At present, food safety has evolved from a traditional public health management issue into a modern risk characterized by high uncertainty, systemic nature, and global reach. It directly endangers the health and lives of the general public, posing a severe challenge to public safety and social stability. The criminal law protection system is the ultimate means of social defense, and its sophistication directly reflects the ability of a country to govern systemic risks and the level of law civilization. This paper, grounded in the risk society theory, systematically traces the evolution of China’s criminal law safeguards for food safety from inception to refinement revealing the underlying paradigm shift in criminal policy from post-incident retribution to risk prevention. Through a comparative legal lens, it examines the diverse approaches of major civil law and common law jurisdiction in risk allocation, liability principles, and sentencing configurations. This article critically examines the institutional achievements of the current system in tightening the criminal network, diversifying protected interests, strengthening deterrent penalties, and enhancing coordination between administrative and criminal enforcement. Moreover, it deeply analyzes the system’s structural challenges, including misaligned legislative values, imbalanced penal structure and function, regulatory blind spots, and inefficient administrative-criminal enforcement mechanisms. Building on this foundation and integrating theories of risk allocation justice and positive general prevention, this paper proposes classifying food safety crimes under crimes against public security, establishing a diversified penal system centered on qualifying penalties and multiple-fine penalties, expanding the scope of criminalization including negligent dangerous offenses and possession-based crimes, and optimizing the coordination mechanism between criminal and administrative enforcement through digital empowerment and public interest orientation. These systematic and forward-looking improvement pathways aim to provide robust intellectual support and feasible solutions for constructing a more scientific, rigorous, and efficient criminal law governance system for food safety within the context of a risk society.
To investigate the mechanism by which swelling treatment improves the quality of boneless chicken feet,this study systematically analyzed the dynamic changes in collagen content and structure during swelling.The physicochemical properties and texture of chicken feet were analyzed after swelling and marination.Collagen was extracted at different swelling ratios(0%-50%)using an acid-enzyme combination method,and its structure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),ultraviolet(UV),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),circular dichroism(CD),and lowfield nuclear magnetic resonance(LF-NMR)spectroscopy.The results showed that after swelling and marination,the moisture content and L* value of chicken feet increased initially and then decreased,while the centrifugal loss increased significantly.The shear force,hardness,and chewiness decreased significantly,whereas the springiness increased notably(P<0.05).Swelling treatment(at 30℃and pH 3.2 for 6 h)significantly decreased the content of total collagen and insoluble collagen,while increasing the content and solubility of soluble collagen(P<0.01).SEM revealed that the fibrous network changed from a dense structure to a loose,porous,denatured morphology.UV and FTIR spectra further confirmed conformational changes in collagen molecules,along with the formation of a strengthened hydrogenbond network.CD analysis showed a red shift of the negative absorption peak,indicating partial relaxation or unwinding of the triplehelix structure,which provided more binding sites for water molecules.Moreover,surface hydrophobicity peaked at a 30%swelling ratio,and LF-NMR confirmed a significant increase in water content after swelling,indicating enhanced water retention capacity.In summary,swelling treatment can simultaneously improve water absorption,water retention,and tenderness by inducing multiscale synergistic changes in collagen,such as forming a porous structure,relaxing molecular conformation,and strengthening hydrogen bonding.These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the precise optimization of processing technologies aimed at increasing the added value of boneless chicken claws products.
To investigate the changes in microbial community structure and flavor compounds during the cold air-drying of Sichuan-style sausage and to explore the correlation between them,this study employed high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the bacterial community structure at different drying times(0-6 d).Meanwhile,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to identify the volatile flavor compounds.Finally,Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to reveal the intrinsic relationship between microbial community dynamics and flavor formation.Results indicated that the species richness and composition of the bacterial community in Sichuan-style sausage significantly varied during the drying process.Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla,with the relative abundance of the beneficial bacterium Staphylococcus initially increasing and subsequently decreasing as the air-drying time increased.The composition of volatile flavor compounds changed significantly during the air-drying process.Based on relative odor activity value(ROAV),19 key volatile flavor compounds were identified including six olefinic compounds,three alcohols,four esters,and six aldehydes.The correlation analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between Staphylococcus and the contents of certain alcohols and esters,indicating close association of Staphylococcus with the formation of flavor compounds in cold air-dried sausage.
Fruit juices are rich in various bioactive components such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamin C. During processing, these components are susceptible to oxidative degradation, isomerization, and polymerization due to factors including heat, oxygen, enzymes, and mechanical stress, leading to a decline in the nutritional quality and functional activity. This article systematically elucidates the mechanisms by which key processing units, namely juicing, homogenization, concentration, and sterilization, affect the stability and bioavailability of bioactive components. It highlights that cell wall disruption, matrix interactions, and processing-induced molecular transformations are the core factors regulating nutrient retention and absorption efficiency. Furthermore, the article reviews regulatory strategies based on non-thermal processing (e.g., high-pressure processing, pulsed electric fields, ultrasound), matrix engineering (e.g., the construction of lipid/emulsion systems), and combination of multiple technologies, aiming to achieve efficient component release, structural preservation, and enhanced bioavailability. By integrating mechanistic analysis with technological optimization, this review provides theoretical foundations and technical pathways for the development of nutrition-oriented juice processing systems.
To address the issues of coarse particles, large particle size, and poor solubility of Pleurotus eryngii powder, this study investigated the effects of hydrolysis time and enzyme dosage on the solubility, particle size, microstructure, flowability, bulk density, and moisture content of P. eryngii powder sequentially hydrolyzed with trypsin and cellulase. The results showed that after hydrolysis with 0.3% trypsin for 90 min, the particle size of P. eryngii powder decreased from 397.05 to 151.69 μm, and its volume distribution peak shifted toward smaller volume. The solubility increased from 50.11% to 60.11%, accompanied by a reduced amount of precipitate in solution. The bulk density and flowability significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the moisture content was below 7.17%. After subsequent hydrolysis with 0.8% cellulase for 40 min, the particle size further decreased to 122.17 μm, with the volume peak continuing to shift toward smaller volume. The solubility increased to 67.33%, with a further decrease in the amount of precipitate and improved uniformity. Additionally, the bulk density and flowability further decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and the moisture content remained below 8.72%, meeting the national standard limit for dried edible mushroom products. Therefore, the dual-enzyme treatment could effectively improve the solubility of P. eryngii powder. This study provides a theoretical basis for developing instant P. eryngii powder, thereby promoting its application in the food industry.
Slight mechanical damage is an important factor affecting the quality of ginger. In certain situations, such damage may be hidden beneath the outer layer of the skin, which is often difficult to identify directly by routine examination. A non-destructive detection method for ginger damage based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was proposed in this study. For this purpose, four cultivars of ginger with artificial mechanical damage were selected. First, different spectral preprocessing methods including standard normal variate (SNV), multiple scattering correction, baseline correction, and Savitzky-Golay smoothing (SGS) were compared, and then classification models were established by three machine learning algorithms: support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor, and random forest. The results showed that the combination of SGS and SNV greatly improved the recognition accuracy of multiple models, demonstrating strong performance advantages. The SGS + SNV-SVM model was the most effective in detecting ginger damage, with an average recognition accuracy of over 92% for all four ginger cultivars (100% for two cultivars). This model provides a technical reference for the accurate identification of damaged ginger.
In this study, the healthy human fecal microbiota was used as the inoculum to establish an in vitro fecal fermentation system with inulin (INU) as the sole carbon source. Metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were integrated to systematically evaluate the regulatory effects of inulin INU on the gut microbial ecosystem of healthy individuals from multiple perspectives, including microbial composition, microbial interaction networks, and metabolic responses. The results showed that the pH of the fermentation system with INU significantly decreased after 24 h, accompanied by pronounced alterations in microbial community structure across multiple taxonomic levels. β-Diversity analysis revealed a clear separation between the INU and control groups in the Bray-Curtis distance space, whereas α-diversity analysis indicated a reduction in richness index with no significant change in Pielou’s evenness index. Analysis of key responsive species showed that the abundances of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, Ligilactobacillus salivarius, Limosilactobacillus reuteri, and Bacteroides uniformis increased following INU intervention, whereas those of Prevotella copri and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii decreased. Microbe-microbe co-occurrence network analysis further indicated that the microbial interaction network formed three major functional clusters after INU intervention, with distinct association patterns among clusters. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that INU markedly reshaped the metabolic profile of the microbial community, with 169 metabolites significantly upregulated and 120 metabolites significantly downregulated. Among these, tryptophan metabolism was the most significantly enriched pathway. The results of correlation analyses between functional pathways and metabolites, as well as between functional genes and metabolites, demonstrated that carbohydrate metabolism-related pathways were significantly correlated with multiple organic acids and amino acid metabolites, while tryptophan metabolism-related genes were significantly correlated with various indole metabolites. Collectively, inulin may influence the metabolic profile of the gut microbiota in healthy individuals by altering microbial composition, restructuring microbial interaction networks, and modulating key metabolic pathways. This study reveals the regulatory characteristics of inulin on the healthy gut microbial ecosystem from a multi-omics perspective, providing experimental evidence for elucidating its microbiota-mediated mechanisms and for evaluating its potential applications in precision nutrition.
Coconut oil is limited in its application in the food industry due to its high saturated fatty acid content and high freezing point. Meanwhile, the impact of specificity differences among various lipases on the modification effect of coconut oil remains unclear. In this study, four lipases were employed for the hydrolytic modification of coconut oil. The changes in lipid composition, physicochemical properties, and antibacterial activity after modification were determined, and the regulatory mechanism of lipase specificity on the modification effect was investigated. The results showed that the relative content of lauric acid in coconut oil glycerides was (50.37 ± 0.17)%, which decreased to (34.69 ± 0.04)% and (36.89 ± 0.11)%, respectively after enzymatic hydrolysis with MHA “Amano” 10SD (10SD) and Lipozyme® TLIM, while that of unsaturated fatty acids increased correspondingly. The relative content of diglycerides in the 10SD-treated group reached 59.81%, and its sliding melting point was 22.3 ℃, lower than that of the untreated control (28.2 ℃), indicating transition from a solid to a liquid state at room temperature. Antibacterial assays revealed that coconut oil exhibited no inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli, whereas 10SD-hydrolyzed coconut oil showed the strongest antibacterial activity, with an inhibition zone diameter of (12.96 ± 0.48) mm against E. coli. This study clarified the regulatory effect of the hydrolytic specificity of different lipases in the lipid composition and antibacterial properties of modified coconut oil. The lipase 10SD demonstrated a substrate preference for medium-chain saturated fatty acids, and its hydrolysis produced lauric acid derivatives with antibacterial effects. These findings provide solid data support for expanded application of modified coconut oil in the food and pharmaceutical fields.
To systematically evaluate the processing adaptability of Armillaria mellea, this study compared the effects of four drying methods: natural drying (ND), hot air drying (HD), microwave drying (MD), and vacuum freeze drying (VFD) on its physicochemical properties, nutritional components, and volatile flavor compounds. Results indicated significant differences in the effects of drying methods on the quality of A. mellea. Regarding physical characteristics, HD A. mellea exhibited color difference (ΔE) and browning levels closest to fresh A. mellea, while VFD A. mellea exhibited the lowest hardness ((718.32 ± 13.06) g) and rehydration property (rehydration ratio of (6.72 ± 0.07) g/g), attributed to its loose, porous microstructure with uniform pore distribution. Nutritionally, VFD A. mellea exhibited the highest total sugar and soluble protein contents of (143.29 ± 2.91) and (88.35 ± 2.24) mg/g, respectively. MD A. mellea exhibited a significantly higher content of 17 free amino acids (P < 0.05) than the other groups, while VFD A. mellea demonstrated a more balanced amino acid profile with an essential amino acid/total amino acid ratio (0.37) most closely aligned with the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations recommended value (0.40), indicating higher protein nutritional value. A total of 46 volatile flavor compounds were identified among the analyzed samples using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). Among these, VFD A. mellea exhibited the highest relative content of aldehydes and ketones responsible for the characteristic flavor of A. mellea (68.51%), represented by butanal, 2,3-pentanedione, and 3-octanone. VFD provided better retention of flavor-active aldehydes and ketones, imparting a prominent creamy aroma. HD and MD A. mellea exhibited relatively high relative contents of acids (10.76% and 10.01%, respectively). Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed differences in aroma profiles among A. mellea dried by different methods, identifying 15 characteristic flavor markers including 2-hexanol, hydroxyacetone, and butyl butyrate. These findings provide a scientific basis for the efficient processing and quality improvement of A. mellea.
This paper proposed a neighborhood-enhanced large language model-based knowledge graph completion framework (NELLM-KGC), designed to enhance reasoning capabilities regarding complex relationships within the field of food safety standards. NELLM-KGC first employed a graph-structured representation to efficiently integrate key heterogeneous data such as regulations, standard limits, and testing methods, thereby constructing a knowledge graph of Chinese food safety standards. Secondly, NELLM-KGC employed a guided approach to transform the conventional KGC task into a natural language question-answering format. It further enhanced the model’s adaptability to Chinese food standards domain tasks through an instruction-tuning strategy. To enhance reasoning accuracy, NELLM-KGC designed a neighborhood information fusion mechanism based on graph pruning algorithms. Leveraging a two-stage screening process involving KG retrievers and LLMs, it precisely captured Top-m evidence chains strongly correlated with inference paths from entity neighborhoods and performs fine-tuning. We conducted extensive validation on public knowledge graph datasets such as FB15k-237 and WN18RR, as well as customized food safety standards datasets. Experimental results demonstrated that the NELLM-KGC framework exhibited favorable performance across key metrics including triplet classification accuracy, entity prediction Hits@1, and relation prediction Hits@1, thereby validating the efficacy of the framework.
In this study, a three-stage sequential subcritical solvent extraction procedure using butane, acetone, and ethanol was developed to extract lipids from Antarctic krill oil. Additionally, lipidomics was applied to characterize the lipid profile and enrichment characteristics of each extract. The results indicated that the total lipid yield obtained by the extraction procedure was 95.76%. Lipidomic analysis revealed that the subcritical butane fraction was primarily rich in triglyceride-type saturated fatty acids (42.62%), including triacylglycerols (14:0_16:0_18:1). The acetone fraction exhibited a strong enrichment capacity for triglyceride-type monounsaturated fatty acids (30.93%) as well as bioactive components including astaxanthin. On the other hand, the ethanol phase efficiently enriched phospholipid-type n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (39.92%), including phosphatidylcholine (20:5_22:6). This extraction process successfully achieved the differential enrichment of distinct lipid components, thereby providing a technical reference and scientific basis for the subsequent elucidation of the functional characteristics of specific lipid components in Antarctic krill oil and the development of personalized products.
Camellia oleifera Abel. is an important component of characteristic economic forest resources. The lack of diversity in its traditional utilization mode has seriously restricted the improvement of industrial benefits. In recent years, the discovery of c. oleifera polysaccharides (COPs) and research on their functional characteristics have provided a new approach for the high-value utilization of C. oleifera resources. However, due to the complexity of polysaccharide structure and the bottleneck of separation technology, research on the purification process, fine structure, biological activity, and mechanism of action of COPs is still at an exploration stage. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews recent progress in the extraction and purification technologies, structural characterization, biological activity, mechanism of action, and future application and development prospects of COPs, focusing on the shortcomings of existing research and future development directions. It is hoped that this review will provide new ideas for basic research on COPs and lays an important foundation for advancing the strategic transformation of the C. oleifera industry from traditional edible oil production to the development of high-value bioactive substances.
To meet the demand for rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in aquatic products, a rapid one-tube detection method based on recombinase polymerase amplification-clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (RPA-CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 12a (Cas12a) was established and optimized. This method utilized RPA primers and CRISPR RNA (crRNA) specifically designed for the ToxR gene of V. parahaemolyticus. The specificity and sensitivity of this method were analyzed, and it was used to test artificially contaminated samples. Results indicated that under optimized conditions (final crRNA concentration 100 nmol/L, Cas12a:crRNA concentration ratio 0.5:1, and reporter probe:Cas12a concentration ratio 2.2:1), the detection process could be completed within 30 min at 37 ℃. The method demonstrated excellent specificity with no cross-reactivity to common pathogens. It also exhibited high sensitivity, with a detection limit of 102 CFU/mL for pure cultures of V. parahaemolyticus and 1.5 CFU/mL for artificially contaminated samples. In summary, the one-tube RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a assay offered the advantages of high sensitivity, strong specificity, and operational simplicity, providing a reliable technical approach for high-throughput rapid detection of V. parahaemolyticus in aquatic products.
Objective:Using nucleic acid aptamers as the capture probe and polystyrene fluorescent microspheres as the signal probe,we established a rapid method for counting viable/dead Bifidobacterium breve in probiotic products based on flow cytometry(FCM).Methods:B.breve nucleic acid aptamers were conjugated to fluorescent polystyrene microspheres via biotin-streptavidin mediated non-covalent binding,yielding aptamer-functionalized fluorescent microspheres for B.breve detection.Propidium iodide(PI)was used for fluorescent staining of samples.An FCM method was established by optimizing reaction conditions,staining agent concentration and fluorescence channel thresholds,and it was evaluated against the national standard method.Results:The binding efficiency of aptamer to fluorescent microspheres peaked under the conditions of 1 mg/mL aptamer concentration,1 000 nmol/L fluorescent microsphere concentration,and incubation at 37℃for 45 min.The fluorescence signal intensity exhibited good linearity with the logarithm of bacterial concentration in the range of 102-108 CFU/mL(R2=0.991 9).The limit of detection(LOD)of this method was superior to that of conventional flow cytometry(102 CFU/mL versus 1×103 CFU/mL).The results of this method for spiked samples showed no significant difference from those of the plate counting method(P>0.05).Its recoveries ranged from 98.00%to 101.33%,with relative standard deviation(RSD)≤7.53%for actual samples.Moreover,the total detection time was less than 2 hours,which was more than 20-fold shorter than that of the plate counting method.Conclusion:The FCM method with aptamer-modified fluorescent microspheres is characterized by rapidity,high sensitivity and accuracy.It can be effectively applied to the quantitative detection of B.breve in probiotic products,providing a reliable technical tool for the precise quantification of B.breve in fields such as food processing and intestinal microecology research.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on improving memory function in mice with chronic alcoholic encephalopathy. Methods: First, bioinformatics approaches were employed to screen for potential genes through which EGCG improved chronic alcoholic encephalopathy and to predict its targeted signaling pathways. Then, male Kunming mice were used to establish a chronic alcoholic encephalopathy model via gavage with gradient concentrations of alcohol, and the mice in the intervention groups received gavage of EGCG at different doses. The general status of mice in each group was observed. The step-down and Morris water maze (MWM) tests were conducted to evaluate memory function in mice. After killing the animals, brain tissues were collected for pathological observation and to detect the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH). Western blot was used to determine the expression of proteins related to the predicted signaling pathways in brain tissues. Results: Bioinformatics analysis identified 263 genes that overlap between chronic alcoholic encephalopathy and oxidative damage (potential genes through which EGCG improves chronic alcoholic encephalopathy via its antioxidant effects). Among these, the key ones were the genes encoding albumin (ALB), protein kinase B (AKT) serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), and tumor protein p53 (TP53), and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway was a critical pathway involved. The animal experiments showed that EGCG intervention improved the general status of mice with chronic alcoholic encephalopathy. It prolonged the latency and reduced the number of errors in the step-down test, shortened escape latency in the MWM directional navigation test, and increased the number of crossings over the platform location, as well as the proportion of swimming time and distance traveled in the target quadrant in the MWM spatial probe test. Meanwhile, EGCG improved the pathological features of the hippocampus, increased the activity of SOD and the content of GSH, and decreased the content of MDA in brain tissues. Additionally, EGCG increased the phosphorylation levels of PI3K (p-PI3K) and AKT (p-AKT) in brain tissues, thereby activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Conclusion: EGCG can improve memory function in mice with chronic alcoholic encephalopathy, and its underlying mechanism may be related to the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and the reduction of oxidative damage in brain tissues.
To screen for promising antimicrobial agents from natural sources, this study evaluated the antibacterial effect of nine polyphenols against Escherichia coli based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). From these, ferulic acid and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid were selected for their synergistic antibacterial effect against E. coli. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence microscopy (FM) were used to observe micro-morphological changes in bacterial cells before and after treatment with ferulic acid and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Fluorescent probes were applied to determine membrane potential, inner and outer membrane permeability, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The effect on biofilm formation was investigated using crystal violet staining. The results indicated that the two phenolic acids exerted synergistic antibacterial effect primarily by reducing transmembrane potential, increasing membrane permeability, disrupting membrane integrity as well as bacterial morphology, significantly lowering intracellular ROS levels to interfere with redox signaling, and effectively inhibiting biofilm formation. This study demonstrated great potential for the combined application of these phenolic acids as natural antibacterial agents.
Heyndrickxia coagulans finds wide applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and aquaculture industries due to its high stress resistance. In this study, we investigated the acid tolerance mechanism of H. coagulans by analyzing the effect of acid stress on its intracellular pH (pHin), intracellular ATP content, H+-ATPase activity, cell membrane fatty acid composition, and gene expression. The results showed that under acid stress (pH 3.0), both high acid-tolerant (C6) and low acid-tolerant strains (B8) maintained stable pHin and exhibited increased intracellular ATP content and decreased H+-ATPase activity. The unsaturation degree and average carbon chain length of fatty acids in their cell membranes increased, with C6 exhibiting more prominent performance in these aspects. Transcriptome sequencing analysis identified a total of 1 430 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 639 upregulated and 791 downregulated) in strain C6 under acid stress, which were involved in six functional categories: amino acid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and metabolism, energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, macromolecular protection and repair, and transcription and translation regulation. Under acid stress, C6 enhanced cell membrane fluidity by reducing the content of saturated fatty acids, thereby preventing the influx of hydrogen ions. Meanwhile, it strengthened the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids to reduce the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid via glycolysis, thus avoiding intracellular acidification and maintaining pHin stability. Additionally, C6 was able to increase intracellular energy production by enhancing the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, leading to elevated intracellular ATP content. It also promoted hydrogen ion consumption and energy synthesis by upregulating the expression of genes related to the respiratory chain in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, so as to maintain pHin stability while synthesizing more ATP. Furthermore, we found that the expression of genes encoding molecular chaperones, stress proteins, and DNA repair-related proteins were upregulated, thereby protecting against and repairing damage to biological macromolecules and proteins caused by acid stress. The downregulated expression of ribosomal subunit genes inhibited ribosome synthesis, reduced intracellular protein synthesis, and decreased intracellular ATP consumption, which was consistent with the accumulation of intracellular ATP under acid stress.
Objective:This study was designed to investigate the effects of Fu brick tea polysaccharides(FTP)on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)mice,providing a theoretical basis for the development of FTP-related functional foods.Methods:A mouse model of T2DM was established by feeding a high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(50 mg/kg).The mice were divided into four groups:normal control(NC),model(T2DM),metformin(Met),and FTP.The NC and T2DM groups received saline by gavage,the Met group metformin(100 mg/kg),and the FTP group FTP(200 mg/kg).The administration period lasted for 8 weeks.Serum levels of total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1),interleukin-6(IL-6),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)were measured to evaluate glucose-lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses.Additionally,the gut microbiota and metabolite composition were analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics,respectively.Results:FTP inhibited body mass loss and hyperglycemia in T2DM mice,and improved disordered glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses.Compared with the T2DM group,FTP intervention decreased serum TC,TG,LDL-C,IL-6,and TNF-α by 32.3%,33.0%,36.6%,21.8%,and 15.3%,respectively and increased HDL-C by 20.8%.In addition,FTP altered the composition and abundance of the gut microbiota,notably increasing the relative abundance of beneficial genera such as Bacteroides,Bifidobacterium,and Akkermansia,while decreasing the relative abundance of potentially harmful taxa including norank_f__Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group,Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 and Allobaculum,thereby regulating pathways including linoleic acid metabolism;porphyrin metabolism,arginine biosynthesis;alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism;and cysteine and methionine metabolism.Moreover,it promoted the production of beneficial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),ultimately ameliorating diabetic symptoms.Conclusion:FTP ameliorated glucose and lipid metabolic disorders in T2DM mice by remodeling the gut microbiota and its metabolites.This finding will provide a new perspective and theoretical basis for the application of FTP in functional foods.
In order to investigate the differences in volatile metabolites between Guizhou local dried chili peppers and other varieties, fresh ‘Jizhua’ chili peppers (GZ-JZ), a local variety from Congjiang, Guizhou, and four other cluster-type advanced-generation inbred lines (7013-1-1, GJH18-69, Gy17-14, and SZ14-1) were selected and systematically analyzed for differences in the composition of volatile metabolites using widely targeted metabolomics based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that a total of 885 volatile flavor substances were identified, primarily including 208 terpenes, 154 esters, 91 ketones, 82 alcohols, 82 heterocyclic compounds, 57 hydrocarbons, 54 aldehydes, 40 acids, and 37 phenols. GZ-JZ exhibited the highest diversity and total content of metabolites. By using the cutoff of variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1 with P < 0.05, 108 common differential metabolites were selected, predominantly hydrocarbons (30.2%), esters (20.8%), and terpenoids (18.9%). Results from principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) indicated significant differences between GZ-JZ and the other four inbred lines, whereas the differences among those four varieties were not significant, with terpenoids and esters being the major differential substances. Further, we identified 53 common core differential metabolites, including 16 hydrocarbons, 10 terpenoids, and 11 esters. The relative contents of these differential metabolites were generally higher in GZ-JZ than in the other varieties. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that the key differential metabolic pathways were mainly involved in core carbon and energy metabolism processes, such as glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, carbon metabolism, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, and N-glycan biosynthesis, providing a foundation for the synthesis of secondary metabolites. GZ-JZ exhibited significant upregulation in pathways related to the synthesis of aroma and flavor substances, including terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, and various plant secondary metabolic pathways. This study provides a theoretical basis and data support for elucidating the characteristics of volatile metabolites and varietal differences in Guizhou local chili peppers.
This study established a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)for Salmonella Typhimurium based on nanobodies(Nbs).New Zealand white rabbits were immunized five times with inactivated Salmonella Typhimurium to obtain rabbit anti-Salmonella Typhimurium sera.The titer of rabbit anti-IgG after the fifth immunization was determined to be 1:24 300.Alpacas were immunized five times,and lymphocytes were isolated from the alpacas to extract RNA,which was then reverse-transcribed into cDNA.Nb sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The Nb genes and the phagemid vector pComb3XSS were digested with restriction enzymes,ligated,and recovered.The recovered products were electroporated into competent Escherichia coli ER2738 cells to obtain an immune library of nanobodies against Salmonella Typhimurium.The library size was 1.10×1010 CFU/mL,with an Nb gene insertion rate of 100%.After rescue with helper phage M13KO7,the library titer reached 1.80×1013 PFU/mL.Four rounds of solid-phase panning yielded 16 positive clones using phage-ELISA,and sequencing identified them as the same nanobody,designated Nb-16.The nanobody was expressed in competent E.coli BL21(DE3)PLysS cells,and a double-antibody sandwich ELISA based on Nb-16 was established using rabbit polyclonal antibodies.The half-maximal effective concentration(EC50)of this method was 6.071×105 CFU/mL,with 20%effective concentration(EC20)and 80%effective concentration EC80 in the range of 8.944×104-4.121×106 CFU/mL.The limit of detection(LOD)was 1.3×104 CFU/mL,and the limit of quantification(LOQ)was 1.7×104 CFU/mL.This method showed no cross-reactivity with other common pathogenic bacteria.The recovery for spiked lettuce samples was approximately 89%.Our method provides a reliable new approach for monitoring Salmonella Typhimurium in vegetables and offers a new pathway for the rapid detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in food and feed.
