We report a mesoporous silica nanoparticle platform that exploits physiological divalent ions as a benign trigger to control stage-specific protein release under gastrointestinal-mimicking in vitro conditions, using soybean trypsin inhibitor as a model cargo. Spherical pore-expanded MSNs (similar to 300 nm, pore diameter similar to 3.8 nm, BET surface area similar to 800 m(2)/g) were synthesized, loaded with up to 15.6 wt% inhibitor at 75% encapsulation efficiency, and then capped with an similar to 8 wt% PVA-borate nanogel gate to yield PB-MSN composites containing 14.5 wt% protein. Structural, textural and dispersion analyses confirmed that the coating partially occluded pore mouths while preserving the mesoporous framework and improving colloidal stability. In a two-stage simulated gastrointestinal protocol, PB-MSNs leaked only 3.8 +/- 0.5% cargo after 2 h in pH 1.2 medium, whereas uncoated MSNs released 68 +/- 5% under the same conditions. Subsequent exposure to pH 7.4 buffer containing 10 mM CaCl2 triggered a rapid burst, with cumulative release reaching similar to 40% within 0.5 h, 78 +/- 3% at 4 h and 88 +/- 4% at 8 h; in Ca2+-free buffer, release remained <= 12.3 +/- 1.5% over 8 h, demonstrating a sharp ion-dependent on/off effect. Trypsin activity assays showed that inhibitor liberated under triggering conditions suppressed trypsin activity to a level comparable to free inhibitor, while SGF supernatants exhibited negligible inhibition, indicating substantial retention of inhibitory function in a reductionist activity assay and minimal gastric-phase leakage. The combined data establish PVA-borate-gated MSNs as a modular, ion-responsive platform that decouples protection in acid from fast deployment in near-neutral media. While calcium-responsive carriers and borate-based dynamic networks are well established in other delivery and hydrogel contexts, the present work translates this chemistry into an MSN pore-gating architecture in which Ca2+ acts as a competitive borate-binding trigger to dismantle a nanoscale sacrificial gate and thereby generate a sharp 'off/on' release response under GI-mimicking conditions.
Total flavonoids from Eucommia ulmoides leaves (EUTF) show poor aqueous solubility and limited oral bioavailability, restricting their use in functional foods and pharmaceutical formulations. This work developed an oral nano-delivery system by encapsulating EUTF into zein-lecithin hybrid nanoparticles (ZL-EUTF-NPs) fabricated via anti-solvent co-precipitation and optimized by the zein:lecithin mass ratio. The optimized formulation (Z:L = 1:1) produced spherical nanoparticles with a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 155.2 f 5.2 nm, PDI 0.18 f 0.02, and zeta potential-35.6 +/- 1.5 mV, consistent with a stable colloidal dispersion. Encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity reached 85.3 f 2.1% and 8.5 f 0.2%, respectively. FTIR, XRD, and DSC indicated that EUTF was molecularly dispersed in an amorphous state within the protein-lipid matrix through non-covalent interactions. In simulated gastrointestinal conditions, ZL-EUTF-NPs limited EUTF release to 14.2 f 1.8% during 2 h in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and enabled sustained intestinal release, reaching 72.8 f 3.1% after 10 h total incubation. Release in simulated intestinal fluid was best fitted by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model (R2 = 0.995; n = 0.67), indicating anomalous (non-Fickian) transport governed by coupled diffusion and matrix erosion. The encapsulated EUTF retained high antioxidant activity (DPPH 82.1 f 2.8%; ABTS 89.5 f 3.0% at 50 & micro;g/mL equivalent), while the nanocarrier showed low cytotoxicity (cell viability >= 85% across 10-200 & micro;g/mL equivalent EUTF) and efficient time-dependent uptake in Caco-2 cells. Physicochemical stability testing showed minimal changes under refrigerated storage with 94.5 f 2.6% flavonoid retention after 90 days at 4 degrees C. Overall, zein-lecithin hybrid nanoparticles provide a practical strategy to enhance EUTF stability and modulate intestinal release for oral applications.
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine central to the pathogenesis of numerous autoinflammatory and chronic inflammatory diseases. Current systemic anti-IL-1 beta therapies, while effective, are associated with significant side effects, necessitating the development of materials for localized immunomodulation. This study reports the design, synthesis, and comprehensive characterization of a novel, dual-function Viscoelastic Janus Nanohydrogel (VJNH) platform for the simultaneous sequestration of IL-1 beta and controlled release of an anti-inflammatory therapeutic. VJNHs were synthesized with an asymmetric Au@SiO2 inorganic core; the gold (Au) face was functionalized with a high-affinity DNA aptamer for IL-1 beta capture, while the silica (SiO2) face served as an anchor for a viscoelastic hydrogel shell. This shell was formed via dynamic Schiff base (C=N) chemistry between aldehyde-functionalized hyaluronic acid (oHA) and amine-rich gelatin. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the asymmetric Janus morphology and spatially segregated surface chemistry. Rheological analysis demonstrated the ECM-mimetic viscoelastic properties of the network, including high solid-like character (G' > G") and rapid stress relaxation (relaxation time tau approximate to 120 s), attributed to the dynamic covalent linkages. A comparative study identified an optimal VJNH-2 (1:1 oHA:Gelatin) formulation, which exhibited superior IL-1 beta binding capacity (approximate to 180 ng/mg). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis revealed high-affinity and specific binding, with an equilibrium dissociation constant (K-n) of 1.24 nM. Concurrently, the VJNHs demonstrated sustained, pH-responsive release of a model drug (Dexamethasone), fitting a Fickian diffusion mechanism (Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models). All VJNH formulations were non-cytotoxic to L929 fibroblasts. These results establish VJNHs as a sophisticated "sense-and-respond" platform, synergizing spatial, mechanical, and chemical functionalities for advanced, localized treatment of inflammatory disorders.
A pH-responsive, fluorescence-traceable core-shell nanosystem was prepared by co-encapsulating bovine serum albumin-templated Au nanoclusters and doxorubicin within ionotropically crosslinked chitosan (TPP gelation) to enhance intracellular chemotherapy delivery. Formulation screening (CS:TPP 3:1-6:1) identified an optimal composition with a hydrodynamic diameter of 145 +/- 5 nm, PDI 0.18, and a surface potential of +32.4 +/- 1.2 mV; TEM resolved 2.1 +/- 0.3 nm clusters and uniform spherical particles. The lyophilized carriers displayed mesoporosity (SBET 42.5 m(2)/g; pore volume 0.15 cm(3)/g; mean pore size 12.4 nm). High drug incorporation was achieved (encapsulation efficiency 82.3 +/- 1.4%; loading capacity 12.6 +/- 0.8%). Dialysis experiments revealed gated release, with similar to 22% (pH 7.4) versus similar to 65% (pH 5.0) at 24 h and similar to 35% versus similar to 88% at 72 h; acidic kinetics followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model (R-2 = 0.985; n = 0.65). Hemolysis remained 1.2% at 100 mu g/mL and <3.0% at 1000 mu g/mL, and blank carriers preserved >90% viability at 500 mu g/mL. In MGC-803 and SGC-7901 cells, the formulation lowered 48 h IC50 from 1.85 +/- 0.12 to 0.92 +/- 0.08 mu g/mL and from 2.10 +/- 0.15 to 1.15 +/- 0.10 mu g/mL, respectively. Uptake quantification showed a 4 h mean fluorescence intensity of 717 a.u. versus 280 a.u. for free drug, and apoptosis increased to 59.0% (early apoptosis 35.6%) compared with 40.6% (22.1%) for free drug. Confocal imaging showed time-dependent cytoplasmic-to-nuclear redistribution with persistent cluster fluorescence, supporting tracking. Together, these results suggest that enhanced cell-surface association driven by the cationic shell, combined with endo/lysosomal acidification-triggered reler exposure while limiting premature leakage under physiological pH.
In this study an eco-friendly, one-pot hydrothermal processes use to synthesize water-soluble CQDs from natural dye extracted from Bougainvillea flowers (DBG). Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) offer outstanding optical properties and low toxicity, making them attractive for sustainable optoelectronic materials. The resulting bougainvillea carbon quantum dots (BQDs) were integrated with chitosan (CS) biopolymer to deliver composite films with high optical properties. Structural, morphological, and optical analyses, supported by NMR, FTIR, XRD, HRTEM, XPS, and UV-vis spectroscopy, confirmed the production of amorphous BQDs and strong CQD-CS interactions with reduced crystallinity. Notably, the optical band gap narrowed significantly from 5.23 eV in pure CS to 2.42 eV in BQDs-doped composites. The BQDs exhibited excitation-dependent photoluminescence with a quantum yield of 2.74%, while Urbach energy analysis indicated increased localized states with higher BQD content. Enhanced refractive indices, dielectric constants, and non-linear optical properties further demonstrate the composites' potential for photonic and optoelectronic applications. This work establishes a green, scalable strategy to boost biopolymer functionality using natural carbon sources.
Hepatocellular carcinoma chemotherapy remains constrained by off-target toxicity and multidrug resistance, underscoring the need for biobased nanostructured carriers capable of tumor microenvironment-responsive drug delivery. Here, we report cyclodextrin-linked corn starch nanostructured microgels prepared by inverse water-in-oil emulsion crosslinking with epichlorohydrin as a sustainable platform for doxorubicin delivery. Systematic variation of the beta-cyclodextrin content generated colloidally stable microgels with hydrodynamic diameters in the 215-410 nm range, narrow polydispersity indices (similar to 0.22-0.31) and increasingly negative zeta potentials down to -21.5 mV. Nitrogen sorption, FTIR, XRD and thermal analyses confirmed the formation of mesoporous polymer networks, with the lead formulation (CS-CD-3) exhibiting a BET surface area of 12.45 m(2)/g and an average pore diameter of 9.8 nm. Doxorubicin loading into these microgels afforded high drug payloads with an encapsulation efficiency of 78.4% for CS-CD-3. In vitro release studies demonstrated pronounced pH-dependent behavior, with only similar to 24% cumulative release at physiological pH 7.4 versus similar to 72% at pH 5.0 after 24 h, consistent with the intrinsic pH-dependent ionization of doxorubicin and the associated pH-modulated DOX-beta-cyclodextrin host-guest interactions within the microgel network. Kinetic fitting of the pH 5.0 release data (Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models) indicated diffusion through a hydrated matrix with an additional polymer-relaxation contribution under acidic in vitro conditions (n approximate to 0.62). Blank microgels preserved >90% cell viability in both HepG2 and L02 cells, whereas doxorubicin-loaded CS-CD-3 microgels decreased the IC50 in HepG2 cells from 2.15 +/- 0.18 to 0.85 +/- 0.12 mu g/mL and increased the IC50 in L02 cells from 4.50 +/- 0.35 to 8.20 +/- 0.65 mu g/mL, improving the selectivity index from 2.09 to 9.64. Confocal imaging confirmed efficient endocytic uptake, endo-lysosomal release and enhanced apoptotic nuclear damage. These results highlight nanostructured cyclodextrin-starch microgels as a promising bio-derived nanoplatform for safer, more selective hepatocellular carcinoma chemotherapy.
A viscoelastic Janus nanocomposite hydrogel (Janus-GelLap) was engineered via sequential 3D printing using Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA) and exfoliated Laponite nanosilicates to enable spatiotemporally controlled co-delivery of a neutralizing IL-1 beta monoclonal antibody with documented cross-reactivity to rodent IL-1 beta (aIL1 beta) and periodontal ligament stem cell-derived exosomes (PDLSC-Exos). The fully exfoliated Laponite network increased the hydrogel's surface area from 4.85 to 25.84 m & sup2;/g and enhanced the storage modulus (G ') from 2.15 to 8.24 kPa, endowing excellent shear-thinning and >95% rapid self-healing. In vitro release studies showed a biphasic diffusion of aIL1 beta (22 +/- 3% burst, 78 +/- 4% total) and a sustained zero-order-like release of PDLSC-Exos (61 +/- 5% total) over 14 days, governed by Fickian (n = 0.48) and non-Fickian (n = 0.78) mechanisms, respectively. Cytocompatibility tests confirmed >95% cell viability with a 1.3-fold increase in hPDLSC proliferation. In LPS-stimulated macrophages, Janus-GelLap reduced TNF-alpha and iNOS expression by >80% while elevating Arg-1 and IL-10 by approximate to 5-fold; ELISA revealed TNF-alpha = 410 +/- 65 pg/mL and IL-10 = 615 +/- 80 pg/mL, confirming synergistic M1 suppression and M2 activation. In a rat periodontitis model, micro-CT analysis demonstrated near-complete bone preservation (CEJ-ABC = 0.51 +/- 0.06 mm; BV/TV = 68.1 +/- 4.6%; BMD = 1.10 +/- 0.10 g/cm & sup3;; Tb.Th = 85 +/- 6 mu m), statistically indistinguishable from healthy controls. Although comprehensive periodontal immune cell profiling by flow cytometry and expanded leukocyte panels was not performed, immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry of the defect region provided direct in vivo evidence of immunomodulation, revealing a pronounced shift in macrophage polarization from F4/80(+)iNOS(+) M1 to F4/80(+)CD206(+)/Arg-1(+) M2 phenotypes, accompanied by reduced IL-1 beta/TNF-alpha and enhanced OCN/Runx2 expression. These findings establish the Janus-GelLap as a multifunctional immuno-regenerative platform that effectively halts inflammation-driven alveolar bone loss and promotes coordinated tissue regeneration, providing a clinically translatable paradigm for osteoimmunomodulatory therapy in chronic inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis.
Supercapacitors have played an important role in electrochemical energy storage. The performance characteristics of supercapacitor devices greatly depend not only on the electrode design but also on the core materials used in the electrode. In this study, we synthesised a new class of ternary materials that require simple methods of synthesis, involving a covalent organic framework (COF)-NiCo2O4-N-doped nanocomposite using a cost-effective hydrothermal route of synthesis. Composite electrode of COF/NiCo2O4-N-doped was developed that exhibited a high specific capacitance of 1,283.3 F g-1 at a discharge current density of 2 A g-1 when measured using a three-electrode setup. To show the potential of using COF/NiCo2O4-N-doped electroactive materials to create a practical and functional device, we fabricated an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) out of the COF/NiCo2O4-N-doped composite as the positrode and activated carbon (AC) as the negatrode in an electrolyte of 3 M KOH. The fabricated ASC device, COF/NiCo2O4-N-doped//AC exhibited impressive 34.59 Wh kg-1 and 1235.75 W kg-1 energy and power density ratings, respectively at a 2 A g-1 discharge current density, which maintained 90% rate of performance after 10,000 cycles of operation. Thus, the current study presents an efficient electrode material for deployment in energy storage devices of the future.
Published terms Creative License, distribution medium, is Bio-based nanocomposite films were developed using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) reinforced with tragacanth gum (TG) and carboxymethyl tragacanth (CMT), incorporating biogenic ZnO or CuO nanoparticles and plant-derived extracts (cinnamon or clove). A comparative evaluation of structural, surface, mechanical, and oxygen barrier properties was conducted to assess their potential for active food packaging. FESEM analysis revealed that CMT-based films possessed a more homogeneous and compact microstructure with fewer microcracks compared to TG-based films. The lower contact angle observed for CMT-containing films indicated stronger intermolecular interactions and a denser polymer network. CMT-based films demonstrate a more favorable balance between strength and elongation, resulting in improved toughness and mechanical stability, which are critical for flexible food packaging applications. Oxygen permeability measurements demonstrated that optimized CMT-based film achieved a lower oxygen transmission rate (26.80 cm3/m2 & centerdot;24 h & centerdot;0.1 MPa) than TG-based film (27.53 cm3/m2 & centerdot;24 h & centerdot;0.1 MPa), despite reduced thickness (70 mu m versus 78 mu m). Analysis of diffusion and solubility coefficients indicated that reduced oxygen solubility within the CMT matrix (2.66 & times; 10-10 cm3/cm2.cm.Pa) was the dominant factor governing overall permeability. The practical performance of the films was further assessed by coating raw pistachios. The optimized CMT-based film preserved the visual quality of pistachios for up to 12 days under ambient conditions without observable deterioration. These results highlight CMT-based nanocomposite films as promising sustainable materials for oxygen-sensitive food packaging applications.
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has been considered one of the most promising nanomaterials currently available, mainly due to its structural stability, high optical band gap, and promising biocompatibility. In this work, pure h-BN and phosphorus-doped derivatives (h-BN-1P and h-BN-1.5P) were synthesized by pyrolysis followed by heat treatment at 1000 degrees C under a nitrogen stream. Structural characterization was performed by PXRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy, confirming the formation of the hexagonal phase and demonstrating that phosphorus incorporation did not disrupt the crystal lattice. AFM and SEM analyses identified a mixture of topographies, including 2D (nanosheets) and 1D (nanowhisker) morphological structures, and EDS confirmed the incorporation of phosphorus. TEM analysis allowed obtaining the determination of interplanar distance values for the samples. Cytocompatibility was assessed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) through the MTT viability assay. The results indicated that pure h-BN maintained cell viability above 85%, while phosphorus-doped materials showed a slight decrease in viability, but still preserved viability levels above 50% at the maximum concentration evaluated (100 & micro;g mL-1). The results obtained confirm that h-BN and its phosphorus-doped forms exhibit favorable biocompatibility and tunable electronic properties, confirming their potential for future biomedical applications.
To engineer and evaluate silver nanoparticle-decorated polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds that simultaneously provide antibacterial activity and support osteogenic cell responses for bone tissue engineering. Methods: Electrospun PCL scaffolds were functionalized by in situ chemical reduction of AgNO3 to generate uniformly distributed AgNPs and then characterized by TEM/XRD, EDS/XPS, FTIR/XRD, and porosity analyses. Antibacterial performance was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by disk diffusion and CFU assays, while MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast responses were assessed by CCK-8 proliferation, ALP activity, and osteogenic gene expression. Results: AgNPs averaged similar to 22 nm; surface silver content was similar to 3.2 at% (similar to 0.8 wt%), yielding sustained Ag+ release of similar to 0.4 mu g per 50 mg scaffold over 21 days (similar to 80% by day 14). PCL-Ag scaffolds produced inhibition zones of 12.5 +/- 0.5 mm (S. aureus) and 11.0 +/- 0.4 mm (E. coli) and achieved >99.9% bacterial reduction in suspension. MC3T3-E1 proliferation increased relative to PCL controls (day-7 OD450 2.50 +/- 0.15 vs. 2.08 +/- 0.12; p<0.01). Early osteogenesis was enhanced, with ALP 1.8x at day 7 and 1.5x at day 14, accompanied by upregulated RUNX2 and BMP2; scaffold porosity and PCL crystallinity were preserved. Conclusions: In situ AgNP decoration confers durable antibacterial activity while promoting osteogenic cell functions, indicating a promising infection-resistant platform for bone regeneration.
Improper disposal of synthetic dyes like methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and acid red 18 (AR18) poses a significant threat to aquatic environments and human health, highlighting the need for efficient and sustainable remediation strategies. This study introduces a novel, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Rhubarb seed extract. It provides a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and rapid method to produce functional adsorbents for treating dye-contaminated wastewater. Thorough characterization confirmed the morphology and composition of the biosynthesized AgNPs through UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Batch adsorption experiments showed outstanding maximum removal efficiencies exceeding 95% for MB, MO, and AR18 under optimal conditions (pH 11, 9, and 5, respectively; 0.8 g adsorbent; 20 minutes contact time; 30 mg/L dye concentration). The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9998 for MB, 0.9994 for MO, 0.9999 for AR18) and pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.9998, 0.9992, and 0.9991, respectively), with maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of 40.16, 50.76, and 44.64 mg/g. The innovation of this research lies in using Rhubarb seed extract for AgNP biosynthesis, showcasing high performance even for complex dye mixtures while promoting environmental sustainability and economic viability compared to conventional chemical methods. These findings establish Rhubarb seed-derived AgNPs as an effective and innovative platform for advanced wastewater purification.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) requires highly sensitive liquid biopsy tools capable of detecting EGFR driven disease and resistance mutations such as T790M, which often evade conventional circulating free DNA assays. Exosomes provide a more reliable biomarker due to their abundance, stability, and enrichment of tumor specific EGFR cargo. Here, we report an ultrasensitive electrochemical microaptasensor specifically designed for the quantitative detection of EGFR positive lung cancer exosomes. The innovation of this work lies in the integration of a thermally dewetted gold nanoisland microelectrode (AuNI ME) which offers a large and Au(111) enriched electroactive surface for high density aptamer immobilization. Additionally, the system utilizes a dual aptamer AND gate recognition strategy using EGFR and CD63 aptamers to ensure exceptional specificity along with a cadmium sulfide quantum dot (CdS QD) amplification system quantified via square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). This multi tiered amplification architecture combines nanostructured electrode design, orthogonal dual aptamer recognition, and QD based metal ion amplification to result in a remarkably low limit of detection of 150 particles/mL. This performance outperforms ELISA, NTA, and recent electrochemical exosome assays. The sensor exhibits excellent selectivity, reproducibility, and stability, and demonstrates high recovery ranging from 97.8% to 105.0% in spiked human serum samples. These results highlight the translational potential of this platform as a noninvasive tool for early NSCLC diagnosis and real time therapeutic monitoring.
This study aimed to develop and characterize a sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (S-g-C3N4) nanosystem functionalized with gold (S-g-C3N4-Au) for potential applications in cancer therapy. The focus was to evaluate its physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity against breast and prostate cancer cells, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and biochemical impact in vivo. To carry out the study, S-g-C3N4-Au was synthesized by thermal polymerization of melamine and ammonium sulfate with incorporation of gold seeds. Characterization techniques included SEM, XRD, FTIR, and UV-Vis DRS. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assays in MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer) and DU-145 (prostate cancer) cell lines. The nanosystem was radiolabeled with technetium-99m for biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies in Balb/c mice after intraperitoneal administration. Biochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate systemic effects on the liver, kidneys, and metabolic markers. The results obtained demonstrated that the S-g-C3N4-Au nanosystem exhibited a porous, layered morphology with uniformly distributed gold nanoparticles. XRD and FTIR confirmed structural integrity, and SEM, STEM, and EDS confirmed successful gold incorporation. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated significant, dose-dependent reductions in cell viability in both cancer cell lines, with the effects more pronounced at higher concentrations. In vivo, the nanosystem exhibited predominant accumulation in the liver and small intestine, with low systemic clearance and a plasma elimination half-life of 5.53 hours. Biochemical analysis indicated decreased ALT and glucose levels, but elevated AST, LDH-P, and lipase activities, suggesting stress on liver and digestive tissues. This set of Results demonstrates that the S-g-C3N4-Au nanosystem exhibits favorable physicochemical properties and cytotoxic potential against cancer cells. Its organ-specific biodistribution and prolonged retention highlight its promise for targeted therapy and metabolic modulation. Notably, its ability to be radiolabeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) allows its application in nuclear imaging, further reinforcing its potential as a theranostic platform that integrates diagnostics and therapy in a single nanostructure. However, the observed biochemical alterations reinforce the need for comprehensive toxicological evaluations to ensure safety and enhance therapeutic efficacy.
This study reports the development of an injectable nanostructured composite hydrogel integrating the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and osteogenic growth factor BMP-2 for multifunctional periodontal regeneration. The chitosan/gelatin hydrogel, reinforced with 5% nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA), exhibited a highly porous structure (similar to 90% porosity) and increased surface area (21.4 m(2)/g vs. 6.8 m(2)/g in blank) with homogeneously dispersed nanoparticles, as confirmed by FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, SAED, XPS, and BET analyses. Sustained release was achieved, with LL-37 releasing similar to 80% and BMP-2 similar to 60% by day 7, facilitated by nHA binding. In vitro antibacterial assays demonstrated >99% killing efficiency of Porphyromonas gingivalis, corroborated by live/dead staining and SEM evidence of membrane disruption. Cytotoxicity tests confirmed >90% viability of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs), and osteogenic induction assays showed the AMP+BMP hydrogel produced the highest ALP activity and mineralized nodule formation (p < 0.01 vs. controls). Shear strength testing on wet tissue revealed adhesion of 5.12 +/- 1.36 kPa for the composite, compared with 3.54 +/- 1.08 kPa for blank hydrogels. In a rat periodontitis model, micro-CT analysis at 6 weeks revealed markedly improved bone regeneration in the dual-loaded group, with bone volume fraction reaching 82 +/- 5%, CEJ-ABC distance reduced to 0.34 +/- 0.08 mm (vs. 0.94 +/- 0.11 mm untreated), trabecular number increased to 2.05 +/- 0.15 1/mm, and trabecular separation decreased to 0.20 +/- 0.03 mm. Histology-based quantification demonstrated extensive new bone bridging (6/8 animals), increased bone area fraction (BA/TA = 66.8 +/- 7.5% in AMP+BMP vs 18.7 +/- 7.2% No-Tx), reduced osteoclast indices (N.Oc/B.Pm = 0.9 +/- 0.2 mm(-1); Oc.S/BS = 2.8 +/- 0.9%), and higher PDL-like fiber organization scores (median 3 [IQR 2-3]) at 6 weeks. These findings highlight the synergistic antibacterial and osteoinductive efficacy of LL-37/BMP-2/nHA hydrogels as a promising platform for comprehensive periodontal regeneration.
Mercury contamination in food remains a critical public health concern due to its extreme toxicity and bioaccumulation in the environment. Developing rapid, sensitive, and environmentally sustainable methods for its detection is of great importance. In this study, a biodegradable nanocomposite comprising silver oxide nanoparticles and boron-doped carbon quantum dots derived from orange peel waste was introduced. This material served as a high-performance sorbent for pipette-tip solid-phase extraction of inorganic mercury from food samples. Synthesized via a green hydrothermal process using agricultural waste, the resulting ternary nanohybrid leverages the synergistic affinity of Ag2O and OP-CDs toward Hg (II), yielding exceptional extraction efficiency. Notable advantages included rapid extraction kinetics, minimal consumption of sorbent and solvent, and the elimination of toxic reagents, thereby fully aligning with the principles of green analytical chemistry. Extraction parameters were optimized using chemometric and statistical approaches, specifically artificial neural networks and evolutionary polynomial regression, to ensure robust performance. Under optimized conditions, the method represented trace-level detection capability and excellent precision in diverse food matrices. Comprehensive green metric evaluation confirms the sustainability of the approach. This sustainable, AI-enhanced extraction strategy provides an efficient and practical solution for trace mercury analysis in food, with broad potential in food safety monitoring.
This study investigates the therapeutic potential of chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) loaded with quercetin (Que) and paclitaxel (PTX) against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), focusing on their impact on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a critical driver of metastasis, using MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in vivo models. Characterized by an average size of 82-91 nm, a positive zeta potential (+21-27 mV), and high encapsulation efficiencies, the Cs NPs demonstrated potent anti-tumor efficacy. Que-/PTX-loaded NPs significantly enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity by inducing late apoptosis. Furthermore, they suppressed cell migration and inhibited mammosphere formation in 3D cultures, effectively countering the invasiveness associated with EMT. Notably, the NPs downregulated ZEB1, a key EMT-promoting transcription factor, and upregulated TIMP-3, an inhibitor of extracellular matrix degradation, thereby attenuating EMT-driven metastasis. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay revealed a significant reduction in angiogenesis, further supporting their anti-metastatic potential. In vivo, BALB/c nude mice with MDA-MB-231 xenografts treated with Que-/PTX-Cs NPs exhibited 71.79% tumor growth inhibition and reduced metastatic spread, with 64.27% NP accumulation in tumors. These results underscore Que-/PTX-Cs NPs as a promising nanotherapeutic strategy for TNBC, effectively targeting tumor growth, EMT-driven metastasis, and angiogenesis through ZEB1 and TIMP-3 regulation.
Doping colloidal CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) provides an effective strategy to enhance their optoelectronic properties and expand their application potential in display technologies, enabling high color fidelity (Rf) in white-LEDs (WLEDs). Although an excess of Pb2+ is known to promote phase-pure and emissive CsPbBr3 NCs, the influence of exogenous dopant precursor chemistry-particularly the counter-anion and the metal ion-to-lead ratio remains poorly understood. In this work, we systematically investigate cobalt precursor identity and Pb: Co feed ratios in Co:CsPbBr3 NCs synthesized by hot injection. Three cobalt salts-CoBr2 (bCo), Co(CH3COO)(2) (aCo), and Co(NO3)(2) (nCo), were investigated (0.16-3.35 at% doping). Among the bCo produced the best results, retaining the perovskite phase and high photoluminescence (similar to 60%) at low loading, while aCo and nCo induced non-emissive Cs4PbBr6 formation, and high bCo loading led to nanosheet morphologies. In WLEDs, Co-b:CsPbBr3 (8:2) demonstrated high color accuracy, superior stability compared to pristine and other doped NCs. Importantly, bCo:CsPbBr3 retained similar to 92% of its initial color fidelity over 10 minutes, whereas pristine CsPbBr3 retained only similar to 78%. Moreover, the WLEDs exhibited a wide color gamut (similar to 122.9% NTSC, similar to 91.7% Rec. 2020), highlighting the crucial role of dopant precursor selection in optimizing phase stability, doping efficiency, and device performance.
Accurate delineation of tumor margins remains a clinical challenge in colorectal cancer surgery. To address this, we developed a novel nanosystem by loading 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) onto amine-functionalized dendritic fibrous nanosilica (ALA@KCC-1-NH2) for enhanced photodynamic diagnosis. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited uniform spherical morphology (average diameter: 455 +/- 30 nm), high surface area (352 m(2)/g for KCC-1), and mesoporous architecture. After functionalization and drug loading, the final formulation retained structural integrity with a drug loading content of 15.3 wt% and encapsulation efficiency of 85.6%. In vitro release studies revealed a pH-responsive profile, with minimal release (<20%) at pH 7.4 and accelerated release (>70%) at pH 5.5 over 24 hours. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed excellent biocompatibility of the blank carrier and significant light-induced cytotoxicity from ALA@KCC-1-NH2, with an IC(50 )of 0.45 mM under irradiation-three times lower than that of free 5-ALA (1.38 mM). Confocal microscopy demonstrated a 4.5-fold increase in intracellular protoporphyrin IX fluorescence in HT-29 colorectal cancer cells treated with ALA@KCC-1-NH2 compared to free 5-ALA. These results indicate that the fibrous nanosilica carrier significantly enhances 5-ALA uptake and fluorescence signal generation, offering a promising strategy for improved intraoperative tumor visualization. The ALA@KCC-1-NH2 platform thus holds strong potential for advancing fluorescence-guided surgery in colorectal cancer management. Given the similar to 455 +/- 30 nm particle diameter, the envisioned translational route is topical/endoscopic or intraluminal application (spray/instillation) rather than intravenous delivery.
Prostate cancer represents a significant global health challenge, being the most common malignancy among men and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The pressing demand for novel diagnostic approaches is evident. In this work, we introduce an advanced biosensor aimed at facilitating rapid and accurate detection of prostate cancer, specifically through the quantification of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). The biosensor is constructed by modifying a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and a Cr2C MXene nano layer catalyst, combined with a pb2+-binding aptamer (AP) (SPCE/Cr2C MXene/AuNPs/Pb2+-AP). This novel design demonstrates exceptional specificity and affinity for PSMA, enabling highly sensitive quantification across a linear dynamic range of 1.0 to 850 pg/mL. Characterization techniques, including TEM, SEM, EDS, AFM, XPS, BET analysis, and XRD, confirm the success synthesis of the Cr2C MXene layer, which serves as an effective support for integrating the biological recognition element. Given the high mortality associated with prostate cancer and the critical need for early detection, this biosensor offers a promising tool for clinical diagnostics, capable of selectively identifying PSMA in the presence of other biomarkers. The implications of this work extend beyond the laboratory, potentially transforming prostate cancer management and improving patient outcomes.
