The Timeless Energy Principle – Unified Coherence Framework (TEP–UCF) introduces a deterministic phenomenological model in which geometric expansion, coherence decay and effective energy are coupled through the conserved scaling invariant Ξ = E/(g φ). This invariant emerges as a consequence of the phenomenological coupling γ = α − β and the unity condition gφ ≈ 1. We demonstrate internal consistency through (i) Exact exponential solutions, (ii) Numerical integration with sub-0.1% drift, (iii) Lyapunov stability analysis, and (iv) Planck-unit normalization. A coherence-feedback modification to the Friedmann equation is proposed phenomenologically as H² = (8πG/3) ρ [1 + φ̇/(4Hφ)]. Synthetic Pantheon+-like distance-modulus data generated within the TEP– UCF framework yield a reduced χ²/d.o.f. ≈ 1.02 under the adopted mock-data assumptions. The framework offers a fine-tuning-free alternative mechanism for late-time acceleration driven by informational coherence dynamics. The framework provides a phenomenological, fine-tuning-free alternative for modeling late-time cosmic acceleration through informational coherence dynamics. Its observational viability will ultimately depend on successful confrontation with official Pantheon+, DESI BAO, and Planck datasets.
Deforestation is a pressing issue in Nigeria, with significant impacts on both the environment and the people who rely on it. Deforestation in Nigeria is undeniable, and urgent action is needed to address this issue. According to the United Nations, Nigeria has the highest deforestation rate in the world, with an estimated 3.7% of its forest lost every year. Many of our forests are gradually turning into grasslands due to the incessant felling of trees without the planting of new ones. The law in the advanced world, is that you replace every tree you fell with three seedlings of that very specie. However, in Nigeria, those who are into timber business pay for tree seedlings, but are never given to plant as replacement for the trees they fell. Twenty years from now, some wood species may go into extinction in Nigeria. The aim of this study therefore, is to examine some causes of deforestation in Nigeria, its impact on the environment and our economy and to suggest some management strategies. The methods adopted for this study are analytical and phenomenological. The findings of this study are as follows: deforestation is a recognized indicators of environmental degradation and its effects span the macro and micro levels, moving from adverse impacts on the economy to posing danger to human health. Given the inherent benefits of forest resources, which include income and economic growth, they are liable to continuous exploitation. This, without adequate policy restriction can lead to environmental problems that were once prevented by the existence of forests. It is therefore recommended that the government should put in place, poverty reduction programs, which are pivotal in reducing deforestation and degradation of the forest.
Einstein’s energy-momentum relationship, holds when the energy absorbed by a body is all converted to kinetic energy of that body. However, an electron in an atom acquires kinetic energy through emission of photon energy. Therefore, Einstein’s relationship cannot be applied to an bound electron in an atom. The author has already derived an energy-momentum relationship for an electron in a hydrogen atom. This paper incorporates de Broglie’s formula into the above relationship previously derived by the author. Also, if the momentum of an electron in a hydrogen atom is considered using an ellipse, it can be predicted that the electron has two types of momentum and two types of waves. This paper concludes that a moving electron has two types of waves.
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre os vestígios arqueológicos da mesorregião Oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil, com ênfase na arqueologia preventiva, na documentação do patrimônio arqueológico e em sua preservação. A pesquisa reúne evidências provenientes de levantamentos de campo, registros de artefatos e análises de sítios arqueológicos localizados principalmente nos municípios de Tangará, Videira, Rio das Antas, Abdon Batista, Campos Novos e Anita Garibaldi. São descritos artefatos líticos, como machados, mãos de pilão, pontas de flecha, amuletos e pingentes, além de fragmentos cerâmicos associados às tradições Taquara/Itararé. O estudo também aborda as casas subterrâneas (furnas) e as cavernas de São Miguel e Irakitan, discutindo hipóteses sobre sua origem, ocupação e adaptação por grupos humanos pré-históricos. Os dados sugerem diferentes formas de ocupação do território e indicam possíveis relações entre os grupos pré-ceramistas e ceramistas que habitaram a região. Além da caracterização dos vestígios arqueológicos, o trabalho destaca a importância da educação patrimonial e das ações de preservação desenvolvidas pelo projeto Guardiões dos Vestígios Arqueológicos do Oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina, bem como a contribuição da arqueologia preventiva em estudos de impacto ambiental. Embora várias interpretações permaneçam hipotéticas e demandem investigações complementares, o estudo contribui para a valorização, documentação e conservação do patrimônio arqueológico regional, reforçando a necessidade de sua proteção e do desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas sobre a ocupação pré-histórica do Oeste catarinense.
Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) technology applied to food and beverage processing has been proven to increase extract yield, reduce energy demand, and improve physiochemical quality. Research into the relevance of PEF application for winemaking appears promising at lab-scale batch treatment, however understanding scalability is critical for commercial adoption. This study constitutes the first evaluation of continuous flow PEF technology applied to Sangiovese grapes in the United States and outlines considerations for commercial application, including the importance of grape must homogeneity and PEF treatment parameters. In this study, Sangiovese grape must was pumped through a continuous flow Elea PEF Pilot Dual system equipped with a DN-80 accessory at ~1,200 L/hr., and the must was evaluated for changes during the first seven days of fermentation using parameters identified by the partnering winery that included °Brix, pH, total acidity (TA), total polyphenol content (TPC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC). Data collected for °Brix, pH, and TA indicate a PEF effect, but no change to fermentation after seven days. Similarly, chemical analyses of TPC and TAC indicate that PEF influences an early release of polyphenolic compounds that largely diminishes by day seven. This study demonstrates that PEF treatment provides an effect on grape must prior to wine making and outlines considerations for commercial winemakers interested in applying the technology at scale. Further research is needed to explore winery-specific parameters and evaluate the finished product to determine the depth and practical implications of the effect.
This paper explains how dark energy is generated through a simplified model based on noncommutative quantum gravity.
The Casamance estuary, located in West Africa, has a unique hydrological system, with a partially inverted regime during the dry season characterised by increasing salinity from upstream to downstream. This system is subject to high seasonal variability in precipitation and evaporation, influencing the environmental conditions that govern the biology of benthic organisms such as \textit{Crassostrea tulipa}, an oyster of local socio-economic interest. However, quantitative data linking environmental variability to biometric responses of this species remain scarce in the Casamance estuary. It is in this context that this study was initiated. It was carried out at four sites in the Bliss Kassa MPA, namely Diogué, Hitou, Haère and Niomoune. The aim was to monitor seasonal variations in salinity and temperature at the sites, as well as the size distribution, size-weight relationship and condition index of the \textit{Crassostrea tulipa} oyster between November 2021 and November 2023. The results highlight the decisive influence of salinity and, to a lesser extent, temperature on the index and populations structure of \textit{C. tulipa}. Salinity ranged from 15 to 38.6\textperthousand\ and temperature from 22 to 34^\circC, with significant seasonal differences (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.001). The most stable sites (Niomoune) offer better growth conditions and active recruitment, unlike more inland areas subject to extreme variations. Growth is minimal for this species. This study highlights the adaptation of \textit{C. tulipa} to an unstable estuarine environment and the importance of taking these dynamics into account in the sustainable management of oyster resources in Casamance. These findings provide baseline information for defining adaptive management strategies and seasonal harvesting windows within the Kalone--Bliss--Kassa MPA.
This paper proposes a reformulation of thermodynamics based on the Principles of Matter or Laws of Unity, redefining heat, inertia, gravity, and the structure of matter. Heat is redefined as the excess energy (Ee) carried by free particles. Matter is described as a unity of potential energy (Ep) and sharing energy (Es), with inertia arising from their combined unity force (Fu = Es + Ee). This framework replaces entropy, the second law, and the third law of thermodynamics. The paper traces the origin of heat to the Big Bang, where four base particles – protons (p), electrons (e), neutrinos (ν), and photons (γ) – formed two base unities (pν and eγ), which remain as free heat carrying particles. It then applies the Laws of Unity to reinterpret nuclear fusion, beta decay, nuclear fission, photosynthesis, combustion, and planetary heat as processes of energy sharing (Ep → Es) and excess energy release (Es → Ee). Radiation is reframed as heat transfer through the equalisation of excess energy during particle collisions. A quantum is redefined as a free particle with the minimum excess-energy (Ee1) that equals its Es or gravity. The paper further argues that electricity and magnetism are misconceptions, proposing that electricity is “electronic heat” and that magnetic fields are electronic fields generated by repelling free electrons. This leads to a reinterpretation of electric generators as devices that transfer electronic heat rather than induce electromagnetic currents. Finally, the paper extends the Laws of Unity to astrophysical structures, proposing that stars, planets, galaxies, and black holes are hierarchical unities governed by sharing energy and excess energy flows. A galaxy is described as an ultimate unity centred on a black hole where potential energy converts entirely into sharing energy, producing infinite pull towards its centre.
For millennia Indigenous peoples in their cultural and environmental practices have commonly treated nonhuman organisms and the places they occupy with respect and care. In the modern world, where capitalist forms of economic organization predominate, nonhuman natural organisms and their habitats are frequently treated as things subject to commodification for wealth maximizing purposes. For this reason, those organisms and their habitats fail to be utilized in an environmentally sustainable manner. To resolve modern existential threats to the biosphere posed by the global economy, a new logic of economic organization is needed to swing the biophysical pendulum away from destructive commodification. Case studies in this paper show how Indigenous U.S. tribes today, within a predominantly capitalist context, successfully follow a commons-based cooperative economic logic that recognizes nature’s organisms and their habitats as deserving of respect and care. Indigenous economic and environmental practices thus offer lessons for implementing such a logic in the larger economy.
This paper proposes a unified framework connecting quantum phenomena, gravity and computation through a redefinition of matter and particle behaviour based on the Principles of Matter, or Laws of Unity. The paper addresses two fundamental questions it identifies as unresolved in current physics: how a quantum is produced and why its magnitude is discrete, by advancing a model in which matter comprises potential-energy, sharing-energy and excess-energy, whose interactions generate a unified force interpreted as inertia. Within this framework, gravity (inertia-at-rest) is attributed to sharing-energy, whereas motion and heat (inertia-in-motion) are attributed to excess-energy. On this basis, the paper redefines a quantum as a free particle that emerges when sufficient excess-energy overcomes binding sharing-energy, rather than as an intrinsically discrete packet. It then examines the implications of this reinterpretation for contemporary computing, arguing that transistor computing faces material scaling constraints and that quantum computing inherits both practical limitations and conceptual weakness on the current definition of the quantum. As an alternative, the paper introduces atom computing, in which atoms replace transistors and controlled flows of single electrons or photons enable deterministic switching, through electronic and photonic implementations. Analogue optical computing is discussed as another promising paradigm for specialised computation. The paper argues that this revised account of matter and energy interactions may support computational architectures beyond the limits of current transistor- and qubit-based systems.
The tumour suppressor protein p53 is a transcription factor. After DNA damage, p53 concentrations exhibit pulsed or sustained dynamics that results in a number of target genes expression, triggering different cell fate. For p53 target genes, the mRNA decay rate constants of PUMA, MDM2, p21, and BAX are 73 h-1，0.27 h-1 , 0.265 h-1 , and 0.018 h-1 , respectively; the protein degradation rate constants are 0.056h-1 , 0.792 h-1 , 0.255 h-1 , and 0.0262 h-1 , respectively. What is the biological significance of the same lifetimes of mRNA and protein? For sustained p53 dynamics input, using a minimal model, I found that the same lifetimes of mRNA and protein can provide high sensitive target protein expression, drive protein expression to reach maximum at the shortest time. This result may be help for designing gene expression.
Base on photon generation , a unified mass theory of elementary fermions and elementary bosons is postulated.
In this work we have to talk about something that cannot be seen and for which there are no instruments, neither laboratory nor extra-atmospheric, that allow us to detect its presence, but its existence is hypothesized only with gravitational considerations on large dimensional scales such as interactions between galaxies and stars [10], [13], we face the problem in a dreamlike way with lucid dreams that can allow us to imagine, after an interpretation, the effects linked to the existence of dark matter. This paradigm of examining the dream superstructure is, in fact, the brain’s workings that allow it, since by forming an idea only through lucid dreams, we are able to physically represent the interactions of these particles. Anyone who is aware of their dreaming abilities can use this work as a guide, inspiration, or otherwise. It all started from the fact that the fate of the Earth we live on, and therefore of its inhabitants, is sealed, due to both endogenous causes (heat, pandemics, denialism, black holes, wars, famines…everyone knows them) and exogenous ones (black holes, meteorites, the sun…neutrinos from the centre of our galaxy). So who can help us? Energy sources…these are all things that are already being used…but in the long run, they will no longer be sufficient. The future, however, may hold some surprises, sweet or bitter, and therefore it will be time to study further and with unusual tools. this dark matter (of which in [11] we proposed a method to give an estimate of the size, and we are currently of the idea that this dark matter is in a chemical form “representable by a dark periodic table”.
This paper develops a structured analytical framework for the three-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations based on recursive compositions of the Lambert W function and successive algebraic transformations of the nonlinear inertial terms. A hierarchy of derived vector fields is constructed using systematic row-operation transformations involving multiplication by scalar fields, addition of equations, and repeated application of the product rule. These transformations generate a closed sequence of transport equations that preserve the algebraic structure of the original Navier–Stokes system. Work by the corresponding author has been carried out recently where a non-smooth periodic attractor has been shown to exist for the Navier Stokes problem on mathbb{T}^3, and an acceleration ratio measuring the relative scaling of temporal and mixed derivatives in a specific composition hierarchy is shown to exist. It is presently shown that the solution of the Navier Stokes is in terms of the WeierstrassZeta function with this ratio that is dependent on the Lambert W function leads to a higher derivative (order geq 2) blowup in finite time. It is of interest that one component must blow up pointwise in finite time out of the three when seeking C^infty solutions for the other two. If a singularity occurs, at least one component must blow up pointwise. Two components cannot remain smooth while the system develops a singularity without the third blowing up. If a finite-time singularity occurs, then |u_z|_infty to infty. A central result of the analysis is the derivation of compact recursive formulas for spatial and temporal derivatives of iterated Lambert W compositions, expressed as finite products of factors of the form (1 + W_j). Repeated integration by parts yields a finite algebraic representation in which all integral terms collapse into boundary contributions, establishing an explicit closed-form structure for the resulting expressions. Within the transformed hierarchy, an exact identity is established between nonlinear gradient production and viscous diffusion terms. This equality implies that the combined field reduces to a pure divergence structure on periodic domains, yielding a precise mathematical interpretation of the statement “production equals diffusion.” Explicit solutions of the resulting scalar transport equations are obtained in closed form using the Lambert W function. The analysis shows that the critical branch condition of the Lambert function produces a finite-value solution while its spatial gradient becomes unbounded, representing a loss of smoothness rather than divergence of the solution amplitude. Conditions for the presence or absence of finite-time singularities are determined explicitly through bounded trigonometric denominator structures.
The purpose of the presented report is to describe the typical pathoanatomical and histopathological changes in a dog with splenic torsion due to lymphoma. On clinical examination, the dog had a subnormal temperature, pale mucous membranes, and the abdomen was enlarged and painful on palpation. The cadaveric lymph nodes were enlarged. After additional paraclinical, X-ray, and subsequent consultations of the owner with vets, the dog was euthanized and autopsied. The spleen was repeatedly enlarged with rounded edges and dotted with numerous whitish formations with different. At one end, it was twisted with part of the omentum. Under the zone of twisting there was an extensive hemorrhagic infarction. In conclusion, the data presented by us will find application and contribution in the scientific and clinical literature and will be of great use to practicing veterinarians in small animal clinics in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the spleen and lymphomas.
The lack of rigor and the resulting ambiguity of the Definition of the Magnetic Field were hidden behind a mathematization borrowed from hydrodynamics. But in both cases, ideological aspects remained unexplained, leading the very existence of the rotor used to a direct contradiction with Curie’s Theorem. And through Maxwell’s electrodynamics, this contradiction was extended into the Theory of Relativity. Thus, a formal, in-depth combing of the Basic Experiments underlying the Theory of Relativity, through modeling and a more rigorous mathematization of the Magnetic Field, proved insufficient. A refinement upwards, into the realm of the basis that defines the UNDERSTANDING of Relativism, was also required. And this view from above gives us not a polished History of Persons, but the Genesis of Scientific Ideas.
In This Paper We Calculated the Quantum Superposition between States of the Gravitational Fields by Feynman Path Integration and Concluded That in General the Quantum Effects Can Be Interpreted as the Negative Energy in Gravitational Field It Will Lead to Gravitational Mass Defect. Negative Energy Is Related to Einstein's Cosmological Constant and Therefore Also to Dark Energy.
Matter keeps its internal potential-energy (Ep) and sharing-energy (Es) as a (part of a) unity, until being forced out of the unity by external excess-energy (Ee >= Es) as a free particle. Matter shows its sharing-energy (Es) as gravity (F) or weight (W) or inertia-at-rest to its unity centre: Es = F = W. Unity force or inertia (Fu = Es + Ee) is matter’s tendency to be unity, expressed as attracting while energy sharing in a unity (Ee = 0), as gravity or weight or inertia-at-rest to its unity centre; or repelling while excess-energy transferring out of the unity (Ee → 0), as inertia-in-motion or heat. That is, gravity is redefined as matter’s attraction to its unity centre, caused by its sharing-energy. Inertia is redefined and generalised to matter’s unity force, caused by its sharing-energy (as inertia-at-rest or gravity) and its excess-energy (as inertia-in-motion or heat). The Big Bang created four kinds of base particles: proton (p), electron (e), neutrino (ν), and photon (γ). The photon tends to be in an electron unity (eγ), oscillating around its electron (the unity centre), attracting while energy sharing. When getting external excess-energy (Ee >= Es), the photon oscillates out of the unity as a free photon (γ+) with wave-particle duality, leaving the external energy at the speed of light, as a gamma ray, X-ray or light particle, repelling while excess-energy transferring. After transferring all its excess-energy, the photon shares energy with an electron that lost its photon previously, forming an electron unity (eγ) again. In a nuclear fusion centre, the base unities (pν and eγ) are so dense and hot that their sharing-energy is raised so high from their potential-energy (Ep → Es), they become energy sharing (nuclear fusing). Nuclear fusion is the unity force in action, creating nucleus unities so that every electron shares energy with two protons and one neutrino as n( 2 pνe), where atomic number n >= 2. In a nucleus unity, neutrinos and electrons are energy-sharing agents, orbiting protons to share and distribute energy. Thus, unity force replaces strong force and quantum chromodynamics. The photon is not in an atomic nucleus, because in nuclear fusion, the photon oscillates away with excess-energy as the gamma ray (γ+). Excess-energy transferring is an essential aspect of unity force, to maintain the newly produced unities, in nuclear fusion, beta decay, or any other reactions. In the universe, most nuclear fusion centres with excess-energy-transferring form stars and planets. The rest, extra-large fusion centres with inner cores unable to transfer out excess-energy as a repelling force, form black holes with much stronger attracting unity forces (gravities) of their respective galaxies. In a black hole, matter transfers its potential-energy completely into sharing-energy Ep → Es, so that Ep = 0, and sharing-energy becomes infinity: Es = Fu = F → ∞, making the black hole into a physical singularity. Every galaxy is a unity, the ultimate unity with its ultimate unity force, with at least one black hole as the unity centre. Unity force forms the hierarchical structure of each galaxy, making the black hole its unity centre. Under a galaxy, each star is the unity centre of the star system. Under a star system, each planet is the unity centre of its moons. Then, each atomic nucleus is the unity centre of the atom. Inside the nucleus, every proton is a unity centre. Outside the nucleus, each electron is the unity centre of the electron unity (eγ). Beta decay is also unity force in action: external energy breaks an unstable nucleus unity, leading to a more energy-sharing and hence more stable nucleus unity, while transferring out the excess-energy either as a neutrino and an electron (electron emission) or just as a neutrino (electron capture). Thus, unity force also replaces weak force. A “positron” is redefined as a high-energy electron. Matter’s energy is scalar, not vector. Any “antimatter” is a misconception, including the concept of a “positively charged electron” and the idea of “annihilation”. When a positron meets a normal electron unity (eγ), the excess-energy transfers from the positron to the bonded photon, producing a gamma ray or an X-ray, depending on the positron’s excess-energy level. After transferring all its excess-energy, the positron becomes a normal electron. External electric forces can oscillate away the outermost electrons from the atom unities of a conductor, align and energise them as stronger electron waves with magnetic effects, and simultaneously cause them to flow along the potential difference as electric currents. Electricity is the synchronized repelling force of the electric currents, in which each electron transfers its excess-energy to an electrical device, or to its bonded photon causing light. Magnetic effects result from stronger electron waves aligning weaker electron waves. Electromagnetism is electron waves showing magnetic effects while transferring excess-energy as photon waves. So, electromagnetism is the unity force of free electrons and should be called electronism. Therefore, there are no such things as magnetism, magnetic fields, or magnetic waves. They are just electron fields with electron waves transferring excess-energy as photon waves.
Water is a key driver for many ecosystem processes. The integration of various sets of data for the 2000 ha 31 Mile Brook catchment allows an holistic evaluation of the responses by this ecosystem to substantial changes in hydrology. Excellent baselines for hydrology and vegetation are available from 1972. From the late 1960’s there has been a major reduction in rainfall in the South-West of Western Australia and an even greater decline in stream flow. Modelling simulations closely matched the observed drying trends in stream flow, flow days and groundwater depth. The model was then used to estimate the impact of thinning treatments on these values. Between 2004 and 2010, the estimated evapotranspiration matched the average rainfall and soil moisture storage fell. Estimates of Leaf Area (LAI) show steady canopy growth after good rainfall years (to 1.5) and then a substantial decline, as a result of the very dry 2010 winter. Crown scorch and some tree deaths on shallow soils were observed in autumn 2011 and again in 2024. Detailed mapping of species composition in 1972 and remapping in 2012 showed only a slight xeric shift. In 2024, the tree stratum was healthy, but small changes in composition were observed, some as the result of a prescribed burn, others due to drought. Aquatic biodiversity between 1984 and 2010 reveal shifts in faunal assemblages, species richness and abundance, but only for a few species that have longer life cycles. A range of terrestrial biota show little change, as the understorey vegetation on which they depend for food and shelter is still healthy. So far, this ecosystem has shown remarkable resilience to a changing climate. Modelling suggests that thinning the tree stratum to a basal area of 14 would benefit soil moisture and increase stream flow. Thinning for ecosystem health is now approved in the Forest Management Plan (DBCA 2024). Recommendations for ongoing management and research are made.
This study was conducted to analyze the impact of agroecological practices on agricultural production, focusing on the main crops and their determinants in central Burundi. A three-stage sampling method was used to collect primary data from 252 farming households, including 125 that implemented agroecological practices and 127 control households. The results indicate that factors such as years of experience in agroecology, use of biofertilizers, agricultural training, access to credit, and seed category influence maize production in the region. The average maize production per hectare is 1903.01 kg/ha for the group that adopted agroecological practices compared to 1027.46 kg/ha for the control group during the 2023-2024 growing season
