The network firewall represents the first line of defense against Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks, which threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of digital communications. This paper offers a systematic classification of core MitM techniques—ranging from ARP poisoning and DNS spoofing to HTTPS degradation (SSL stripping) and session hijacking—alongside specialized variants targeting cloud services, browsers, mobile applications, and IoT devices. Particular attention is given to vulnerabilities in VPN infrastructure, where centralized traffic decryption creates high-value targets, as well as weaknesses in IoT ecosystems due to unvalidated certificates and outdated factory settings. An analytical-comparative methodology is applied, encompassing a literature review, statistical assessment of the economic impact of MitM incidents, and a practical demonstration of advanced firewall capabilities via Linux iptables/nftables configuration. The paper details both fundamental and advanced features of modern firewall solutions, including ACL rules, stateful inspection, application-layer filtering, DNS filtering, TLS inspection, and integration with IDS/IPS systems. Illustrative examples from popular application environments highlight the strengths and limitations of these measures. The findings emphasize that while the firewall is essential, it is not sufficient on its own. Effective defense requires a multilayered architecture that combines encrypted DNS requests, strict TLS certificate validation, anomaly detection, and continuous user education to significantly reduce the risks and economic consequences of MitM attacks in contemporary digital networks.
Modern global business requires from industrial companies continuous development, good organization, and a high level of quality of products and services determined by the latest revolution in technology and information technology. The application of this technology, good organization, and management, which should pay special attention to achieving such success in business production systems result in a successful business. With their high-quality products, industries present the required modern approach that incorporates, in practice, modern methods and techniques of research and organization for a successful competitive competition. Good organization of such business systems results in developmental improvement of the achieved level of product quality in continuity. Currently, it is imperative to strengthen all types of ties between the economic entities of one country with production entities around the world. A key factor of effectiveness for the successful operation of manufacturing companies are efficient organizational approaches and the development of quality. Good organization of all business and production process activities, in practice requires the definition of organization and managerial skills and business principles through effective management methods and techniques, efficient organizational structures, high motivation, teamwork, quality documentation, education and training, business economics, etc.
Global market business, characterized by constant quantitative and qualitative changes, forces organizations to monitor business trends to achieve business efficiency and meet set standards. Changes are continuous, and this creates increasing challenges for industrial companies to solve the set market requirements by improving human resources, innovative processes, and technologies. Regardless of whether the changes are hard or soft, employees are responsible for adequately preparing and training for solving work tasks. From an organizational point of view, continuous and quality training of employees can contribute to more efficient acceptance, implementation, and stabilization of the work process. That clearly shows that in contemporary business conditions, in addition to the organization, the psychological aspect is also significant in accepting changes in both management and employees. Organizations should provide an efficient strategic plan framework that includes permanent and adequate training, education, training, etc., to achieve the goal and maximize the employees' potential. For the company's efficiency, in contemporary business conditions, it is significant to develop the main strategic factors that need to be incorporated by managers and leaders to achieve a quality product and the success of the entire company. At the heart of market change, designing an efficient training model is of particular importance for company effectiveness. The paper presents research on the structural process model of training, which is considered one of the main components of a company's success.
Ovim radom elaborira se koncept organizacijske klime i njegov odnos s menadžmentom ljudskih resursa. Prvo se razrjesavaju uocene teorijske nekonzistentnosti pojmovne, sadržajne, istraživacke i korisnicke problematike. Zatim se prikazuju glavni istraživacki pristupi i rezultati istraživanja organizacijske klime. U kontekstu unaprjeđenja menadžmenta ljudskih resursa i organizacijske djelotvornosti, utvrđene su potencijalne koristi od upravljanja organizacijskom klimom. Utvrđena je sustinska povezanost organizacijske klime s menadžmentom ljudskih resursa jer organizacijska klima može biti tretirana kao posebna funkcija ili praksa menadžmenta ljudskih resursa, ali se također može smatrati posljedicom svih praksi menadžmenta i menadžmenta ljudskih resursa, odnosno jednim od pokazatelja njihove uspjesnosti. Tako je pružen uvid u kompleksno podrucje upravljanja organizacijskom klimom poslovne organizacije u kontekstu unaprjeđenja menadžmenta ljudskih resursa.
The "smart city" concept is based on the wide use of information and communication technologies. The Internet of Things is the key to the new opportunities to collect and analyze the data needed to create a more pleasant environment. It will connect all the smart-city elements and turn them into a coherent mechanism. Under many definitions, a smart city is a city with good functionality and a perspective on the economy, management, mobility, and environment. At the same time, the city is "sustainable" if it is composed of activities of independent and conscious citizens who can make their own decisions. For the further development of the current smart cities and also the contenders for that title, constant state support for new projects is necessary. After discussing the general criteria for smart cities, the authors considered smart cities in Serbia. Also, they discussed the application of the geographic information system, activities of communal services, eGovernment, and some solutions that are already in use. The authors gave a critical review of shortcomings in practice and inconsistencies in the smart-cities creation in Serbia. They pointed out that the authorities are taking steps toward the digitalization of cities, trying to involve citizens in the decision-making process, realizing that the development of smart cities has a positive impact on the national economy. But also, it must be done more decisively and efficiently, primarily in the field of legislation and project financing.
The importance of management in sports and the education of children with special needs poses a very challenging task for anyone who wants to research this topic, whether he is an environmentalist, a manager, a physical education professor, or a special educator. That is an extraordinary big challenge for pedagogical professionals. Encouraging children with special needs to acquire knowledge about preserving the environment through sports activities is significant for their life, work, and sports. The paper answers how diverse educational-environmental programs can contribute to such a specific population playing sports today and develop the awareness of the importance of the environment for sports activities. Sports management develops in new segments, innovations, and inclusion of children with special needs in sports. Changes in the sports-training plan must be accompanied by changes in the strategic plan, especially in strategic management. Sports organizations that want to survive and develop must have people in their strategic management, and top management who have a vision of where, how, why, and in which direction should develop the organization. To do it in the right way and successfully, the management must be professional in sports coaching, managerial-business, marketing, etc. It is necessary that modern managers, especially those who belong to the top management by their status, have the appropriate knowledge of the concepts and applications of strategic management.
The business of small and medium-sized companies, viewed globally, cannot be imagined without efficient strategic factors and business organization. Incorporating market factors into the business of organizations is imperative for future business. Organizational business takes place through processes that are essential for the administration and overall work of the organization. For the organization and management, adequately grouping jobs and employees increases production. Work overload is controlled effectively, and job duplication is limited. It reduces the waste of material resources and strengths. Effective delegation of work and decision-making is less undemanding. A clear division of labor enables the growth and diversification of activities. The administration is facilitated. The efficient functioning of the entire organization, etc., is achieved. From the organizational aspect, the goal is to develop appropriate factors for successful control and define the most suitable organization's structure, the scope of work, and nature of decentralization. It is essential to implement the appropriate process organization which ensures optimal technical and human resources used to obtain the strategic success of industries and small and medium-sized companies. The influence of market changes requires a clear definition of organizational and strategic factors in management and organization. That is necessary to encourage creativity and innovation linearly, and in the function of strengthening the interaction between different levels of management. It is a prerequisite for uniting the efforts of all employees. The article presents the organization's key factors and control for its successful operation. Organizational structure and culture are the main strategic elements of business efficiency improvement when a company wants to reach the set goals.
The paper discusses the issues of justification and social acceptance of taxes by legal entities and the frequency of related abuses. The discussion covers two research questions. The first item is the terminological delimitation of categorical terms related to tax policy. The second is the analysis of the ten-year frequency of the crime of tax evasion in the Republic of Serbia. The research aims to confirm the hypothetical assumption that tax evasion is a crime against the economy. In addition to damaging the budget system and damaging the company image, it is a significant obstacle to further economic development and the international economic reputation of the country. The paper uses the following methods: searching scientific databases on the subject, general scientific statistical and comparative methods, and documents' content analysis methods. There are two main findings in the paper. The first is that tax evasion negatively affects the economic picture of the Republic of Serbia and has a detrimental effect on the value structure of public revenues of the "common treasury of all citizens". Second, the frequency of committing the crime of tax evasion affects the development of the economy and demands for greater involvement of all institutions of Serbian society and a radical tightening of penal policy and court practice for this type of crime.
Internal control is the subject of observation of various stakeholders, not only external auditors but also the board of directors, shareholders, as well as the state in the entities where it directly or indirectly performs control. Internal control is significant for the proper management of the financial and accounting system of the organization. Also, it is a vital link in the overall business and production system. Therefore, it is one of the most authoritative studies from which the definition of the term "internal control" arose. According to this definition, internal control is a process established and managed by the management (supervisory) board, management, and lower managers. The internal control should provide reasonable assurance about achievements of goals related to the categories as efficiency and effectiveness of business, quality of financial reporting, compliance with existing legislation and regularity of business, and protection of property from unauthorized use or alienation. Internal control should provide reasonable but not absolute assurance of the company's objectives. The goal is to achieve an adequately protected system composed of physical means (machines, tools), non-physical means (intellectual property, products obtained by expensive research and development processes), and documents (they can be stolen, destroyed, and lost or damaged ). The paper considers internal control through business controls and accounting controls. Business controls relate to the promotion of business performances and compliance with prescribed management policies and are significant when auditing the entire or some sectors of the company. Accounting controls relate to assets protection and the assurance that financial statements and records are reliable.
The main question of successful company management is how to find the best associates and how to keep them. New information and communication technologies are changing the way we do business and creating new opportunities for recruiting candidates. The LinkedIn social network has become very popular among job seekers and employers to find competent candidates. The population of millennials, both in the world and in Serbia, stood out in the use of this medium. The primary motives for using LinkedIn media among millennials are professional network development, branding, marketing, increasing visibility among recruiters, and monitoring of interested companies. The most critical issues that may hinder the candidate's employment are false information about qualifications and discriminatory comments about race, gender, or religion presented in the profile. Due to the above, the behavior on the networks should be with measure. The user’s profile and images on social media sites with other websites should show complete consistency. The use of social media in employment is undergoing a transition in terms of norms of behavior, regulations, and laws. Recruitment of candidates through social media in Serbia is still not receiving enough attention, and especially a small number of companies are focusing on the LinkedIn network.
Through process management and selected lean tools, it is created the methodology for raw material management improvement in the production process of the factory which produces high-tech products for the international market. It is explicated the way of process project implementation by process methodology with all phases of the living cycle and with selected lean tools (cause-effect diagram, A3). In this way, it is solved otherwise “difficult to solve” problem of suboptimal raw material management and radical productivity improvement by means of bottleneck removal. It is offered a process-project methodology for production improvement which can be used in all high-tech factories and deals with the raw material management and production optimization problem. In an empirical way there are solved three research problems and are confirmed consistent hypotheses: a) in the existing process of raw material management in the factory are found significant suboptimality and their causal factors were discovered; b) the process is redesigned by the state analysis and by lean tools in order to improve the productivity of the production line; c) by strictly adhering the work process according to new (redesigned) process model in the implementation and monitoring phase by means of indicators it is achieved the process stability (during tree month implementation phase). By raw material management optimization, it is enabled the almost perfect operation of the line without bottlenecks and downtime. Empirically researched and in practice confirmed method of process improvement in the field of suboptimal raw material management which serve the production line, is a signpost for all high-tech production companies that face the same or similar optimization problems.
Because for many companies, continuous operation and maintenance of custom software are crucial, they usually want to ensure that this continues even if the software licenser cannot operate in the future, for example, due to bankruptcy. The easiest way to overcome this for the licensee is to get a copy of the updated source code. Software developers are understandably reluctant to give a copy of their proprietary source code to the customer. The most significant asset of software developers is usually their source code, which can contain valuable trade secrets. One of the ways a software developer can deal with a client that requires access to the source code is to agree to store the source code using a triple escrow agreement. Under the escrow source code agreement, the developer provides a copy of the source code and documentation to a neutral party for safekeeping. The third party will hand over the source code to the buyer only after certain conditions defined by the contract have been met, such as the bankruptcy of software developers. That keeps the developer's source code confidential while, in theory, giving the user access to it if necessary. In this paper, we present the term software escrow contract.
This article presents a methodology for training process improvement using process management and a systemic approach to training on the production company example. There is explicated the training process improvement systematically. Concretely, there is identified and presented existing training process (by BPMN graphic language), it is analyzed its appropriateness/efficacy (by experience, customer complaints, and questionnaire method), also are explained supportive measures for operative monitoring and new training process control. Offered methodology for training process improvement can be used in all companies where continuous training processes for new employees are needed. Using process solution this study resolved three research problems and validated three hypotheses: a) customer complaint level, skill level, and satisfaction after training process was not optimal; b) training process is redesigned according to defined weaknesses of the existing training process and according to systemic training approach; c) supporting tools to the new training process are new operative systems of evidence, evaluation, and control. In such a manner it is created a model with training target outcomes (high quality of skills after training process in sense of speed and quality of working performance) by which are generated the presumptions for efficacy improvement on the level of production workers and a production company.
This paper deals with educational issues in the People's Republic of China and potential economic development due to investments in the education system. In the period from 1998, there was a big growth in education which was accompanied, among other things, by positive growth in gross domestic product. The crucial importance of investing in education is providing a competent workforce which is a pillar of a successful modern economy. There is a difficulty of the proper allocation of resources and the reform of education is the hukou system in China, which restricts people to live and work in a certain location which is an obstacle for people to freely move and equal chances for education. So far, the discrepancy between rural and urban hukou has been noticed, with urban hukou recording a higher percentage of educated people, as well as a proportionally higher income, while rural hukou is lacking opportunities for further education. For China to achieve the planned economic growth, it is evident that it must reform its education, the focus of which would be on improving human/knowledge capital as well as set aside a higher percentage of gross domestic product for investments in education.
The developed world has long known that human resources are the most important factor in the business of any organization. That is why he should be given the greatest attention. However, in the modern world of high technology, it often happens to pay attention to electronic systems and to forget how important people really are. With this text, he wants to emphasize the importance of good interpersonal relations in the organization and point out that employees who do their job well are the most valuable assets it has, that the strength of every company is in the abilities of all employees, that employees make the company what it really is. they are the ones who give life to the company and enable its functioning. The paper emphasizes that the abandonment of old, traditional, and the introduction of new modern management styles is a prerequisite for a successful market presence of any organization and analyzes the situation in this area in our companies. In order to emphasize the new roles of managers, attention is focused on his leadership and coaching skills, and communication skills that are the key to successful cooperation and greater motivation of employees. The recommendations and conclusions contained in this paper can be the basis for further research, with the aim of providing a better theoretical basis for effective and efficient human resource management in facing the many challenges of the new millennium.
Creating the need for continuous growth and progress of all involved and connected business entities. They require compliance with certain web standards and support for multiple different browsers and devices. To be convinced of the version of the published code, we need a team that loves challenges, has the creativity and a desire for constant learning. Code, as a basis for a successful business, must be written appropriately with minimal deficiencies in logic and writing. The correctness and validity of the production code mostly depend on the program team itself and its responsibility for the written code. Vital code with errors can produce serious problems and unforeseen consequences. To achieve complete accuracy of all parts of the written code, it is necessary to use software testing and QA technique - quality assurance. The focus of the work is on the application and writing of the necessary programming code that uses QA/QC and the black-box method of testing the existing webshop. After analysis, the authors conclude that software quality control will be a constant challenge for many companies to survive in the short term of the adjustment process and that the crisis is an opportunity for courageous companies to invest ambitiously and timely in their internet business to become market leaders.
After the Second World War, the police in the Republic of Serbia introduced the model of the practice of „criminal investigation“ which was used in the former Soviet Union. This model of policing practice was focused on finding enemies among the citizens and informing the public that the enemies had been discovered. Evidence was considered irrelevant in this model of policing practice. By applying this model of police work, human rights have been permanently violated and citizens have been subjected to various types of torture. The results of the research in this paper showed that many reported citizens have never been convicted of indicted crimes. Also, the results of the research showed that this model of police work out many reported citizens, accused a small part of citizens, while a very small number were convicted. By filing criminal charges against citizens who have never been convicted, the police violated basic human rights international legal instruments. One of such rights was the right to justice in criminal proceedings, which should be based not only on legal but also on ethical and moral principles on which modern society develops. This right belongs to the group of basic human rights and it has been permanently violated in the application of the „criminal investigation“ model from the end of the Second World War to the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century. The result of this model of policing was the mass torture of citizens, their imprisonment, arrests, accusations, and investigations without any evidence against them, with many open criminal files that marked a large number of citizens and their families for life.
The development of entrepreneurship and leadership is the backbone of the development of any society. In a market economy, the state of entrepreneurship changes every day and it is necessary to find new methods of its development and adaptation to market conditions. Today, Serbia is in a difficult economic situation. The global economic crisis halted the country’s belated transitional recovery the moment the momentum began to take hold. The road to its recovery leads through painful measures: rationalization of the oversized public sector and serious financial discipline, as well as the promotion of entrepreneurship and leadership as development strategies, without which sustainable economic growth will not be possible. This paper aims to contribute to the description and analysis of the development of entrepreneurship and leadership, with the intention that it contributes to faster development in Serbia. The paper analyzes the concept, general state, and importance of entrepreneurship, the relationship between entrepreneurship and leadership, and the role of entrepreneurship in economic development. Based on the analysis performed in the paper, the authors concluded that entrepreneurial opportunities arise from market changes and that the modern, rapidly changing and uncertain business environment is a theoretically potential area for entrepreneurial activities.
Digitalization is rapidly bringing changes and transforms our lives, economy, and society as a whole. New technologies are contributing to the more efficient business, community advancement and, as such, provide the basis for all our private and public sector partnerships to keep up with the current trends of the global market, or participate in what is called the digital economy. The subject of this paper is the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the operations of enterprises in Serbia. The paper aims to analyze the applications of ICT by examining various indicators. The starting point is that ICTs are the key factor for increasing economic efficiency, removing barriers, creating new business opportunities for geographical decentralization, and adapting businesses to new business conditions. The latest data from relevant domestic and international institutions were used for the analysis. The first part of the paper describes the current global technological trends and their impact on business operations and ways of measuring countries' readiness to use ICT. The second part of the paper analyzes the trends of different indicators of ICT usage in enterprises in Serbia: implementation of computers and computer networks, use of the Internet and mobile Internet for business purposes owning websites, applying E-commerce, social networking, and cloud services in businesses. Based on the performed analysis, it was concluded that there is a tendency of increasing the use of ICT in the business operations of enterprises in Serbia. However, it can be observed that some aspects of the business are characterized by significant use of ICT, while in others the use of these technologies is not yet represented to a significant extent.
A firm’s competitiveness in markets is not any more valued only by profit and other aspects of business results, but also by the ability for change. Unavoidable business transformation means adjustment. Features of the strong modern economy are economic sustainability and development. Business perspective focused on financial goals as the only one result, today is considered as too conservative and not flexible enough for actual market’s requests - which are not anymore ruled by rigid supply/demand relation, yet the focus of business success is exceeding, to fields of renewability, sustainability, circular economy patterns so as changes prediction. While external and inner business – influential factors have been known since forever, still, a contemporary business entity is today recognized more as an ecosystem. Since the 50s of the XX century, the modern business agility of an enterprise is constantly in process of development, improvement, and valorization via three central factors for surveying sustainability and social impact: environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG). Strictly corporately focused firm ambition is seen as indispensable overcoming, because no matter how much international or global is the nature of business – right now business sphere is irreversibly and with purpose in the process of transformation into the green business. This process means rationalization of its production, but not a rationalization of its productivity too, because the business plan is not presenting just the firm’s ID anymore, but the social effect, economic efforts, and ecological enthusiasm of its management for global improvement of life. In 2008. year, all firms which did not adjust their business with upper mentioned modern aspects didn’t make it, while the 2020 year brings new challenges to contemporary management in way of business politics, crucial business factors, and business trends implementation.
