتیب 200 و 125 درصد افزایش وزن کلاله خشک در مقایسه با شاهد) از تیمار وجین دستی به دست آمد. تیمارهای مالچ مخلوط با علف‌کش هم در کاهش وزن خشک علف‌های هرز و هم افزایش اجزایی عملکرد زعفران بهتر از تیمارهای علف‌کش به‌تنهایی عمل کردند. تیمار متریبوزین مخلوط با مالچ بعد از وجین بیشترین عملکرد را در کلیه شاخص‌های موردبررسی زعفران به خود اختصاص داد. مالچ بدون علف‌کش در ضخامت 3 سانتی‌متر اگرچه باعث کاهش وزن خشک علف‌های هرز در هیچ‌کدام از مناطق موردبررسی نشد تأثیر مثبتی بر عملکرد زعفران داشت. به‌طورکلی تیمارهای مالچ مخلوط شده با علف‌کش علاوه بر بهبود کار آیی علف‌کش‌ها باعث افزایش عملکرد زعفران از 81 تا 160 درصد در مقایسه با شاهد نیز شدند. با توجه به نتایج حاصل، اختلاط علف‌کش‌ متریبوزین با یک‌لایه مالچ تراشه چوب به ضخامت 3 سانتی‌متر، می‌تواند کنترل قابل قبولی از علف‌های هرز زعفران فراهم کند.

Introduction: Apple (Malus domestica, Borkh) is considered one of the most common popular and favorite deciduous fruit trees cultivated in Iran. Various harmful factors affect the performance of this fruit. Apple powdery mildew disease is one of the most important apple diseases that has a worldwide distribution and causes disease and is caused by the fungus Podosphaera leucotricha Ell. Et Ev. This fungus is an obligate parasite and it can attack to leaves, flowers, fruits and twigs. In the beginning of spring the disease appeared on leaves which are the most susceptible organs. The disease appears on the upperside of infected leaf as powdery white lesions and eventually the infected part of leaf turn brown and infections on the underside of infected leaf result in chlorotic patches. Infected leaves become crinkle, curl and drop prematurely. Although blossom and fruit infections are less common, they are important because infected fruits are small and stunted if they do not drop. P. leucotricha survives the winter as mycelium in vegetative tissues or in infected flower buds. The primary infection starts when infected buds break dormancy and fungus resumes growth and colonizes developing shoots. Spores growing on infected shoots spread nearby and initiate secondary infections. Also it causes early loss of leaves and stop the growth of diseased branches and as a result, the loss of yield. In heavily infected trees, rust can be seen on fruit surface. Powdery mildew infection usually occurs at relative humidity above 70%, and on days when humidity is low, the infection usually occurs at night or in the early morning hours when the humidity is high. Although the use of effective fungicides can control the disease well but appearance of resistant strains of pathogens to reduce fungicide efficiency in controlling disease and producers' access to effective fungicides from various chemical groups, while helping gardeners to reduce the economic damage caused by the disease, reduces the possibility of pathogen resistance to fungicides. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of Boscalid + Pyraclovastrobin (Bellis ® WG38%) (Manufactured by BASF Co.) (With doses of 0.4, 0.7 and 1 ml L-1) compared with Tri-floxystrobin + Fluopyram (Luna Sensation ®) (with a dose of 0.2 ml L-1), Tri-floxystrobin (Flint ® WG50%) (0.2 ml L-1) and Tri-floxystrobin + Teboconazol (Nativo ® WG50%) (With a dose of 0.2 ml L-1) to control apple powdery mildew disease. Materials and Methods: For the experiment, the apple orchard of Golden Smooth cultivar with a history of powdery mildew in Ardabil province was selected. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Control treatments were without any spraying and with water spraying. Treatments were applied at three stages (full green bud stage and followed up at pink flowers stage and 10 days after the 2nd spraying). Ten days after the first symptoms of the disease were observed on the control treatments, samples were taken from the sheets and the percentage of the disease incidence and disease severity percentage were calculated. After calculating the incidence and disease severity of apple powdery mildew for each plot, the corresponding values in SAS statistical software were analyzed and the means of both traits were compared by Duncan's multiple range test at one percent probability level. Results and Discussion: The results of analysis of variance of the data obtained from the evaluation of the leaves of the treated trees showed that the effect of treatments on reducing the percentage of disease severity and disease incidence is statistically significant. The results showed that Bellis ® fungicide with a concentration of 0.1 and 0.7 ml L-1, Luna Sensation ® 0.2 ml L-1, Nativo ® 0.2 ml L-1 and Flint ® with a concentration of 0.2 ml L-1 had a high efficiency of controlling apple powdery mildew disease. The efficacy of new Bellis ® fungicide with concentrations of 1 and 0.7 ml L-1 was 76 and 60 percent, respectively. According to the obtained results, Bliss fungicide with a dose of 0.4 per thousand had poor efficacy in controlling the severity and occurrence of the disease and was not statistically significantly different from the control treatments. The results also showed that there was no significant difference between the control treatments (treatment with water spraying and treatment without spraying). Conclusion: Because both Bellis ® concentrations are effective in controlling the disease, therefore in order to protect the health of the fungicide users, the consumer of sprayed products and the environment as well as reduction in costs, the preferred dose is 0.7 ml L-1.

Introduction One of the most important problems facing modern agriculture is soil born plant pathogens control, especially root-knot nematodes. Chemical control, crop rotation and using resistance cultivar are common methods in control of most plant pathogens; however, there are low efficacy in control of root-knot nematodes regarding host wide range, long-term survival ability in soil and plant residual even in absence of host. One of the new methods in the management of root-knot nematodes is resistance induction in host using chemical compounds and microorganisms. In this method there are not any side effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and mechanisms involved in induced resistance by three chemical compounds (Hexanoic acid, Thiamin and Riboflavin) accompanied by Trichoderma harzianum BI in tomato plants against Meloidogyne javanica. The objectives of this study were addressed by monitoring the activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, accumulation of total phenolic compounds and nematode disease indexes.Materials and methods This study was conducted in the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and was performed with susceptible cultivar to root knot nematode (Early Urbana). 2-4 leaf stage tomato seedlings were transferred to 3 Liter pots filled with 2 liter sterile soil and maintained under greenhouse condition to the end of experiment. 2000 Meloidogyne javanica J2 larvae (N) were added to each pot. Tomato plants were treated with Trichoderma harzianum BI (TH) with a population of 1×107 spores/mL, Hexanoic acid (HX), thiamine (TI) and riboflavin (RB) with a concentration of 20 mM. Distilled water was used as control treatment. Sampling was performed at specific time points from each pot and the samples were transferred to the laboratory. Enzyme extract was extracted from tomato roots to assay the Peroxidase (POD), Poly phenol oxidase (PPO), Catalase (PAL) and Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity. Also total phenol content and nematode pathogenicity indexes were measured at the end of the growing season.Results and Discussion Based on the results, the highest POD and PPO enzyme activities were measured in TH + HX + N, TH + RB + N and TH + TI + N treatments, respectively, at a time point of 72 hours after treatment. The highest CAT enzyme activity was also recorded in the treatments TH + HX + N, TH + RB + N and TH + TI + N, respectively, at 96 hours after treatment application, the highest PAL enzyme activity was recorded in TH + HX + N, TH + RB + N and TH + TI + N treatments, respectively, at a time point of 120 hours after treatment. The highest total phenol content of roots were measured, respectively, in TH + RB + N, TH + HX + N and TH + TI + N treatments with values of 125.33, 114.67 and 109.33 mg gallic acid per gram roots. Also, nematode pathogenicity indexes including gall index, number of egg sacs and number of eggs in each egg sac were measured 45 days after the start of the experiment and a significant difference was observed in all treatments compared to the control treatment. The lowest values of pathogenicity indices were recorded in TH + HX + N, TH + RB + N and TH + TI + N treatments, respectively. Systemic resistance in plants can be induced with biotic and abiotic agents. The effects of chemical and microorganisms on plants resistance induction were investigated in many studies. However, effect of these agents on plant parasitic nematodes were considered less than other pathogens. Capability of different Trichoderma isolates on nematodes damage reduction are reported in many different studies. Several biocontrol mechanisms are reported for Trichoderma. As biocontrol ability of an isolate can be different mechanisms consequence. Effect of different chemical such as Hexanoic Acid, Thiamin and Riboflavin on plant disease have been investigated, however, there are little known about the effects of these chemicals on plant parasitic nematodes. The use of these chemicals as an enhancer of plant resistance to pathogens, due to their low risk to humans and the environment has been increasingly welcomed by researchers.Conclusion The results showed significant effect of used treatments on the reduction of root-knot nematode damage in tomato plants. These results justify further studies to investigate and identify the mechanisms of these compounds mode of action on increasing host resistance against this pathogen.

به منظور بررسی ماندگاری نیکوسولفورون در خاک با استفاده از آزمون زیست‌سنجی و آنالیز دستگاهی، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح آماری بلوک‌ کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال‌ زراعی 95-1394 انجام شد. فاکتور اول شامل کاربرد کود در چهار سطح کود گاوی، کود ورمی‌کمپوست، مایکوریزا به همراه شاهد (بدون کود آلی)، فاکتور دوم شامل کاربرد نیکوسولفورون در دو سطح 40 و 80 گرم ماده مؤثره در هکتار و فاکتور سوم کاربرد و عدم کاربرد ماده افزودنی هیدرومکس بودند. برای تعیین باقیمانده نیکوسولفورون در خاک در بازه‌های زمانی صفر، 2، 5، 8، 16، 30، 60 و 90 روز پس از سم‌پاشی از عمق‌های صفر تا 15 سانتی‌متری خاک نمونه‌گیری انجام شد. سپس مقدار باقیمانده علف‌کش با روش آنالیز دستگاهی (HPLC) و زیست‌سنجی با استفاده از گیاه شاخص شاهی (Lepidium sativum (L.) Fourr.) تعیین شد. نتایج نشان داد با کاربرد هیدرومکس سرعت تجزیه نیکوسولفورون در خاک کاهش و نیمه عمر آن افزایش یافت. برعکس، کاربرد کودهای آلی و زیستی توانستند سرعت تجزیه علف‌کش را افزایش و نیمه عمر آن را کاهش دهند. به طوری‌که بیشترین سرعت تجزیه در روش آنالیز دستگاهی و زیست‌سنجی به ترتیب 066/0 و 073/0 میکروگرم در کیلوگرم خاک و کمترین نیمه عمر نیز به‌ترتیب 5/10 و 50/9 روز از تیمار کاربرد کود گاوی و در مقدار کاربرد 40 گرم ماده موثره در هکتار نیکوسولفورون مشاهده شد. بر اساس نتایج آزمایش، همبستگی مثبت و معنی‌داری (97/0 = r2) بین ضرایب تجریه و نیمه عمر علف‌کش در دو روش آنالیز دستگاهی و زیست سنجی وجود داشت. لذا، گیاه شاخص شاهی می‌تواند به عنوان یک نشانگر زیستی مطلوب در ردیابی بقایای و نیکوسولفورون در خاک می تواند مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

به منظور ارزیابی اثر اختلاط علف‌کش‌های نیکوسولفورون و توفوردی در حضور عوامل سختی بر روی علف هرز گاوپنبه، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقانی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال 1398 انجام شد. در این آزمایش، عامل اول سختی آب مخزن سمپاش در 4 سطح شامل آب دیونیزه (غیرسخت)، غلظت‌های 1/0 مولار از کلرور‌های کلسیم، منیزیم و آهن III و عامل دوم اختلاط نیکوسولفورون و توفوردی آمین در دُز‌های 25/6، 5/12، 25، 50 و 100 درصد نسبت به دُز توصیه شده، در نسبت‌های اختلاط (0:100)، (25:75)، (50:50)، (75:25) و (100:0) بود. نتایج نشان داد که اثر خالص علف‌کش‌ها تحت تأثیر عوامل سختی کلرور کلسیم، کلرور منیزیم و کلرور آهن قرار گرفت و کارایی آن‌ها در کنترل زیست توده، درصد بقاء و ارتفاع بوته گاوپنبه کاهش یافت. اثر بازدارندگی عوامل سختی بر کارایی علف‌کش‌ها متفاوت بود، به طوری‌که در نیکوسولفورون و توفوردی آمین به ترتیب کلرور کلسیم و کلرور منیزیم با 07/2 و 83/1 برابر نسبت به آب بدون سختی، بیش‌ترین کاهندگی را داشتند. لذا برای کاهش اثر عوامل سختی، دو علف‌کش‌ به صورت اختلاط مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که نوع اثر در اختلاط علف‌کش‌ها در کنترل زیست توده گاوپنبه از نوع هم‌افزایی بوده و اثر هم‌کاهی عوامل سختی آب را کاهش دادند. نسبت برابر از هر دو علف‌کش در کاهش اثر کلرور کلسیم، نسبت بالای نیکوسولفورون در کاهش اثر کلرور منیزیم و نسبت بالای توفوردی آمین برای کاهش اثر هم‌کاهی کلرور آهن III، بهترین کارایی را در کنترل گاوپنبه نشان دادند. بنابراین، بسته به نوع نمک‌های دخیل در سختی آب مخزن سمپاش، با تغییر نسبت اختلاط دو علف‌کش نیکوسولفورون و توفوردی آمین، می‌توان بهترین کارایی کنترل علف هرز گاوپنبه را رقم زد.

هدف از این پژوهش بررسی اثر دما، شوری و خشکی و همچنین مطالعه فنولوژی این علف هرز بر اساس درجه روز-رشد می‌باشد. این آزمایش‌ها در آزمایشگاه علوم علف‌های هرز دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار انجام شد، که عبارت بودند از: دمای کاردینال در هشت سطح شامل: 5، 10، 15، 20، 25، 30، 35 و 40 درجه سانتی‌گراد، تنش شوری در نه سطح شاهد، 92/0، 84/1، 68/3، 36/7، 75/14، 5/29، 35 و 40 دسی­زیمنس بر متر کلرید سدیم و تنش خشکی در شش سطح شاهد، 2/0-، 4/0-، 6/0-، 8/0- و 1- مگاپاسکال. برای بررسی فنولوژی علف ­هرز نیلوفرپیچ، آزمایشی مزرعه‌ای در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل انجام شد. بذور از دمای 10 درجه سانتی‌گراد شروع به جوانه‌زنی کردند و با افزایش دما بر درصد جوانه‌زنی افزوده شد. با بررسی پارامترهای مختلف، مدل دندان مانند به‌عنوان مدل برتر انتخاب و دمای پایه، مطلوب فوقانی، مطلوب تحتانی و سقف به‌ترتیب 39/7، 54/23، 54/29 و 54/39 درجه سانتی‌گراد برآورد شد. همچنین سطح شوری 33/31 دسی‌زیمنس سبب 50 درصد کاهش درصد جوانه‌زنی در این گیاه می‌شود. در تنش خشکی بیشترین درصد جوانه‌زنی (100 درصد) در تیمار شاهد و کمترین درصد جوانه‌زنی (5/97 درصد) در تیمار 4/0- مگاپاسکال مشاهده شد. درمجموع شش مرحله فنولوژی ازجمله سبز شدن، ساقه رفتن، غنچه‌دهی، گلدهی، میوه‌دهی و رسیدگی بذر ثبت شد. نتایج نشان داد که کوتاهترین و طولانی‌ترین مراحل رشدی این علف هرز ازنظر زمانی به ترتیب سبز شدن و ساقه‌دهی می‌باشد. همچنین مشخص شد که نیلوفرپیچ مراحل فنولوژیکی خود را طی 168 روز و با کسب 01/2378 درجه روز-رشد به پایان می‌رساند. نتایج به‌دست آمده حاکی از آن است که بهترین زمان کنترل این علف هرز، قبل از شروع مرحله گلدهی است.

Introduction Integrated weed control in medicinal plants is one of the most important components of sustainable production. The dill seed production could be affected mainly by weed interference because of low competitive ability of this medicinal plant against weeds. So, this study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of different doses of trifluralin in integration with non-chemical weed control options including living mulch, straw mulch and one time hand weeding on weeds, yield components, grain and essential oil production of dill.Material and Methods The study was conducted in Research Field of Agriculture-Jahad in Khoda Afarin County in East Azarbaijan Iran in 2019 as factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was application of different rates of trifluralin at four levels including 0, 480, 720 and 960 g ai ha-1 of trifluralin herbicide and the second factor was different levels of non-chemical weed control consisted of planting the living mulch of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), planting the living mulch of bitter vetch (Vicia ervilla L.), application of wheat straw mulch, one time hand weeding 50 days after emergence of dill and control (without non-chemical weed control). Also the weed-free treatment during whole growth season was considered in the experiment.Results and Discussion The results indicated that the interaction effect of herbicide dose × non-chemical weed control method was significant (p ≤ 0.01) on weed density and biomass. At all non-chemical control levels, increasing the trifluralin dose reduced the weed density and the lowest weed density (2.33 Plant m-2) was observed in one time hand weeding and straw mulch treatments. The weed density at all non-chemical control levels decreased compared with that in without non-chemical control. Increasing the trifluralin dose decreased the weed biomass at all non-chemical control levels, and the lowest weed biomass was observed in one time hand weeding treatment + 960 g ai ha-1 of trifluralin (78 g m-2) that caused 86% reduction in weed biomass compared with control treatment. At all non-chemical control levels, the weed biomass decreased compared with that in without non-chemical control. Comparison of weed biomass among the different mulch treatments indicated that except in control (0 g ai ha-1 of trifluralin), the weed biomasses were not significantly different under all herbicide doses. The effect of non-chemical control level was significant on plant height, number of umbels per plant and 1000-grain weight of dill. The means comparison indicated that among the non-chemical weed control treatments the greatest plant height (97 cm), number of umbels per plant (31.8) and 1000-grain weight (192.8 g) were obtained in wheat straw mulch application. Also increasing the herbicide dose, improved the number of umbels per plant and 1000-grain weight of dill as the highest values were observed in 960 g ai ha-1 of trifluralin. The interaction effect of herbicide dose × non-chemical weed control method was significant on grain number per plant and grain yield of dill. At all non-chemical control levels, the grain number per plant enhanced by increasing the trifluralin dose. Comparing the non-chemical control treatment showed that the highest grain number per plant was observed in straw mulch application treatment and other non-chemical weed control treatments were not significantly different. The all non-chemical weed control treatments increased the grain number per plant compared with that in control treatment. By increasing the trifluralin dose under all non-chemical control treatments the grain yield of dill enhanced. Also the grain yield increased significantly at all non-chemical control treatments compared with those in without non-chemical control and the greatest grain yield of dill was observed in straw mulch application treatment + 960 g ai ha-1 of trifluralin (9842 kg ha-1) that indicated 6% reduction compared with weed free treatment. Also the grain yield in this treatment increased by 89.7% compared with that in without control and 0 g ai ha-1 of trifluralin (weed-infested treatment). The grain yield of dill in one time hand weeding treatment was higher than those in fenugreek and bitter vetch living mulch treatments. Also in living mulch treatments there were no significant difference between dill grain yield of 480 and 720 g ai ha-1 of trifluralin. The effects of herbicide dose and non-chemical weed control treatment were significant on essential oil content and yield of dill. The essential oil content and yield increased by increasing the herbicide dose and the highest essential oil content (1.46%) and yield (110.34 kg ha-1) were observed in 960 g ai ha-1 of trifluralin. The essential oil content and yield incresead at all non-chemical control treatments compared with that in without control treatment. The highest essential oil content (1.38%) was obtained in straw mulch treatment that was not significantly different with that in one time hand weeding (1.35%) treatment. The highest essential oil yield (100.6 kg ha-1) was obtained in straw mulc treatment that was not significantly different with that in one time hand weeding (96.43 kg ha-1).Conclusion The all non-chemical weed control treatments decreased the weed density and biomass but the hand weeding and straw mulch treatments showed higher efficacy in weed biomass reduction compared with living mulch treatments (fenugreek and bitter vetch). The grain and essential oil production of dill in straw mulch and one time hand weeding treatments were greater than those in fenugreek and bitter vetch living mulch treatments. Therefore, the straw mulch and one time hand weeding could be recommended in integration with reduced doses of trfluralin for sustainable weed management of dill.

Introduction: Tomato bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, is one of the several tomato diseases in the world. The disease can seriously affect the quantity and quality of this high-consumption crop in its cultivated areas. Disease symptoms included black spots surrounded by yellow halo on the leaves and small block spot on fruits surface. The spots on ripe fruits may surround with yellow haloes. It is difficult to diagnose the disease via symptoms, because there is high similarity among symptoms of bacterial speck and other tomato bacterial leaf spot diseases, especially bacterial spot caused by Xanthamonas spp. and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. The disease is seed-borne, and application of bacterial-free seeds is the most effective strategy to reduce disease damage. Besides using healthy seed and seedling, other strategies such as applying resistant cultivars, crop rotation, drip irrigation and using pesticides are common procedures in integrated disease management Materials and Methods: In this study, the reaction of 24 tomato cultivars including 13 non-hybrid cultivars (Early Urbana 111, Early Urbana Y, King stone, Super 22 TO, CalJ N3, 2270, Rio grenade, Early Urbana, Primo early, Falat CH, Super Chef, Primax and Red Stone, and 11 hybrid cultivars (Hyb. Superset, Hyb. Firenze, Hyb. Comodoro, Hyb. Bellariva, Hyb. 1585, Hyb. Kishmat, Hyb. Eden, Hyb. 8320, Hyb. Monty marker F1 and Hyb. Ferguson F1) was evaluated against bacterial speck disease in greenhouse. Four pathogenic P. syringae pv. tomato strains isolated from tomato fields in West Azarbaijan province, northwest of Iran, used in all experiments. For inoculation, bacterial suspension of 107 CFU ml−1 (OD600) was sprayed on the foliage of tomato seedling at four-five leaf stage. Inoculated seedlings were monitored daily for 21 days, and symptoms were recorded. The indexes of disease severity (DS), time of the first disease symptoms appearance and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) were determined. To assess the disease severity, spots were counted on six leaves of each plant, and the index from zero to six was used, where 0) without symptom, 1) 1-10 spots, 2) 11-15 spots, 3) 16-20 spots, 4) 21-25 spots, 5) 26-30 spots and 6) more than 30 spots on leaves. Experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, and four pots with four seedlings in each pot were considered for each treatment (cultivar). Statistical analysis of data was performed via Tukey’ HSD test using SAS software (version 9.4). The AUDPC index was calculated using R (version 3.5.2) and Agricolae package. Correlation among studied indexes was evaluated via Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients in SPSS (version 25). Results and Discussion: Analysis variance of data indicated the significance at 1% level among the studied indexes. Positive correlation observed between AUDPC and the time of the first symptoms appearance (r=0.71), as well as the disease severity index (r=0.76), but there was no significant correlation between the time of the first symptoms appearance and the disease severity indexes (r=0.22). According to all three indexes cv. Hyb.1585 determined as a resistant cultivar and cv. Hyb. 8320 were identified as disease susceptible cultivar. However, some cultivars such as cv. Hyb. Firenze was susceptible based on the disease severity index but it considered as a resistant cultivar based on the time of the first disease symptoms appearance index. The results of previous research on tomato bacterial speck disease have shown different degrees of disease severity in various cultivars. So far, several resistant cultivars against this disease have been reported. The response of 93 different tomato cultivars growing in the Mediterranean region of Turkey was examined and seven cultivars showed resistance against P. syringae pv. tomato. Six of these cultivars included Atalay, Party, Petrus, Piccadilly, Prenses and they had the Pto gene, which encodes proteins related to resistance against the disease. Overall, based on the findings of this study, hybrid cultivars of Hyb. 1585, Hyb. Superset, King stone, Hyb. Bellariva and Hyb. Firenze, and non-hybrid cultivar Super Chef showed higher resistance to tomato bacterial speck disease in compare to other studied cultivars. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the resistance to this pathogen depends on various genetic and physiological factors, as well as plant-pathogen interactions. Application of different disease indexes in evaluating the cultivars reaction to diseases is recommended which can be effective in the final decisions for diseases management.

Introduction Broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) is one of the most important plant parasitic species which causes significant yield loss of different crops by colonizing roots and uptaking nutrients from the host plants. Haustoria attachment stage is the most important stage to study molecular mechanism of plant-parasite interaction. Identifying key genes in haustoria attachment stage may reveal novel strategies to control Broomrape. Transcriptome studies by Next-generation (high throughput, deep) sequencing have become an important tool in the molecular biology of plants in recent years. All stage-specific RNA-seq data are available on the plant parasite genome project database (http://ppgp.huck.psu.edu). Differential gene expression in haustoria attachment stage can detect candidate parasitism genes and contribute to understanding molecular basis of plant-parasite interaction. This information may reveal novel genetic strategies such as HIGS to control Phelipanche aegyptiaca efficiently.Materials and MethodsAnalysis of Transcriptome data from the plant parasite genome project database (http://ppgp.huck.psu.edu) at Haustoria attachment stage and imbibed seed stage revealed 391 gene transcripts with differential expression in these stages (unpublished data). Among these transcripts, four transcripts with unknown functions were detected with a high fold change in expression in the haustoria attachment stage. In order to predict possible roles of these transcripts in broomrape-host interactions, we used genome walking method to extend these transcripts. DNA was extracted from Phelipanche aegyptiaca stem using CTAB method. The quantity and quality of DNA samples were determined using the NanoDrop and agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA was digested by four restriction enzymes, DraI, EcoRV, StuI, PvuII. Four DNA libraries were purified using SDS protocol and ligated to GenomeWalker Adaptor (GenomeWalker Adaptor 1 and GenomeWalker Adaptor 2). Gene specific primers (GSPs) were designed using Primer3plus for Oa548, Oa3391, Oa1635, Oa424 transcripts. Primary PCR was done using gene-specific primer 1 (GSP1) and adaptor primer 1 (AP1). 1 µl of each primary PCR were diluted into 49 µl of deionized water. Diluted primary PCR products were used as template for Secondary PCR. Primary PCR was done to amplify the unknown sequence using gene-specific primer 2 (GSP2) and adaptor primer 2 (AP2). Secondary PCRs desired bands were extracted form agarose gel using Genet Bio k-8000 kit. Extracted products were ligated to pTG19-T vector. Recombinant vectors were cloned to Escherichia coli competent cells using heat shock procedure and then cultured on LB plates. Colonies that contain recombinant vectors were detected using blue-white screening. Colony PCR was done to confirm the presence of inserted sequences. Selected colonies were incubated in 37C in LB media containing 100 microgram per ml Ampicillin. Plasmid extraction was done by Silica procedure. After sequencing by M13F and M13R, complete sequences were assembled using CAP contig assembly software. Fgenesh online software was used to predict gene structure by selecting Arabidopsis thaliana as organism. Gene prediction was done by AUGUSTUS. Complete sequences were more analyzed using Blast, CDD, Phobius prediction, HMMER, InterProScan.Results and DiscussionIn this study we successfully extended the genomic sequences for two candidate transcript that showed increase expression in attachment stage. The sequence of Oa1635 and Oa424 transcripts was extended from the end of the 5`using the genome-walking method to determining the DNA sequence of unknown flank genomic regions and study the role of these sequences in plant-parasite interaction. Using this technique, 587bp and 165bp of new DNA sequences were obtained for Oa424 and Oa163, respectively. Analysis of homology using BLASTX algorithm for Oa424 showed 71.57% similarity (e-value: 2e-41) with unknown protein (XP_011081407.1) containing the transposase domain. Also, the results of CDD tool predicted the DDE_Tnp_ISL3 domain in position between 257 and 466 bp (e-value: 7.31e-14). For Oa1635 transcript, the results of homology analysis using BLASTX algorithm showed 72.73% (2e-9) similarity with retrovirus-related polyprotein sequence from transposon tnt 1-94 (GFP84907.1). As the regulatory function of proteins with mutant-like transposase domains, the two transcripts Oa424 and Oa1635 may play a key role in haustoria development and plant-parasitic interaction. Signal peptides have observed in these sequences suggesting that these transcripts encodes secretory proteins from haustoria to plant-parasite interaction.ConclusionBioinformatics analysis on extended sequence, identified transposase domains which may have regularity role in parasitic process such as haustoria development or penetration. These genes may play important roles in plant-parasite interaction and developing molecular strategies to control this parasitic plant.

Introduction: Trichoderma species are the main causes of decomposition and decay of agricultural residues and are considered for the control of plant pathogens, especially fungi and nematodes in the world. Trichoderma species have the ability to produce microbial enzymes such as xylanases, which are used in the paper and food processing industries. These enzymes improve the digestibility of nutrients in certain diets in ruminants and poultry, where there is no digestive enzyme that can digest the complex carbohydrates in the cell wall. These enzymes have the power to digest and hydrolyze these substances. South khorasan province due to hot and dry climate, water shortage and successive droughts, saline water in agriculture, pests and diseases, soil with low fertility for planting irrigated wheat needs cultivars resistant to these stresses. Narin cultivar is the latest cultivar introduced for this province. The characteristic of this cultivar are more compatibility with salinity stress areas and relative maturity with other wheat cultivars. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of simultaneous use of Trichoderma harzianum and plant mulch on yield and physiological characteristics of wheat of Narin cultivar and its effect on the interaction of this cultivar with Alternaria alternata in 2019-2020 in Birjand Faculty of Agriculture Research Farm an experiment asComplete randomization block design was performed with four replications. Treatments included control (without application of Trichoderma), Trichoderma as soil application, Trichoderma as leaf application in granulation stage, Trichoderma application as soil and leaf application in granulation stage. In the granulation stage, each experimental unit was divided into two parts and Alternaria leaf spot pathogen treatment at two levels (inoculation in the granulation stage and without inoculation) was considered as a sub-factor in the experiment. The purpose of using the pathogen treatment was to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma in the presence of the pathogen. This fungus was prepared from the archives of the Plant Pathology Laboratory of Birjand University of Agriculture, which had previously been isolated from the wheat of this province. To inoculate this pathogen, a suspension with a concentration of 106 spores per ml of A. alternata was used from a 7-day fungus colony on PDA medium and its effect on physiological traits (including total phenol, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll) were investigated. To investigate the effect of different applications of Trichoderma on Narin cultivar from another part of the plot without pathogen treatment was analysis of growth traits, yield and yield components including chlorophyll index, including green and dry stem height, spike length, weight, grain yield, biological yield, number and weight of grains per spike, spikes number and weight per unit area were measured. Results and Discussion: The aim of using pathogen treatment was to evaluate the biological control of Alternaria wheat leaf spot agent by T. harzianum in different methods by using Trichoderma in the presence of Alternaria in comparison with the absence of Alternaria and its effect on physiological traits (including total phenol, chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll) were evaluated. No symptoms of necrosis or leaf chlorosis were observed after pathogen inoculation. Analysis of physiological traits (total phenol, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll) showed that only the simple effect of inoculation or non-inoculation of Alternaria with Trichoderma significantly different (P <0.05) in terms of total phenol content. Due to the presence of Alternaria as a pathogen, it may lead to a reaction of the plant's defense system, and Trichoderma can also increase phenolic compounds to counteract the pathogen. Analysis of growth traits, yield and yield components showed that Trichoderma treatment had no significant effect on any of them. Conclusion: This study, for the first time showed that A. alternata can cause disease on wheat Narin cultivar. Also, this research studied the effect of T. harzianum on physiological and functional characteristics of wheat Narin cultivar and results demonstrated that T. harzianum can have little effect on these characteristics of Narin cultivar. Concomitant use of Trichoderma in soil and leaves had a greater effect than separate application in roots or leaves. Also, according to other research, the effect of trichoderma varies depending on the environmental conditions including temperature and humidity, soil texture and structure and the type of wheat cultivar.

Introduction: The internal factors of seeds and the conditions outside the seeds can affect the germination and emergence of seeds. In some cases, environmental conditions are suitable for seed to germinate, while the seeds do no seed dormancy which is regarded to be one of the factors in seed survival. Seeds are exposed to different conditions of temperature fluctuations, moisture fluctuations, activity of microorganisms, etc. by being located at different depths of the soil. For instance, seeds that are located in the surface layers of the soil are more exposed to soil moisture fluctuations, which may also affect their dormancy. The results of various experiments have shown that in addition to the depth of burial of seeds, their burial time also affects their germination. Due to the fact that no experiments have been performed on the germination of myagrum weed seeds in this field, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of time and burial depth on breaking seed dormancy and percentage of germination of myagrum. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to investigate the effect of burial time and burial depth on breaking seed dormancy and germination of myagrum seeds in factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in the research farm of Razi University of Kermanshah in 2014-2015. Experimental factors include burial time (270, 360 and 420 days), burial depth (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 cm), temperature (25 ° C, 5/10 and 10/20 °C variable temperature) and light (light and dark). In June 2014, myagrum seeds were collected from plants that had become mature and were in the full mature stage stored in plastic nylon at 25 °C until the seeds were tested. At the beginning of the experiment, the seeds were packed in lace bags that had small pores from which the seeds could not exit and then placed at different depths of the farm soil. 340 seeds were placed in each lace bag. The lace bags were such that the seeds were exposed to the moisture, temperature and chemical regimes of the soil. To make it easier to exit the lace bags from the soil, a thread was attached to each bag that was placed on the soil surface. After each level of burial time in the soil (270, 360 and 420 days), lace bags were exited from different depths. Firstly, the number of germinated seeds in each lace bag was counted and the germination percentage was calculated. Germinated seeds were then removed from the bags and the residual of seeds was transferred to the Agriculture Laboratory of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University. The results of Mondani et al. (16) study showed that myagrum seeds have physiological dormancy and mechanical dormancy due to hard outer shell. Therefore, seeds do not germinate included damaged seeds and seeds had physiological dormancy and mechanical dormancy. Extracted seeds (not germinated seeds) from different depths in each burial time were disinfected in sodium hypochlorite solution (2%) for ten minutes. Then, to ensure the viability of the seeds, a number of seeds of any depth were randomly selected and tested using tetrazolium solution (0.1%). The appearance of red color indicated the existence of respiration and viability of the seeds (13). To remove the mechanical dormancy caused by the hard outer shell in the seeds, the outer shell of the seeds was removed and then the seeds were placed in sterile petri dish with a diameter of 7 cm containing Whatman No. 1 filter paper and 5 ml of distilled water (30 seeds were placed in per petri dish) and to prevent water evaporation, the petri dishes were closed with parafilm. The petri dishes were then exposed to different temperatures (25 °C, 5/10 and 10/20 °C variable temperature) inside the germinator and in light and dark conditions. To exert the effect of darkness, petri dishes were wrapped in an aluminum foil. After 14 days, the number of germinated seeds in each petri dish was counted. Germination criterion was visible root exit. Finally, data analysis was performed by SAS (version 9.4) software and mean comparisons were performed based on Duncan at 5% probability. Results and Discussion: The results showed the germination percentage of myagrum weed seeds in light and dark were not significantly difference, and also seed burial time, temperature, burial depth and burial time * temperature interaction had a significant effect (p ≤ 0.01) on the germination percentage. The highest germination percentage was observed after 420 days of burial at a variable temperature of 10/20 °C. Also, at the soil surface and with the increasing seed burial depth (more than 5 cm) the survival and seed germination percentage decreased compared to soil depth of 5 cm because seeds need special moisture and temperature conditions for germination. According to the results, these conditions existed at a depth of 5 cm in the soil, so it can be concluded that deep plowing and going -deep seeds may help to manage this weed. Conclusion: Considering that the highest germination percentage was observed in the temperature regime of 10/20 °C, it can be assumed that this weed can be problematic in summer and autumn crops because this temperature range synchronizes in late winter and early spring. On the other hand, it is possible to control this weed in wheat fields. In fact, in wheat fields, herbicides such as 2,4-D and MCPA are used to control broad-leaf weeds in late March and early April, when the temperature is about 10/20 ° C and the time of germination and emergence of myagrum is used. However, if this weed appears in chickpea fields, it is difficult to control because there is no specific herbicide in chickpea fields to control broadleaf weeds, including myagrum. Also, as the depth of burial increased, the germination percentage of the seeds decreased, so deep plowing and deepening of the seeds may help to manage this weed.

Introduction Brassica napus L. is one of the most important crops in the world and Iran which accounts for about 20% of the world total oil production. The area under cultivation of this crop is 13,000 hectares in Fars province. Weed interference is also one of the most important limiting factors which decrease crop yields. Weed can decrease crop yield by competing for resources such as water, light and nutrients and production of allelopathic compounds. Weed competition reduced average onion yield by 50% compared with the weed-free control. The most important broad leaf weeds of rapeseed in Fars province are including Carthamus oxyacanthus M.B., Capsella bursa-pastoris, Centaurea solstitialis L., Polygonum aviculare L., Mavla neglecta wallr, Descurainia Sophia (L.) Webb&Berth, Veronica persica L., Sinapis arvensis L. Application of herbicides is the most prevalent method of weed control in Rapeseed fields. Herbicides are recommended for control of broad leaf weeds in rapeseed included of trifluralin, clopyralid and butizanstar. Clipfort is a new herbicide of broadleaf weeds product from Barzegar Barjesteh containing 720 g kg-1 Clopyralid, formulated as a soluble granule (SG). This experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Clipfort herbicide with some preplant, preemergence and postemergence registered herbicides on weed control and rapeseed yield. Materials and Methods In order to study the effect of herbicides to control broad leaf weeds of rapeseed fields, an experiment was conducted during 2020- 2021 at Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Darab, Iran. Plots were located on a clay loam soil with pH 7.9. This experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments included post emergence application of Clipfort (Clopyralid, SG 72%) at dose rates of 150, 167,184, 201 g/ha or 108, 120, 132 and 144 a.i. ha-1, post emergence application of Lontrel (Clopyralid, SL 30%) at dose rate of 800 mm/ha or 240 a.i. ha-1, post emergence application of Watch (Clopyralid, SL 30%) at dose rate of 800 mL ha-1 or 240 a.i. ha-1, preemergence application of butisanstar (quinmerac+ metazachlor, SC 41.6%) at dose rate of 205 mL ha-1 or 1040 a.i. ha-1, preplant soil application Treflan (trifluralin , EC 48%) at dose rate of 2000 mm/ha, or 960 a.i. ha-1 and ) and weed free. The narrow leaf weeds were control by Gallant-super (haloxyfop-r-methyl ester 10.8% EC) at dose rate of 1000 mL ha-1 in the 3–4 leaf weeds. The herbicides were applied using a Matabi sprayer equipped with an 8002 flat fan nozzle tip delivering 300 L ha-1 at 200 kP bar spray pressure. Weed numbers and dry weights were determined in random 0.50-m2 quadrates per plot. The grain yield and biological yield were recorded for a 2 m2 and 0.30 m2 from each plot, respectively. Traits were recorded including density, biomass of weed and control percentage of weed, and grain yield and biological yield. Statistical analyses of data were done with SAS var 9 software and comparison of mean was tested using the LSD test at 5% level. Results and Discussion Broad-leaf weeds infestations included Hirschfeldia incana L., Decurania sophia L., Carthamus oxyacanthus L., Centaurea pallescens L., Veronica persica L., Malva neglecta L. The highest and lowest relative density was V. persica and H. incana 52 and 7 percent respectively. The highest and lowest relative weight was C. oxyacanthus and V. persica 31 and 11 percent respectively. The statistical analysis of the data on the weed density and biomass revealed that herbicides were applied significantly decreased the weed density and biomass. Visual observation confirmed that these weeds were effectively controlled using the Clipfort herbicide. Results showed that applications of Clipfort herbicide at dose rates of 201 g ha-1 provided excellent control of the mention weeds. Thise treatment decreased weed density of H. incana (90 %), D. sophia (98 %), C. oxyacanthus (98 %), C. pallescens (100%), V. persica (66 %), M. neglecta (80 %) and total weed (88%) compared to weed infested control. Also, this treatment decreased weed biomass of H. incana (95%), D. sophia (98%), C. oxyacanthus (99%), C. pallescens (100%), V. persica (68%), M. neglecta (82%) and total weed (91%) compared to weed infested control. However, butizan-star herbicide had the highest control of V. persica. This herbicide decreased density and weed biomass of V. persica by 94 and 97 percent comported to infested control. The grain yield and biological yield were 2.2 and 7.6-ton ha-1 respectively when applied Clipfort herbicide at dose rates of 201 g ha-1. This treatment also increased grain yield and biological yield by 36 and 30 percent, respectively. Conclusion Results showed that the best results achieved from applications of Clipfort herbicide at dose rates of 201 g ha-1. This treatment decreased density and biomass weeds, and increased rapeseed yield. Therefore, the application of Clipfort herbicide (201 g ha-1) is recommended for canola fields.

Introduction: Green lacewings are active predators of Aphids, Psylids, Mealy bugs. We used ISSR markers with 10 primers to evaluate the genetic polymorphism between populations of Chrysoperla carnea collected in 30 cities of 14 provinces of Iran with different climatic conditions and compared them with specimens of a population from Netherlands. Maximum and minimum of polymorphism were calculated successively of 88.88% for UBC-809 and 33.33% for UBC-886 primers. The Dutch specimens had the smallest genetic distance with populations of Guilan province and the largest genetic distance to Kerman province. The mean number of alleles for Dutch, Guilan and Kerman populations were successively 6.9, 6.6 and 4.1 and mean number of effective alleles were successively 1.48, 1.41 and 1.19. Materials and Methods: 2000 specimens of Chrysoperla carnea collected from alfa alfa plantations in each of 14 provinces of Iran, 27 specimens sampled from each province besides another 27 specimens of a Dutch population acquired from Hamedan center for Science and technology and DNA extracted using Topaz Inc. kit , ISSR marker with 10 primers used. BioRad® thermocycler was used for PCR and PCR end product was electrophoresed in 2% Agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide. Bands photographed using Gel Doc 2000. Hardy-weinberg’s chi square ( χ2) equation was used for evaluate of equilibrium in the number of polymorphic alleles,Shannon and Nei indice for evaluation of heterozygosity, POPGENE for genetic distance , GenAlex 6 for cluster analysis, AMOVA for analysis of inter and intra populations diversity. Results and Discussion: The total number of electrophoresis bands were 64 bands, 43 of them were polymorphic The range of changes of allelic sizes of primers were between 150-1500 bp. Polymorphic information content(PIC) was between 0.302-0.643 the maximum of it belonged to the primerUBC-809 and the minimum belonged to the primer UBC-812 (Table 3). In three populations of Dutch, Guilan and Kerman the maximum of alleles were seen in gene locus of UBC-809 suggesting that it is highly polymorphic, similar findings was found by Barbosa and co-workers. As in Fig (2) the cluster analysis based on use of Jaccard similarity coefficient, the populations clustered in three groups, the Dutch population together with those of Guilan, Mazendaran, Lorestan, East and west Azerbaijan provinces were gathered in the first cluster and populations of Kerman, Sistan and Beluchestan, Isfahan and Fars province were gathered in the second cluster and the populations of Hamedan, Zanjan, Kermanshah, Tehran and Kudistan provinces were in the third cluster. Principal Component analysis was also done, Eigen values, variances percentage and cumulative variances percentages by independent components and the range of variations represented by these components was shown in Table (5). 100% of variations were represented by first ten independent components. The first, second and third components successively represented 27.68,20.57 and 13.01 percentages of all variations.These components independently from each other represented a percent of genetic diversity, not already known. The maximum of Shannon index was seen in gene locus of UBC-809was 0.53 in Guilan province and the minimum 0.04 in Kerman province.These data were conceivable because there were nine alleles in gene locus of UBC-809 in population of Guilan province and two alleles in gene locus of UBC-812 in populations of Kerman province, the same index was calculated 0.58 for Dutch population. The maximum and the minimum of Nei’s index (H) of gene diversity was calculated 0.35for gene locus of UBC-809 in Guilan province and 0.009 for gene locus of UBC-812 in Kerman province successively and for Dutch population the index was 0.39. The maximum and minimum of observed heterozygosity (Ho) was 0.49 in gene locus of UBC-809 in Guilan and 0.031 in gene locus of UBC-812 in Kerman province successively. The maximum and minimum of expected heterozygosity was calculated as 0.579 in gene locus of UBC-809 in Mazendaran province and 0.034 in gene locus of UBC-886 in Hormozgan province successively. Having nine alleles in its gene locus and getting of maximum observed and expected heterozygosity therefore we can consider the UBC-809 primer as the best gene locus to express of gene diversity in all Chrysoperla carnea populations studied in our present study. We used χ2 of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all alleles studied, and with regard to H0(Equilibrium in alleles frequency in studied populations) the most well adapted status to Hardy-weinberg equilibrium was seen in gene loci of UBC-809, some of populations and gene loci did have Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium but others did have significant biases from this equilibrium which should be attributed to inadequate number of samples chosen (sampling errors) in the studied populations and or existence of non-reproducing alleles. Our study on population genetic diversity of Chrysoperla carnea showed that ISSR-PCR markers are the best to study the polymorphism of populations of this species, did not study hitherto in Iran.The primers used by us in this study for Chrysoperla carnea was equally used for other orders of insects such as Lepidoptera and Coleoptera (UBC-809) and used for order of Hemiptera (UBC-812, UBC-819). Conclusion: More genetic diversity of alleles in populations of Chrysoperla carnea collected from non-treated alfa alfa plantations than those treated with insecticides. Similar results was obtained in Brazil concerning populations of Chrysoperla externa. Our present study on Chrysoperla carnea in Iran showed us the similarity between gene frequencies in the studied provinces, similar results was found for other species of Chrysoperla. Some authors believe that reduction in heterozygotes alleles in population was caused by a reduction in effective number of alleles in that population. The decrease of allele's diversity could bring about a reduction of populations, even species, as well as the reproduction vigor of populations in a new environment. In insect breeding programs a reduction in genetic diversity has an impact of reduction of fitness or even the loss of fitness in such an environment in which those populations should be released. We propose that our research on heterozygosity of populations of Chrysoperla carnea to be continued in more agroecosystems in Iran with a similar or different molecular markers to have more informations about populations genetic diversity and finally to consider a logical management for preserving genetic reservoirs of them.

Introduction Chemical fungicides are widely used as effective control agents on a great diversity of fungal plant diseases. However, their excessive use, causes environmental pollution and health problems. Biological control as an environmentally friendly method can be a good alternative for chemical fungicides. Trichoderma is one of the antagonistic fungi with rapid adaptation to a wide variety of habitats. Trichoderma harzianum is a powerful agent for biocontrol of plant pathogens. It also can be used as a plant growth stimulant. However, its efficacy can be affected by biotic and abiotic factors, and encapsulation has been used to maximize its efficacy. Encapsulation process provides a protective barrier around the biocontrol agent, so the harmful external factors such as pH, humidity, and ultraviolet radiation do not damage its action. Encapsulation of the bioactive agents has been developed in recent years as a new potential tool for ecological and sustainable plant production. Encapsulation in biopolymer matrices has been recognized as an effective method for controlled release of a bioactive agent used for plant protection. Chitosan, the deacetylated derivative of chitin polysaccharide is one of the most important biopolymers that is widely used in biological and medical sciences especially for encapsulating essential oils and extracts due to its biocompatibility, low toxicity and biodegradability into safe byproducts. In this study, antifungal effects of nano capsulated Trichoderma extract (NCTE) and Trichoderma extract (TE) against Macrophomina phaseolina have been investigated.Materials and Methods The nanocapsules were prepared by ionic gelation method. This is one of the most advantageous techniques for the production of nanocapsules. This technique is easy to perform and avoids the use of organic solvents. The biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, chitosan, was used as a capsule coating agent. After extraction of T. harzianum secondary metabolites, encapsulation process was carried out. Tripolyphosphate was used as cross-linking agent in the encapsulation process. The surface morphology of the nanoparticles was considered using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The mean particle sizes of the prepared nanoparticles were measured by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique. For consideration of the antifungal effects of nano encapsulated Trichoderma extract (NCTE) and Trichoderma extract (TE) against Macrophomina phaseolina, strile potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing different concentrations of NCTE and TE were prepared. After 5 days, colony diameter of the pathogen was measured in all treatments. The inhibitory effect was calculated compared with the control. Data were statistically analyzed by SAS software.Results and Discussion The obtained results indicated that the prepared nanoparticles were spherical in shape and the average size was equal to 77.91 nm with poly dispersity index (PDI) 0.23554. PDI value indicated the physical stability of the nanoparticles and prevented aggregation of the particles. Antifungal effects of NCTE and TE were observed in all treatments, however nanocapsules contains Trichoderma extract were more effective than Trichoderma extract. In each treatment containing TE and NCTE, maximum inhibitory effect was related to concenteration of 30 percent. In consideration of ihibition percent of NCTE and TE on M. phaseolina within 5 days, it was found that on the first and second days, inhibitory effect of TE was more than NCTE. However, on the third, fourth and fifth days, there were no statistically significant difference between treatments in TE while in NCTE, a significant increasing was observed. The reason for the high inhibition percent in TE treatment in the first and second days was related to rapid release of active ingredients in the culture medium and the passage of time had no effect on improving its yield. According to the results in this research, it can be concluded that chitosan nanoparticles will be a good carrier for Trichoderma extract encapsulation. It also improves their antifungal activity against M. phaseolina.Conclusion Nano-encapsulation of the bioactive compounds enhances physical stability, protects them from oxidation process, controlling their release, improves water dispersion of hydrophobic compounds and enhances their bioactivity efficacy. In this study, nano encapsulation of Trichoderma extract, increased its antifungal effects over time. Nano encapsulated particles containing antagonistic fungi were able to control the pathogenic fungus more effectively and in a longer period of time due to the controlled release of the fungal extract. Results showed that antifungal efficiency of T. harzianum was increased by nano encapsulation procedure. Since chitosan is a biodegradable polymer without any harms for safety, this technique can be suggested as a good candidate for biological control. Our future investigations are directed to test nanocapsules simultaneously loaded with biological agents on M. phaseolina under greenhouse and field conditions.