Background: Research on the behavioural effects of caffeine is well documented and reviewed. One area rarely covered in the reviews is the effects of caffeine on the acceptability of novel drinks. Findings from such studies have been used to support the view that caffeine deprivation, and its reversal by the ingestion of caffeine, is a major mechanism underlying behavioural changes associated with caffeine. Methods: The present study continued this research on the repeated pairing of novel flavours with caffeine or placebo in groups differing in level of regular caffeine consumption (non-consumers, low consumers, and high consumers). Three groups of volunteers were recruited: non-consumers of caffeine (N=23); low consumers ( 300mg/day; N=33). After abstaining from caffeine overnight, the volunteers visited the laboratory at 09.00 and consumed a fruit juice with either caffeine (100 mg) or placebo. The caffeine manipulation was double-blind. Participants rated the pleasantness of the drink after their initial taste and after they had consumed it. Two hours later, they returned to the laboratory and repeated the procedure with a fruit tea being consumed, again with or without caffeine. The procedure was repeated for five consecutive days. Results: The analysis of the fruit juice data showed that drink acceptability increased over days and decreased when caffeine was added to the drink. There were no interactions with consumer status. Similar results were found for the ratings of the fruit tea. In addition, those who had caffeine in the fruit juice rated the fruit tea as more acceptable. Again, there were no interactions with consumer status. Conclusion: These results do not confirm the previous finding that caffeine-deprived participants develop a dislike for novel drinks not paired with caffeine, nor that caffeine increases the liking of a novel drink consumed by caffeine-deprived individuals. Rather the results suggest that the taste of caffeine reduces the acceptability of the current drink and leads to an increased liking of a subsequent drink due to the contrast with the previous one.
A series of novel chalcone 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j, 4k, 4l and pyrazoline 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j, 5k, 5l derivatives have been synthesized as potential antibacterial agents. The pyrazoline derivatives 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j, 5k, 5l have been synthesized by reaction of various chalcones 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j, 4k, 4l with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of acetic acid. The chalcones 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j, 4k, 4l were prepared by the condensation of key aldehyde 3 with appropriate acetophenone using basic condition and ethanol as a solvent. The key aldehyde 3 has been synthesized by reacting 2‐(chloromethyl)‐3‐methyl‐4‐(2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy)pyridine hydrochloride and vanillin. The structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of 1H‐NMR, mass, IR, and elemental analysis data. All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi (Gram‐negative bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus (Gram‐positive bacteria) and antifungal activity against Candida albicans (fungi).
West vidarbha region of the Maharashtra state include Buldhana district. The forest type of this region is typically of dry deciduous; at some patches fluctuation of season occurs by various habitats of plants. During the exploration visits to forest and nearby villages, lots of medicinal plant uses by tribal have been discussed with them, for their regular purposes as well as ethnoveterinary practices. Tribal peoples to treat various human and veterinary diseases such as basic first aid for food poison, snake bite, indigestion, physio-therapeutic treatment for bone fracture, antibacterial, antifungal activity over cuts and wounds, insect repellent, deworming in cattle, diarrhea and increases cattle lactation. The present information provided in this study would bring new ideas on the development of environmental friendly, effective medicines and vaccines to control veterinary diseases in the future. In addition, this study may also be highly useful to protect and conserve the endemic flora species among sanctuary.
The present investigation involves formulation and evaluation of buccal patch of Valsartan, an antihypertensive drug to bypass the first pass metabolism. The buccal patch of Valsartan was prepared by solvent casting technique. Nine formulation were prepared with varying concentrations of bioadhesive polymers like Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K-100M and Sodium Alginate. Solvent ethanol was used with PEG-200 as plasticizer and Aspartame as sweetening agent. Drug-polymer interaction was investigated using FTIR. The prepared patches were evaluated for thickness, Surface pH, drug content uniformity, Ex vivo Mucoadhesive strength, % swelling index, folding endurance and in vitro drug release, Determination of Residence Time, Ex Vivo Permeation Study which produced satisfactory results with low standard deviation. After evaluation of all parameter, on the basis of results obtained batch F8 was found to be a optimize batch. This batch shows 97.15% Controlled Drug Release after 8 hrs and best fitted in Higuchi model for drug release kinetic.
Soy beans the very few that provide a complete protein sources. The present study was aimed to explore the tumor inhibiting activity of Soy flour and Isoflavones against B16F10 melanoma induced in C57BLmice.First group was treated orally with full fat soy flour and Isoflavones simultaneously with intradermal inoculation of tumor (Tumor growth inhibitory effect). 10 mice were taken in each group for the following study: Control and experimental i.e. Tumor growth inhibiting effect and Growth Delay with silent period has been analyzed. Both Soyflour and its Isoflavones have been proved to have antitumor activity against B16F10 melanoma tumor model.
Acceptability of any dosage form mainly depends on its taste i.e. mouth feel. Dosage form interacts with taste receptor on the tongue to give bitter, sweet or salty taste sensation, when it dissolves in saliva. In market, there are numbers of pharmaceutical preparations available in which actives are bitter in taste. Pediatric patients frequently fail to take medications properly because of unpleasant taste of medication. Thus bitterness of preparation leads to patient incompliance. So masking of bitterness becomes essential. To overcome this problem, many technique has been developed to mask the bitter taste of drugs. Co-crystallization involves alteration in molecular assemblies and composition of pharmaceutical substance and which ultimately results in enhancing physical properties. Co-crystals contains API and pharmaceutically acceptable co-formers. Co-crystals are molecular complexes, bringing about changes in solubility, bioavailability, stability and taste masking of bitter drug in pharmaceutical designing without interacting with therapeutic utility. The main objective of this review is discuss co-crystallization as a technique for masking the bitter taste of the drug.
Lornoxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Lornoxicam has short half-life (3-5 hr.), makes the development of sustained-release (SR) forms extremely advantageous, lornoxicam is weak acid having pKa 5.1, it has pH dependent solubility, characterized by poor solubility in low pH condition present in stomach, which consequently leads to a delayed onset of its analgesic action. Formulation of sustained release tablet is effective approach for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (lornoxicam) for maximum pain relief with prolong drug concentration due to sustained release from tablet matrix. Different formulations (F1F8) were designed with HPMC (K4M and K100), MCC, PVP k30, magnesium stearate and talc. Pre and post compression parameters for all formulations were studied. Batch F8 selected as optimized batch on the basis of dissolution profile.
Since time immemorial humans have always used animals for their benefits. In this process they domesticated and a number of wild animals by selecting them for docility, temperament, productivity and several related uses. These animals have always given protection, help, support and supplemented humans with rich source of animal foods like milk, eggs and meat. During early civilization process the prosperity of the individual was determined by the number of domesticated animals he possessed. With time different breeds evolved through selection which was done for extracting some important properties. However in modern times it is very necessary to not only maintain the existing breeds but also to evolve new one with suitable traits so that demands for human needs can be met. These breeds form an inclusive component of the society and should be taken care of. This review deals with some of the important breeds of cattle and buffalo and the method of record keeping which forms an internal component of their maintenance.
The present study deals with investigate of the essential physicochemical parameters and isolation, identification of bacteria from the effluent collected from Iron and Steel coolant processing unit in Bharath heavy electrical limited at Trichy. On basis of morphological, biochemical analysis revealed that the isolates were identified as Pseudomonas sp, Proteus sp, Bacillus sp, Klebsiella sp, Salmonellas sp present in the coolant effluent. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effect of several indigenous microorganisms to the effluent in remediating the effluent. Naturally occurring microorganism will be useful to treat the Iron and Steel Industry effluent in Bioremediation treatment processes method.
Clerodendrum paniculatum (Family: Lamiaceae) or Hanuman kireetam is a well-known ayurvedic plant but less explored in India. The objective of the present study was to check the anti-skin ageing benefits of methanol and water extracts of C. paniculatum leaves In vitro. The Collagen-I, Elastin and Hyaluronidase assays was performed on Human dermal fibroblast cells (HDF).The antioxidant potential of C. paniculatum leaf water (CPW) and methanol extracts (CPM) was checked by reducing power assay. The CPM and CPW extract was non-toxic to the cells with CTC50 above 200μg/mL. CPM and CPW showed good anti-oxidant activity comparable to Ascorbic acid at 200μg/mL. The Collagen and Elastin content was increased in the extract treated cells as compared to control. The Hyaluronidase inhibition confirmed increased hydration in cells for CPM and CPW respectively. HPLC chromatogram profile of CPM and CPW was developed using Acetonitrile: water as mobile phase in the ratio of 70:30. This study confirmed the presence of flavonoids, Quercetin and Rutin, as biomarkers in CPM extracts and CPW. Both water and methanol extract showed good skin anti-ageing activity in HDF .The study overall substantiates our objective of anti-skin ageing activity of CPW and CPM leaf extracts, and can be explored as potential ingredient in skin care formulations.
The aim of this study is to explore the effects of Yogic practices on psychosomatic disorders. Psoriasis, a psychosomatic skin disorder, has a profound potential to create an impact on the patient’s mental wellbeing. A pilot study was done prior only to assess psychological changes in Psoriasis. Skindex-29 scale used, (psychological assessment test) revealed that these patients reported more stress, anxiety and depression symptoms. This implies need of a careful examination of mental state followed by de-stressing Yoga techniques. Thereafter, a thorough literature review on Yoga showed that it has a comprehensive effect on physical, mental and spiritual health. Amongst all yogic practices Bhramari Pranayam and Sakshi Bhava have a peaceful effect on mind. Bhramari Pranayam works on calming the nerves and soothes them especially around the brain and forehead. Sakshi Bhava means becoming a witness to all that arises, giving rise to a feeling of peace and relaxation. These stress relieving practices lowers the levels Cortisol in the body. Excess cortisol in the body suppresses the immune system and increases the inflammatory process, which is seen in the skin of psoriatic patients. It also relieves the patients of symptoms like anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, gradually leading to a feeling of wellbeing. This process could aid to the treatment of Psoriasis and other psychosomatic disorders.
Introduction Anaemia is a major public health problem in India affecting people in all age group with major consequences for human health as well as economic development. The epidemiology of anaemia in rural setting is not well known. Hence the study aims to access prevalence and prescribing pattern among inpatients attending teritary care teaching hospital in a rural setting. Methods: A prospective and observational study was carried out in 200inpatientsadmitted to Medicine, Pediatrics and OBG department diagnosed with anemia from September 2015 to March 2016.The ethical clearance was obtained from Institutional Ethical Committee of AHRC, B G Nagara. Results: Among 200 inpatients 171 patients (85.5%) were from medicine unit, 25 patients (12.5%) from OBG and 4 patients (2%) from pediatrics. The maximum patients in the study population were females (68.5%) and males (31.5%).Majority of the subjects were diagnosed with microcytic hypochromic anemia (58%) which was categorized to be mild in nature (40%) according to the WHO categorization of hemoglobin. As part of the therapy, Ferrous Sulphate-folic acid combinations (56 prescriptions) and folic acid-vitamin combinations (76 prescriptions) were most prescribed drugs. We found 41 drugdrug interactions (20.5%) in which28 drug drug interactions were accepted by physicians (68.2%).About 95% of the subject‟s condition improved as result of the therapy. Conclusions: This study clearly shows that prescribing pattern of drugs in anemia patients needs to be continuously evaluated in order to promote the more rational prescribing so as to decrease morbidity and cost of therapy to the patient. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 7.523 Volume 6, Issue 4, 858-887. Research Article ISSN 2277– 7105 *Corresponding Author Dr. Chippy Sara Eldho Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy. B.G Nagara Karnataka. India 571448. Article Received on 23 Jan. 2017, Revised on 13 Feb. 2017, Accepted on 04 March 2017 DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20174-7997
Cervical Spondylosis is a common cause of chronic Neck pain. The term spondylosis refers to degenerative osteoarthritis of the joints between the cervical vertebrae. When the space between the two adjacent vertebrae narrows, the compression of a nerve root emerging from the spinal cord may result in sensory and motor disturbance such as severe pain in the neck, back, shoulder, legs and arms depends on the area where it is affected. The patients may experience shock in the hands or legs. The nerve compression leads to decrease in blood circulation in the affected area. Due to the faulty life style of people this has become a major cause of hampering peace.so the present study has been done focusing on this emerging issue. In which Mashbaladi Pachan Kashaya Nasya was selected for the present study to see its effect on Cervical Spondylosis. 15 patients selected from the Panchkarma and Kaya-Chikitsa O.P.D. & were treated with Maashbaladi Pachan Kashaya Nasya. Assessment was done on the basis of chief complain & associated complain by applying appropriate statistical test. the intervention was found to be highly significant (p<0.001) in reducing pain, stiffness, and in ristricted movement of neck as well as associated symptoms.
