Background: Obesity, a global epidemic affecting over 650 million adults, is linked to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular risks. Current pharmacotherapies offer limited efficacy and pose safety concerns, prompting exploration of multi-target phytotherapeutics. Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser (kadamba), a Rubiaceae tree native to South and Southeast Asia, has been traditionally used for liver disorders, inflammation, and metabolic issues, with preclinical evidence of antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and hypolipidemic properties. Objective: This review synthesizes evidence on the botany, ethnomedicine, phytochemistry, and pharmacological effects of N. cadamba in obesity management, proposing mechanisms involving lipid modulation, serotonergic signaling, oxidative stress reduction, and the gut–liver–brain axis. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies from 1965–2025. Inclusion criteria encompassed ethnomedicinal reports, phytochemical analyses, and in vivo/in vitro studies on metabolic effects. Data were synthesized narratively, with emphasis on high-fat-diet rodent models and bioactive constituents. Results: N. cadamba bark and fruit extracts (100–400 mg/kg) attenuate high-fat-diet-induced weight gain, adiposity, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis in rodents, enhancing glucose tolerance and antioxidant defenses (↑GSH, ↓MDA). Key phytoconstituents include indole alkaloids (cadambine), flavonoids (quercetin), triterpenoids (ursolic acid), and phenolics, mediating multi-target actions. Short-term studies indicate good tolerability, with hepatoprotective trends. Serotonergic modulation via indole structures is hypothesized but unconfirmed. Conclusion: N. cadamba emerges as a promising phytomedicine for obesity, supported by preclinical data. However, standardized extracts, mechanistic validation, toxicology, and clinical trials are essential for therapeutic translation.
Purpose: To report a case of corneal melt after cataract surgery Observations: A fifty year old female with no previous history of corneal symptoms underwent cataract surgery in both eye 1 year apart. Following surgery patient was using topical eyedrop nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain almost for 10 month for both eyes. Patient presented to us with complete loss of vision, discharge and pain in both eye almost 15 days before. The patient didn’t have any signs of infections before. Conclusion: Corneal melt can occur early or late after cataract surgery1,2. Our study highlight that, postoperative use of steroid or NSAID eyedrop beyond recommended dosage are at risk for corneal melt. So there should be cautious use of any steroid and NSAID eyedrop as recommended dosing and regimen3,4.
Background: Mucoadhesive microspheres have emerged as a novel and promising drug delivery approach, gaining significant attention due to their ability to provide controlled and targeted drug release. Objective: This review aims to comprehensively explore recent advancements in the formulation, design, and pharmaceutical applications of mucoadhesive microspheres across multiple routes of administration, including oral, nasal, buccal, ocular, vaginal, and rectal. Methods: A systematic analysis of contemporary literature was conducted focusing on formulation strategies, types of polymers, fabrication techniques, and mechanisms of mucoadhesion. Particular attention was given to natural and synthetic polymers such as chitosan, alginate, carbopol, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and polycarbophil for their mucoadhesive and sustained-release properties. Recent Advances: Technological innovations in preparation methods—such as ionotropic gelation, solvent evaporation, spray drying, and coacervation—have enhanced the physicochemical properties, drug loading efficiency, and bioadhesive strength of microspheres. In addition, the incorporation of novel bioadhesive materials and polymer modifications has enabled the delivery of complex therapeutic agents including peptides, proteins, and vaccines. Applications: Mucoadhesive microspheres offer significant advantages such as enhanced drug absorption, prolonged mucosal residence time, improved therapeutic efficacy, reduced dosing frequency, and minimized systemic side effects. These benefits make them suitable for managing chronic and localized diseases. Conclusion: Mucoadhesive microspheres represent a transformative tool in drug delivery science. This review provides insights into current challenges and future research directions, emphasizing their potential in developing patient-centric, site-specific, and efficient pharmaceutical therapies.
Aim: The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Momordica charantia using albino rats. Material and Methods: Anti-oxidant activity of M. charantia evaluated by using superoxide anion scavenging activity, reducing power, flavonoids content, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay method were adopted for screening the antioxidant activity. Ranitidine was used as standard then comparison between standard and test was carried out. Results: Due to the presence of saponins and flavonoids in M. charantia increases the antioxidant activity. The methanolic extract of M. charantia showed significant activity (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The result indicates that the action of methanolic extract of M. charantia shows anti- oxidant activity.
Emulgels are an innovative topical drug delivery system that combines the properties of emulsions and gels to enhance the delivery and efficacy of pharmaceuticals. These systems leverage the advantages of both components: the solubilizing capabilities of emulsions and the stable, bioadhesive properties of gels. This review aims to summarize the development, formulation strategies, evaluation techniques, and therapeutic applications of emulgels. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across various scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies focusing on the formulation, characterization, and clinical efficacy of emulgels were included. The review evaluates the methodologies used in the preparation of emulgels, including the choice of gelling agents, emulsifiers, and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Analytical techniques for assessing the physicochemical properties and stability of emulgels were also examined. The review identified key formulation parameters that influence the performance of emulgels, such as the type and concentration of gelling agents (e.g., carbomers, xanthan gum), emulsifiers (e.g., Tween, Span), and oils. Optimization of these components significantly affects the viscosity, spreadability, and drug release profile of emulgels. Studies demonstrated that emulgels exhibit improved drug penetration and sustained release compared to conventional topical formulations. Therapeutic applications of emulgels encompass a wide range of conditions including dermatological disorders, pain management, and microbial infections. The review also highlights novel advancements such as the incorporation of nanoparticles and the development of stimuli-responsive emulgels. Emulgels represent a promising platform for topical drug delivery, offering enhanced stability, bioavailability, and patient compliance. The versatility in their formulation allows for the incorporation of diverse APIs, making them suitable for various therapeutic areas. Future research should focus on the clinical translation of emulgels, exploring their potential in personalized medicine, and addressing regulatory challenges. Emulgels have the potential to revolutionize topical therapy and provide new avenues for effective and targeted drug delivery.
Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) gene, leading to impaired chloride and bicarbonate ion transport. This defect results in thick, viscous mucus accumulation, primarily affecting the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems. The disease is characterized by chronic infections, inflammation, and progressive organ dysfunction, significantly impacting patients’ quality of life and longevity. Methods: A comprehensive review of current literature was conducted, focusing on the pathophysiology of CF, including the role of CFTR mutations, the organ-specific consequences of these defects, and the latest advances in therapeutic strategies. Sources included peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, and guidelines from cystic fibrosis research organizations. Results: The pathophysiology of CF reveals a complex interplay of mucus obstruction, bacterial colonization, and inflammatory responses, particularly in the lungs, leading to chronic respiratory issues and progressive lung damage. Gastrointestinal complications such as pancreatic insufficiency and malabsorption, as well as reproductive challenges, are common. Recent advancements in CF treatment, particularly CFTR modulators, have shown significant promise in improving lung function and patient outcomes. Ongoing research into gene therapy and anti-inflammatory treatments is exploring ways to target the underlying causes of CF more effectively. Conclusions: Understanding the intricate pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis is essential for developing effective therapies. While current treatments have improved management and outcomes, continued research into targeted therapies and innovative treatments holds promise for enhancing the quality of life and life expectancy for CF patients.
Aim: This study aims to investigate the binding affinity and interaction mechanism of Yakuchinone B, a bioactive diarylheptanoid, against key inflammatory targets, including Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-Lipoxygenase (LOX-5), and Thromboxane A2 (TXA-2), using a molecular docking approach. Methodology: A molecular docking study was performed using Schrodinger software. The 3D structure of Yakuchinone B was optimized, and the crystallographic structures of the inflammatory targets were retrieved from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Docking simulations were executed to evaluate binding energies, interaction profiles, and amino acid residues involved in target inhibition. Comparative analysis with standard anti-inflammatory drugs was conducted to assess Yakuchinone B’s relative efficacy. Results: Yakuchinone B exhibited significant binding affinities with all four inflammatory targets, with the highest docking score observed against COX-2, indicating potential selectivity. The analysis revealed critical hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and π–π stacking with essential amino acid residues of the active sites. The binding energies of Yakuchinone B were comparable to or better than those of standard anti-inflammatory agents, highlighting its competitive potential as a multi-target inhibitor. Conclusion: The molecular docking analysis demonstrates Yakuchinone B’s strong binding affinity and multi-target inhibitory potential against COX-1, COX-2, LOX-5, and TXA-2. These findings support further in vitro and in vivo investigations to establish its role as a promising anti-inflammatory agent, thereby promoting its development as a novel therapeutic candidate.
Machine learning (ML), a subset of Artificial intelligence (AI), has seen explosive growth in healthcare applications during the last several decades. In pharmacology, for example, AI and ML methods are used to analyze a wide variety of data, including the drug’s chemical structure, patient demographics, genetic information, and so on. The growing body of research on the use of AI in pharmacy is more evidence of this trend. Drug development and target identification are two areas where AI has been used effectively for some time now. Recently, however, AI models have emerged that can characterize patient populations and forecast an individual’s treatment response, thereby spanning the full drug development to the personalized medicine process. The use of AI in clinical pharmacology was a hot topic in 2020. Many of these programs have continued success and widespread usage. Many advances, however, have occurred since then.[1]
Mucoadhesive microspheres are an advanced drug delivery system designed to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of drugs by adhering to mucosal surfaces. These microspheres offer prolonged residence time, controlled drug release, and targeted delivery to specific mucosal sites, making them ideal for oral, nasal, ocular, and vaginal applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the formulation strategies, characterization techniques, and therapeutic applications of mucoadhesive microspheres. A thorough literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Articles focusing on the development, evaluation, and clinical applications of mucoadhesive microspheres were included. The review covers the selection of polymers, methods of preparation, and characterization techniques for assessing mucoadhesive properties, particle size, drug encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro/in vivo drug release profiles. The review identified various natural and synthetic polymers, including chitosan, alginate, and carbopol, as effective mucoadhesive agents. Preparation techniques such as emulsification, spray drying, and solvent evaporation were discussed, highlighting their impact on the physical and chemical properties of the microspheres. Characterization methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mucoadhesion testing were examined. Studies demonstrated that mucoadhesive microspheres significantly enhance drug absorption and bioavailability by adhering to mucosal tissues and providing controlled drug release. Therapeutic applications span across multiple fields, including gastroenterology, pulmonology, and ophthalmology, with promising results in improving patient compliance and treatment outcomes. Mucoadhesive microspheres represent a promising drug delivery system with the potential to revolutionize the administration of pharmaceuticals. Their ability to adhere to mucosal surfaces, provide controlled and sustained drug release, and enhance bioavailability makes them suitable for various therapeutic applications. Future research should focus on optimizing formulation parameters, exploring novel mucoadhesive polymers, and conducting clinical trials to establish their efficacy and safety. The advancements in mucoadhesive microspheres hold significant promise for improving drug delivery and therapeutic outcomes across different medical fields.
This research was done with the aim of studying cell signaling processes in the process of body metabolism in 2024. Methodology: The research method of the present study is descriptive-survey in nature, and applied in terms of research purpose and cross-sectional in terms of time. The research design used in this research is the pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of this research consists of 3 men and 3 women who are engaged in cycling professionally. In this research, to reach a representative sample, a non-random sampling method was used. In this research, two library and field methods were used to collect data. Sports exercises have been used in the field section. Results: The findings of this research show that the metabolic process regulates many cells signaling processes that are related to human health and performance. Now that the specific regulatory checkpoints for CHO metabolism are well documented, the precision of the molecular mechanisms regulating CHO transport, storage, and utilization that have not yet been fully identified can be increased. In the process of metabolism, consumed nutrients are analyzed and converted into smaller molecules. Conclusion: These molecules ultimately contribute to cellular structures such as proteins and nucleic acids. Also, this stored energy is released and transferred to all body activities, including movements and chemical compounds, in signaling processes.
The inability to remember recent events, process new information, or complete even the most basic of tasks is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease, an irreversible neurodegenerative brain illness. Among those 65 and older, it is the leading cause of dementia. When a person’s cognitive and behavioural skills deteriorate to the point that they become a burden in everyday life, we say that they have dementia.There is currently no known way to halt the progression of AD or stop its symptoms from occurring. Huge literature survey was conducted from various popular medical databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, etc. through the internet and the available data were classified according to their targets.The article focuses on basics of AD, History, Symptoms, Stages, Beta-amyloid peptide, Modulators of amyloid aggregation, Amyloid beta-oligomer, Targets for inhibiting the β-amyloid production (Monoclonal antibodies, Hormones, Inhibition of Aβ-peptide formation, Inhibition of Aβ-peptide formation [molecules like Posiphen, JNJ-54861911, LY3202626, E2609, AZD-3293, CNP520, MK-8931, LY2886721, and LY2811376],and Clearance of Aβ), and List of beta-amyloid inhibitors in clinical trials. This literature evidences may be a convenient reference (particularly, the low molecular-weight inhibitors) to the modernday researchers (pharmacognosists, pharmacologists, clinicians, medicinal chemists, medical practitioners, scientists, etc.) working dedicatedly in AD research.This study will certainly open novel avenues for ligand development and revolutionary applications in pharmacotherapeutics.
Approximately 3 months subsequent to pandemic, it was further observed for the COVID-19 epidemic. Hence, comprehending remedies for the recurrence of COVID is essential. The use of vaccines, masks, sanitizers, and social stimulants serves as preventive measures; yet, it is plausible that novel variations of COVID-19 may emerge. Nearly 5 years since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a comprehensive resolution remains elusive, with the exception of verified vaccine-related adverse effects. Indeed, inadequate nutrition might possibly have a detrimental impact on the immune system, resulting in an inflammatory reaction. This phenomenon may account for the increased susceptibility to symptoms associated with SARSCoV-2 infection. Providing the immune system with essential nutrients enhances its capacity to combat viral infections inside the human body. The potential occurrence of comparable pandemic illnesses affects individuals worldwide. This research focuses on the advantages of nutrients such as Vitamin-D, Vitamin-C, and zinc, as well as the influence of weather humidity on COVID-19, in order to proactively enhance preparedness for future instances.
Aim: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between muscle aging, bone tissue and sports activities in 2024. Methodology: Based on the nature of the data, this research is qualitative research, in terms of the purpose of applied research, and in terms of data collection tools, it is descriptive research. Due to the fact that the current research was conducted using the descriptive method of analysis and is based on library and documentary studies, therefore, the authentic document scanning tool was used to collect the information required for the literature section of the research. To answer the research question, the phenomenological method has been used. The phenomenological method can be used for research on any aspect of natural or social reality about which people have gained an understanding. The statistical population of the current research also includes men and women 50 years and older in Mashhad. The participants of this research are 30 people, 15 men and 15 women who were selected. In this research, the researcher has used purposeful sampling. Results: The findings of this research show that the effects of heavy sports training on aging of muscle and bone tissue are combined. 8 weeks of resistance training in middle-aged women with metabolic syndrome, which is associated with low-level chronic inflammation, increases the systematic baseline amount of bone loss compared to the control group, and this indicates that heavy resistance training reduces the amount of bone loss. which has a positive effect on bone tissue. Aerobic resistance exercises for 8 months in a group of middle-aged women 30 to 68 years old had no effect on the amount of systematic rest bone loss. There are also other cytokines that affect bone tissue in different models of bone tissue. Alendronate-calcitriol has a negative relationship with the base bone of the back and a positive relationship with the concentration of parathyroid hormone. Conclusion: Myostatin, which is considered a myokine and prevents muscle weakening, has a direct effect on bone resorption in a muscle model of rheumatoid arthritis, and inhibition of myostatin leads to preservation of bone tissue.
The major ingredient in turmeric, curcumin, has drawn a lot of interest as a plant-based substance having pharmacological benefits that are pleiotropic. It has immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Curcumin has certain health-promoting properties, but they are limited by its hydrophobicity, insolubility in water, low bioavailability, quick metabolism, and systemic elimination. Complexes of metals with curcumin have been created as a result of this unique step. The -diketone moiety of curcumin often interacts with metals to form metal-curcumin complexes. It is generally known that the metal ions of boron, cobalt, copper, gallium, gadolinium, gold, lanthanum, manganese, nickel, iron, palladium, platinum, ruthenium, silver, vanadium, and zinc are all highly chelated by curcumin. Metal-curcumin complexes’ pharmacological, chemo-preventive, and therapeutic properties are described in this paper. Metal-curcumin complexes boost the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties of curcumin by increasing its solubility, cellular absorption, and bioavailability. Additionally, metal-curcumin complexes have shown effectiveness against a number of chronic illnesses, such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and neurological conditions including Alzheimer’s disease. The regulation of inflammatory mediators, transcription factors, protein kinases, antiapoptotic proteins, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes was linked to these biological activities of metal-curcumin complexes. Metal-curcumin complexes have also proven beneficial in radio-imaging and biological imaging. Future applications of metal-curcumin complexes might signal a fresh strategy for the management of chronic illnesses.
Elevated blood sugar levels and a plethora of other, more diverse diseases, including changes to protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, are the only hallmarks of diabetes mellitus. Recent research has shown that mice lacking PTP1B had better glucose tolerance, less diet-induced obesity, and insulin sensitivity in general. In the therapy of serious diabetic problems, natural chalcones have recently been discovered, which have superior selectivity and do not affect pharmacokinetics. This is in response to the present demand for improved PTP-1B inhibitors. No appropriate formulation has been developed for the inhibitors based on natural products chalcones as they have not been tested clinically for toxicological characteristics. The review article has extensively covered various unknown natural chalcone compounds, such as kuwanon J, kuwanon R, kuwanon V, isoliquiritigenin, xanthoangelol, xanthoangelol D, xanthoangelol E, xanthoangelolF, xanthoangelol K, 4-hydroxyderricin, 5,4’-dihydroxy-6,7- furanbavachalcone, licochalcone A, licochalcone B, licochalcone C, licochalcone D, licochalcone E, echinatin, laxichalcone, broussochalcone, macdentichalcone, (2E)1, 1-(5,7-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-benzopyran-8-yl)}3-phenyl-2-propen-1-one, often known as 2E(abyssinone-VI-4-O-methyl ether, 1-(5,7-dihydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-2H-benzopyran-8-yl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 2-propen-1-one) show great promise as a diabetic medication because it can inhibit insulin degradation by targeting the therapeutic target protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B). These chalcone-based PTP-1B inhibitors derived from natural products are not currently used in clinical trials and have not attracted much interest from contemporary medicine due to a lack of clinical investigation into their toxicological profiles necessary to create an appropriate formulation. These chalcone-based PTP-1B inhibitors may soon unlock new opportunities in diabetotherapeutics.
Introduction: Andrographis paniculata, commonly known as “King of Bitters,” is a prominent medicinal plant belonging to the Acanthaceae family. It is indigenous to South Asian countries such as India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and is widely cultivated in other regions including China and Southeast Asia. The plant is renowned for its bitter taste and has been utilize extensively in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and Thai medicine for centuries. Materials and Methods: The current research emphasized on exploring the inhibitory perspectives of phytochemicals present in A. paniculata such as andrographolide (1), bis-andrographolide (2), carvacrol (3), eugenol (4), α-guaiene (5), wogonin (6), oroxylin A (7), chlorogenic acid (8), myristic acid (9), caffeic acid (10), hentriacontane (11), triacontane (12), ninandrographolide (13), 14-deoxyandrographolide (14), and neoxyandrographiside (15) against E. coli Topoisomerase-IV co-complexed with inhibitor (PDB ID: 3FV5) by molecular docking approach using the Schrodinger software as anti-bacterial agent by using in-silico approaches with the help of published literature on downregulation of enzyme expression and combining this information in order to recognize drug target [PDB ID: 3FV5; Crystal Structure of E. coli Topoisomerase-IV co-complexed with inhibitor]. Result: The in silico studies revealed that the phytoconstituents successfully inhibited bacterial topoisomerase at varied degree, which suggested plausible utilization as antimicrobial. Conclusion: This leads to the ultimate conclusion inhibiting E. coli topoisomerase-IV is the key to solving all naturally occurring problems, which will aid humanity in overcoming difficult circumstances.
Over the past 60 years, pyrimidines have grown in importance as a fundamental structural component of many therapeutic compounds. This article reviews the recent anti-infective (antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral) activities where pyrimidines have played a significant role in drug discovery. In addition to presenting the medicinal agents’ synthesis, the essay emphasizes the significance of the biological target in relation to the illness model. Furthermore covered are the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, biological potency, and ADME characteristics. This survey aims to illustrate the medicinal chemistry features of pyrimidine as a bioisostere for phenyl and other aromatic π systems, as well as the efficacy and affinity of pyrimidine-based medicines. The purpose of this article is to may help researchers who are thinking about using the pyrimidine scaffold as chemotype in future therapeutic candidates to treat diseases that were thought to be incurable.
Sibutramine is a medication that is often used orally to treat obesity (marketed under the names Meridia in the US and Reductil in Europe and other countries). It is classed as a Schedule IV prohibited drug in the United States because it is an amphetaminerelated centrally acting stimulant. Due to worries that the medication raises the risk of heart attack and stroke in people with a history of heart disease, sibutramine was taken off the market in Canada and the United States in October 2010. To overcome the associated problem, a strategy was developed where selective modification of this drug was performed by chemically reacting with a substrate (4-aminophenol) to form a new derivative [4-((4-(1-(1-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutyl)cyclobutyl)phenyl) amino)phenol]. This novel derivative was comprehensively characterized by sophisticated analytical instruments such as FTIR, ¹H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and Mass spectroscopic spectroscopy.
Introduction: Congenital anomalies, a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality, are vital areas of study in prenatal medicine to explore the relationship between congenital anomalies and birth order among antenatal mothers. Methods: This retrospective follow-up study was conducted in a first referral hospital in Bangalore, India between July 2021 and June 2022. Data from 1,432 antenatal mothers were analyzed, focusing on socio-demographic characteristics, congenital anomalies, and birth order. Congenital anomalies were diagnosed based on established medical criteria through detailed examination of antenatal scans and medical records. Descriptive statistics with Odds ratio with 95% CI were employed to assess associations between variables. Results: The study showed variations in the incidence of congenital anomalies with birth order, with first-borns presenting the highest incidence at 42.8%. Anomalies were predominantly observed in the maternal age group of 22–25 years (50%) and in non-consanguineous pregnancies (81%). Renal anomalies were the most prevalent, constituting 59.5% of the total anomalies. Conclusion: The variations observed in anomaly incidences based on birth order emphasize the need for further research in this area and the development of targeted preventive strategies and interventions to mitigate the risk of congenital anomalies in different birth orders.
Systemic and topical antimicrobials are effective in the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris; however, widespread use of these agents is becoming increasingly associated with the emergence of resistant pathogens raising concerns about microorganism resistance and highlighting the need for alternative non-antimicrobial agents for the treatment of acne. Several multinational companies like Lakme Cosmetics Ltd., Lotus Ltd., Ayur Healthcare Ltd., Patanjali Ayurveda, etc. have started developing anti-acne products which contain multiple extracts of common Indian plants. The study aims to develop herbal gel formulations containing Bougainvillea glabra extract (aqueous, methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether) for the treatment of acne. The formulations were comprehensively evaluated for Physical evaluation, Washability, Skin irritation test, Spreadability, pH, Viscosity, Extrudability, Swelling index, and Accelerated stability studies as per the standard methods. Amongst all the formulations studied, batch F2 was found optimum for all the parameters. The extraction yield was found to be 11.21%. Bougainvillea glabra aqueous extract showed low anti-bacterial activity whereas both Bougainvillea glabra methanol extract and Bougainvillea glabra ethyl acetate extract expressed moderate anti-bacterial activity with average MIC value against E. coli and B. subtilis. In contrast to them, the petroleum ether extract of Bougainvillea glabra presented highest anti-bacterial activity, however, the activity was less pronounced than the standard drug Clindamycin. The formulations (F1-F4) represented alike results with that of the extracts and expressed lesser activity as compared to the marketed herbal product.
