The writing of country geography is essential for addressing the defining challenges of our time. This study focuses on the systematic innovation of conceptual and methodological foundations by developing an operational paradigm that integrates "concepts-methods-techniques". Grounded in the dual demands of national strategy and disciplinary development, and drawing on the experience of the World Country and Regional Geography Research Series, this study explores the theoretical framework and practical pathways for writing country geography in the new era. Country geography writing has transcended traditional chorographic description to become an important field of knowledge that serves national strategic decision-making, deepens disciplinary theoretical innovation, and addresses global challenges. The study establishes an integrated writing paradigm characterized by "systems thinking as the framework, problem-oriented demands as the driver, global interconnectedness as the reference, and data-driven approaches as the tool." At its core lies the fundamental principle of "problem orientation and demand-driven," which is interwoven with three key conceptual threads: "systematicity and dynamism" "globalization and connectivity", and "interdisciplinarity and comprehensiveness". Using Geography of Myanmar as a narrative vehicle, this study innovatively proposes a "four-first" working logic centered on "research before writing, data before research, groundwork before analysis, and specifics before synthesis," while emphasizing the systematic empowerment of new technologies and methods such as big data and artificial intelligence in the writing process. Through the synergy of these ideas and methods, this study aims to promote a paradigm shift in country geography writing from static regional description to dynamic strategic simulation, thereby producing "strategic knowledge products" that possess both academic foresight and decision-support value, and providing geographical disciplinary support for the construction of an independent knowledge system of country and area studies with Chinese characteristics. The innovation of ideas and methodology in country geography writing is an open proposition, and its vitality resides in continuous critical examination and dynamic adaptation.
Optimal utilization of industrial land amid a regional scale is often found constrained by administrative boundaries in the Yangtze River Delta. This has led to regional fragmentation and uneven land resource distribution, thereby undermining regional integration and the progressive development among prefectures. Against this background, this study constructs a comprehensive framework for spatial governance and industrial land layout optimization based on a hybrid framework consisting of control rights and spatial development rights. It takes the China-Singapore Jiashan Modern Industrial Park as an empirical case to substantiate the research objectives. This study demonstrates that goal-setting power, supervision power, and decision-making power present obvious fragmentation across administrative levels. To address this issue, governance powers should be aligned with planning proposal power, interrogation power, and distribution power. Hence, the establishment of a matching mechanism combining power allocation and performance evaluation can effectively bridge the mismatch between administrative powers and property rights in regional land management. Under the institutional constraint of administrative subcontracting, higher-level governments have taken back core regulatory powers, forcing local governments to abandon the extensive mode of incremental land expansion and fully tap the potential of existing land stock. Correspondingly, the source of spatial benefits has shifted from land scale dividends to dividends generated by intensive land use and high-quality development. In practice, the local government adopts hierarchical division of control rights and market-oriented governance approaches, which appropriately transfers the revenue distribution rights to introduce social and market resources. It also applies a reform denoted by "evaluating enterprises by average output" to coordinate economic growth, industrial upgrading, and ecological protection, to achieve a more balanced development of multiple goals. This governance model featuring state-business collaboration and refined allocation of powers and responsibilities can rebuild the regional revenue distribution system without adjusting existing administrative divisions. Generally, this study enriches the conceptualization of regional spatial governance by integrating control rights and spatial development rights within a hybrid framework. It also provides robust theoretical support and practical references for cross-boundary industrial land governance, the remediation of underused territorial space, and precise project admission in urban agglomerations. This integrated analytical perspective complements the existing theoretical research on regional spatial governance. Additionally, it delivers actionable experience for cross-jurisdictional industrial land management, stock land renovation, and targeted project access in integrated urban agglomerations across China.
Tourism development promotes the renewal and cultural revitalization of historical urban core communities while reshaping their functional structures, social relations, and cultural practices. Unlike one-off external shocks, tourism development involves both resource gains and structural pressures. Therefore, community resilience in historical urban areas lies not in restoring a previous state but in continuous adaptation and systemic reorganization under the constraints of historical continuity and community life. Taking Ziyang Street in Linhai (Zhejiang Province, China) as a case study, the CRITIC method, an obstacle degree model, and an intra-community sectional comparison analysis were used to examine the temporal evolution and spatial differentiation of community resilience under sustained tourism disturbance. Three main findings were observed. First, Ziyang Street has evolved through four stages: resource introduction, path reinforcement, structural loosening, and adaptive reorganization. These stage transitions were jointly shaped by external disturbances, including policy interventions, market changes, and the adaptive responses of the local government, business operators, and residents following a logic of “external disturbance-actor response-structural adjustment.” Second, sections with different levels of tourism development exhibit distinct resilience structures and combinations of constraints. The southern section benefits from a stronger concentration of resources and governance inputs but faces greater pressures on social relations and the living environment. The central section represents a transitional area in which tourism functions and community life are continuously adjusting. The northern section retains stronger neighborhood networks and cultural continuity but is constrained by its weaker infrastructure and lower level of institutional support. Although the overall resilience scores differed only slightly, the internal structures and obstacle profiles varied markedly, revealing the coexistence and spatial nesting of different adaptive states within the same community. Third, the relationship between tourism development and community resilience is nonlinear. Tourism generates resource gains through employment, consumption, destination branding, public investment, and infrastructure improvement while also creating structural pressures through commercialization, changes in residential functions, the restructuring of social relations, and cultural commodification. Therefore, resilience is not determined by the intensity of tourism but by whether external tourism resources can be absorbed, coordinated, and transformed into internal adaptive capacities through actor collaboration, cultural continuity, institutional responses, and public service provision. On this basis, the evolution of community resilience on Ziyang Street is conceptualized as “tourism disturbance-actor adaptation-spatial differentiation-functional complementarity-system reorganization.” Tourism disturbances bring resources and pressure, prompting multiple actors to adjust their resource allocation, functional arrangements, and relational networks. Differences in local foundations generate differentiated adaptive trajectories, whereas variations in tourism services, everyday community life, and cultural continuity create functional complementarity. Therefore, resilience in tourism-oriented historical urban core communities should be understood as a process-based capacity to maintain core values and generate new development capabilities through continuous adaptation and systemic reorganization rather than as an ability to restore a previous state. This study makes three theoretical contributions. First, it advances our understanding of resilience in historical communities from a “disturbance-recovery” logic to “adaptive reorganization constrained by historical continuity,” highlighting cultural continuity as both a component of resilience and a value boundary for systemic change. Second, it extends adaptive cycle theory from aggregate stage identification to a framework of “temporal evolution-stage coexistence-spatial nesting-actor adaptation,” revealing asynchronous adaptive states within a single community. Third, it moves tourism-impact research beyond the dichotomy of “empowerment versus constraint” toward a process-oriented mechanism of “external resources-internal adaptive capacity,” emphasizing the abilities of communities to absorb, coordinate, transform, and reorganize tourism-related resources. In practice, the governance of historical cultural districts and tourism and leisure districts should shift from a static balance between conservation and development to a resilience-oriented adaptive approach. Evaluations should consider not only visitor flows, consumption, and commercial vitality but also cultural continuity, resident participation, community relations, and governance adaptability. Strategies should address varying tourism pressures and resilience constraints, thereby transforming tourism resources into long-term community adaptive and developmental capacities.
The Geng Lubu (literally “Logbook of Sea Routes”) constitutes a unique genre of indigenous nautical manuals developed by Chinese fishermen—particularly those operating around Hainan Island—from the Ming-Qing period well into the twentieth century. These manuscripts encode vital navigational intelligence: course directions, compass bearings, sailing times, tidal rhythms, and topographical landmarks, which enabled coastal and open-sea voyaging without sophisticated instruments. However, illustrated copies that integrate both text and images are exceedingly rare. The newly discovered Zheng Changmei manuscript of the Liushui Geng Lubu represents one of the few known, well-preserved instances of an image-text integrated Geng Lubu to date, containing extensive textual entries accompanied by 24 full-page landscape-and-seascape drawings (shanshui shitu). This study aims to systematically examine the manuscript from multiple perspectives, including its material composition, textual stratification, image-text inter-referential mechanisms, and regional navigational logic. The overarching goal is to elucidate its production history, its cognitive encoding of maritime space, and its distinctive position within the broader Geng Lubu tradition, thereby contributing to a more nuanced understanding of the diversity of Chinese indigenous nautical knowledge. This study adopts a tripartite theoretical framework: (1) textual genetics (critique génétique), which traces the processes of knowledge transmission and accretion through the analysis of writing traces and material stratification; (2) image-text studies, which examine the functional complementarity between the two representational modes of verbal text and visual imagery; and (3) regional knowledge analysis, which situates the manuscript within the socio-economic and ecological context of the fishing communities of western Hainan. Three major conclusions are drawn from this study: 1) The Zheng Changmei manuscript exhibits multiple writing traces—brush pen, ballpoint pen, and fountain pen—which together manifest a pronounced “stratified” or “accretional” textual character. This layering reflects the transmission and mutation of indigenous nautical knowledge from the Qing dynasty through to the 1980s. The manuscript’s landscape-and-seascape drawings (shanshui shitu) can be traced back to an original template dating from the Qianlong to Guangxu reigns (approximately 1736-1908) of the Qing dynasty. 2) As one of the rarest and most complete illustrated Geng Lubu specimens yet discovered, the manuscript’s 24 shanshui shitu and its textual entries together constitute a “mutually constitutive graphic-textual” (tuwen hugouxing) navigational knowledge system. Within this system, the textual component is responsible for a “linear” encoding of time and course bearings, while the visual component provides a “topological” encoding of spatial topography. Together, these two modalities form a distinctive cognitive schema unique to the Chinese junk-sailing era. 3) The manuscript documents a “Six-Chong Tide Method” (liuchong liufa) that records tidal patterns using the 12 Earthly Branches in mutually opposing (chong) relationships. Its Fushui Zhou (Floating-Water Island) route cluster constructs a navigational network spanning the Gulf of Tonkin (Beibu Gulf), while its circum-Hainan coastal route covers over 90 geographic features—including harbors, bays, and lookout peaks (wangshan). This integrated “trans-sea + circum-insular” navigational system embodies a commercial-maritime cognitive paradigm centered on Yinggehai, which stands in clear regional contrast to the Geng Lubu tradition of the Tanmen fishermen from Qionghai, eastern Hainan, whose manuscripts are primarily oriented toward open-sea fishing in distant waters.
The citizenization of rural migrants is a central task of China’s new-type urbanization and bears directly on national modernization. Prior scholarship has focused largely on structural barriers and institutional constraints, treating rural migrants primarily as passive objects of adaptation. This paper instead adopts a social resilience perspective to uncover the dynamic adjustment mechanisms underlying the citizenization process. Tracing the evolution of resilience theory from engineering and ecological resilience to evolutionary and social resilience, the study defines citizenization resilience as the dynamic and multidimensional capacity of rural migrants to cope with multiple pressures, achieve social integration, and ultimately promote social transformation throughout the rural-to-urban migration process. Its essence lies in the continuous interaction and resource recombination between migrants and their social and institutional environments: migrants serve as the internal drivers of resilience, while government and society function as mutually reinforcing external drivers. The paper develops an analytical framework consisting of three dimensions. The identity dimension concerns migrants’ psychological and cultural integration. Drawing on acculturation theory, the study argues that the integration pathway, which sustains a bicultural identity, has greater resilience potential than the assimilation pathway, with outcomes jointly shaped by individual endowments and the urban context. The social network dimension emphasizes the development and expansion of diversified support networks that provide emotional, informational, and instrumental support, the breadth and quality of which directly shape migrants’ well-being and their capacity to buffer external shocks. The institutional support dimension, grounded in new institutionalism, stresses the coordination between governmental institutional provision and migrants’ effective utilization of institutional resources, and argues that integrated reforms of the hukou system, rural land, and social security are more effective than any single-policy reform. The study further proposes that citizenization resilience evolves through three sequential stages: a survival-oriented stage, characterized by passive adaptation and reliance on kinship networks; a development-oriented stage, marked by active adaptation, identity reconstruction, and increasing demands for equal urban rights; and a transformation-oriented stage, in which migrants shift from objects of governance to active participants in governance, engage in institutional innovation, and help enhance the overall social resilience of cities. Digital technologies are identified as a new driver that expands access to resources and accelerates this evolutionary process. By extending social resilience theory to the field of rural-to-urban migration, the paper makes several contributions. It addresses the prevailing tendency to emphasize individual adaptation at the expense of systemic interaction, moves beyond the conventional dichotomy of “adaptation versus integration,” and advances citizenization research from static analyses of barriers to the dynamic processes through which resilience is developed. It thereby offers a new theoretical perspective on the mechanisms of citizenization, provides support for building a sustainable citizenization policy system, and contributes to advancing people-centered urbanization. Finally, the paper proposes a series of testable propositions for future empirical research and presents four policy recommendations, covering multidimensional resilience support, reversible rural-to-urban mobility channels, digitally enabled differentiated policies, and cost-sharing and risk-reserve mechanisms.
This study uses panel data including 184 economies worldwide from 2000 to 2023 to explore the evolutionary patterns and driving mechanisms of cross-border spatial linkages in transportation-related carbon emissions. While existing literature predominantly constructs static carbon emission networks based on embodied carbon and input-output frameworks, few studies have investigated the global dynamic linkages of direct incremental carbon emissions generated by transportation activities or interpreted the formation of asymmetric network hierarchies. This study integrates a modified gravity model, social network analysis, and Temporal Exponential Random Graph Model (TERGM) for empirical analysis. The empirical procedure consists of three sequential steps. First, a modified gravity model was adopted to quantify the bilateral linkage intensity of transportation carbon emissions between economies, and a row-mean threshold method was applied to construct a directed Global Transportation Carbon Emission Spatial Correlation Network (GTCN). Second, the spatiotemporal evolutionary traits of the network were unpacked across three dimensions: overall topological features, nodal centrality, and community architecture. Finally, the TERGM was specified with four sets of variables, including nodal attributes, edge attributes, endogenous structural factors, and time-lag terms, to identify the underlying driving forces shaping network formation and shifts. Three core empirical findings were obtained. (1) Overall network evolution. The overall linkage intensity of global transportation carbon emissions increased continuously over the study period, accompanied by improved network agglomeration and connectivity along with shortened average path lengths, which strengthened the network’s small-world properties. Three major agglomerated clusters emerged and consolidated, led by the United States in North America, China in East Asia, and Germany in Europe, with cross-cluster ties growing increasingly dense over time. (2) Nodal hierarchical distribution. Nodal positioning exhibits a striking asymmetry within the network. The United States, Bermuda, and Norway persistently occupy core positions. Although China registers high outgoing linkage intensity via carbon emission outflows, it lacks intermediary capacity, and its connections remain largely confined to East Asia, keeping it from attaining core global nodal status. Notably, several small, shipping-based economies outperform traditional large economies, such as Britain and France, creating a mismatch between economic scale and nodal hub status. (3) Test results. Multiple factors govern network evolution. Government effectiveness has universally positive effects on the establishment of linkages. Economic scale displays asymmetric effects, restraining outward link formation while facilitating the reception of incoming ties. Transportation attributes display heterogeneous functional roles. Geographic and institutional proximity significantly promotes the generation of bilateral carbon ties. Endogenous reciprocal structures within the network, together with path dependence, are rooted in historical network configurations, slow structural adjustments, and sustained steady network development. Drawing on these structural patterns and regression outcomes, this study discusses the mechanism behind the mismatch between economic size and network standing. From a topological perspective, China’s transportation linkages are concentrated in a triangular structure with Japan and South Korea, leading to path lock-in within East Asia. By contrast, the United States builds globally spanning hub-and-spoke connections to secure dominant network control. Although they lack high-intensity individual ties, Bermuda, Norway, and comparable small economies have achieved deep structural embedding through extensive and diversified cross-border connections. Consistent with the TERGM results, larger economies tend to maintain regional ties with low motivation to expand globally, whereas small open economies flexibly build widespread international linkages, fully accounting for the asymmetric hierarchical structure observed in the GTCN. This study offers three primary marginal contributions: (1) It constructs a GTCN based on actual linkage intensity, overcoming the deficiencies of conventional spatial econometric approaches that inadequately depict relational linkages with limited measurement dimensions. (2) It systematically dissects network formation and evolution on a global scale, filling gaps in previous region-focused research. (3) The TERGM enables the dynamic identification of key determinants governing network dynamics, advancing the analytical depth relative to static network models. Accordingly, we propose targeted policy recommendations, including breaking the East Asian regional lock-in, shifting development from scale expansion to hub competitiveness, and implementing differentiated carbon accounting rules for air and maritime transport. The conclusions provide empirical support for China’s participation in global low-carbon governance by targeting transportation emissions reduction.
Under the fundamental condition of a populous country dominated by smallholder farming, this study compares two principal pathways of moderate-scale operation for linking smallholders to modern agriculture: land-transfer-based and socialized service-driven. Rather than treating scale management solely as a productivity issue, it situates it within the evolution of urban-rural relations, arguing that pathway choice is jointly determined by the functional differentiation of farmland and farm households. The study clarifies the boundaries among land-transfer-based, socialized service-driven, and land-trusteeship-based operations; the conditions under which they coexist, substitute for one another, or act as complements; and their applicability across regions and heterogeneous households. Combining induction, deduction, and economic modeling, it links, at the macro level, urban-rural relations, farmland functions, and changes in agricultural operators across four evolutionary stages and, at the micro level, models smallholder decisions with a comprehensive utility function integrating productive utility (income from self-cultivation, off-farm wages, land rent, or trusteeship returns) and nonproductive utility (unemployment buffering, old-age security, emotional attachment, and welfare from urban public services and citizenship); quality-enhancing and cost-reducing factors capture efficiency gains from improved seeds, machinery, digital technologies, and organizational management. The results show that the declining viability of traditional smallholder farming stems from rising labor opportunity costs: farmland shifts from an integrated carrier of production and security functions toward their differentiation and becomes a predominantly productive asset as social security is institutionalized. Human-land separation is defined as a composite indicator of off-farm labor migration, the rising non-farm share of household income, the conversion of household registration from agricultural to non-agricultural status, and the substitution of urban social security for farmland security. Greater nonproductive utility from urban areas raises total utility under both pathways, but it increases the optimal transfer ratio only under long-term land transfer; under the production-trusteeship pathway, it does not necessarily change the optimal trusteeship ratio. Because land trusteeship does not alter the attribution of land contracting and management rights, it retains farmland's social security function. Land-transfer operators remain profitable only if scale returns cover land rent, wages, and capital costs, whereas service-driven returns depend on service-demand density, machinery utilization, and contractual stability. Thus, without changing land contract relations, contiguous service delivery can substitute for contiguous land concentration, and neither pathway is absolutely superior or inferior to the other. Long-term land transfer suits areas with stable off-farm employment and sound social security; socialized services suit areas with pronounced aging and part-time farming where farmland retains strong security functions; and land trusteeship suits semi-urbanized transitional areas. Policy should therefore be stratified and category-specific: areas with high human-land separation should improve land-transfer markets and support farm operators, those with low separation should prioritize agricultural socialized services and production trusteeship, and transitional areas should develop short-term transfer, seasonal trusteeship, and shareholding cooperation. This study incorporates farmland's nonproductive functions into the analysis of agricultural organizational transformation, constructs a comprehensive utility framework across gradients of human-land separation, and specifies when service scaling substitutes for or complements land scaling.
Against the backdrop of deepening globalization and informatization, intercity connections have become increasingly networked, and new media platforms have emerged as important channels for cultural communication and creative collaboration. Existing studies on urban creative networks have primarily focused on traditional cultural industries, enterprise organizational relationships, and industrial cluster linkages, while relatively little attention has been paid to video co-creation among individual creators on digital platforms and the urban spatial structures generated by such relationships. Taking Bilibili as a case study, this research examined 423 leading content creators with more than two million followers and 19,116 valid collaborative videos posted between June 1, 2018, and June 1, 2023. The cities in which the participating creators were located were treated as network nodes, and the number of collaborative videos between cities was used to measure the intensity of intercity creative collaboration. This study applied the rank-size rule, social network analysis, and Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) regression to investigate the hierarchical structure, spatial connection patterns, community structure, and influencing factors of the network. The results showed that the urban creative collaboration network among new media creators exhibited a clear core-periphery structure. Shanghai, Beijing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, and Chongqing occupied prominent positions in terms of collaborative scale, network accessibility, and connectivity. The rank-size analysis yielded a Zipf index of 1.68, indicating a certain degree of polarization in the distribution of collaborative videos across cities, with Shanghai and Beijing functioning as major hubs in the network. Intercity collaboration displayed a spatial pattern characterized by stronger connections in the east, weaker connections in the west, and clustering within major urban agglomerations. Network ties were concentrated primarily within the Yangtze River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Pearl River Delta, and Chengdu-Chongqing regions, as well as among their core cities. The Shanghai-Beijing, Shanghai-Shenzhen, and Shanghai-Hangzhou city pairs recorded connection strengths of 440, 427, and 364, respectively. By contrast, the intercity connections in northwestern, southwestern, and northeastern China were relatively weak, indicating that the network remained spatially uneven. Community differentiation was relatively weak and core cities played an important bridging role across communities. The network had a modularity value of only 0.033, suggesting that the community boundaries were not strongly defined. Its average clustering coefficient was 0.698 and its average path length was 1.939, indicating strong local clustering and a relatively compact network structure, together with frequent cross-community and cross-regional collaboration. Analysis of the influencing factors further showed that the QAP model was statistically significant overall, with an adjusted R2 of 0.14. This suggests that pairwise differences in city-level socioeconomic attributes provide some explanatory power for variations in intercity collaboration, although the overall explanatory power remains limited. Several pairwise differences in economic development, cultural industry conditions, and information-related attributes were significantly associated with collaboration intensity. However, pairwise differences in city-level socioeconomic attributes alone are insufficient to fully explain variations in intercity collaboration intensity, indicating that creator characteristics, content types, and platform mechanisms warrant further investigation. Overall, the urban creative collaboration network among new media creators exhibits frequent cross-regional ties while remaining concentrated in core cities and major urban agglomerations, with persistent regional spatial disparities. By constructing intercity creative connections from video co-creation relationships among individual creators on a digital platform, this study extends the relational basis of urban creative network research to platform-based video co-creation and provides new empirical evidence for understanding the spatial organization and influencing factors of urban creative collaboration in the context of new media platforms.
The low-altitude economy is emerging as a new driving force for comprehensive rural revitalization. Its successful implementation hinges on the systematically aligning technology with multidimensional factors, including regional characteristics, institutional environments, and market conditions. However, current research in low-altitude geography lacks a systematic analytical framework and empirical evidence regarding how technology responds to spatial heterogeneity and how institutions adapt to spatial restructuring demands. To address this gap, this paper introduces the theory of low-altitude geography and constructs a "technology-space-institution" collaborative analytical framework. Positioning the "suitability scenario" as the core nexus linking low-altitude technology with rural territorial space, we systematically elaborate on its ‘diagnosis-design-iteration’ dynamic transmission mechanism. Using Zhuhai as a case study, we conducted a suitability analysis of the rural low-altitude economy, examining the distinct demands of diverse rural types—coastal islands, plain water towns, and peri-urban integration areas—across technological, spatial, and institutional dimensions. We classify suitability scenarios into four dimensions—production, consumption, service, and governance—and refine twelve sub-scenarios tailored to Zhuhai’s rural characteristics, distilling four development models: "industry-village integration," "modern breeding," "terrestrial landscape," and "island charm." These findings demonstrate that low-altitude geography provides a theoretical perspective for systematically coupling airspaces as resources, technology, and social spaces. Low-altitude technology reshapes the modes of resource flow, industrial organization, and social governance structure in rural areas, establishing a dynamic circular system characterized by "technology-driven, space-bearing, and institution-regulated" interactions. Suitability emerges as a key principle for sustainable development, where suitability scenarios depend on a comprehensive balance between technical feasibility, economic sustainability, social acceptability, and policy compliance. These differentiated development models represent a concrete embodiment of a collaborative framework on specific spatial foundations. Consequently, territorial spatial planning must undergo a paradigm shift from a "static blueprint" to a "dynamic collaborative empowerment platform," entailing systematic innovations in spatial patterns, land-use policies, facility systems, and governance platforms. The "diagnosis-design-iteration" dynamic transmission mechanism of suitability scenario planning reveals that rural low-altitude planning must continuously iterate within a "monitoring-feedback-optimization" closed loop, thereby providing methodological support for empirical testing and planning responses. The Zhuhai experience demonstrates that suitability-oriented planning responses can provide vital spatial safeguards and regulatory guidance for the scientific, orderly, and inclusive development of the rural low-altitude economy. These findings hold significant theoretical and practical implications for improving the territorial spatial planning system and fostering new quality productive forces in rural areas.
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition profoundly affects the carbon (C) sink function of vegetation in terrestrial ecosystems. As an important exogenous N input pathway, atmospheric N deposition can alleviate scarcities in N availability to plants, thereby promoting the growth of vegetation and their C sink potential. However, the contribution of atmospheric N deposition to vegetation C sinks varies considerably across regions and ecosystem types owing to spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the deposition intensity and \begin{document}$ \text{NH}_{4}^{+} $\end{document}/\begin{document}$ \text{NO}_{3}^{-} $\end{document} ratio, plant preferences for specific N forms, and seasonal variations in photosynthetic efficiency. Karst rocky desertification restoration areas are important C sink hotspots in China. As the two most widely distributed vegetation types in this region, grasslands and shrub-grasslands represent key stages in the natural restoration succession of rocky desertification. Therefore, the responses of these vegetation types to atmospheric N deposition and their associated C sink capacities are important issues to clarify before the C sink potential of the region can be accurately assessed. However, this region is characterized by shallow soils, rapid surface-subsurface hydrologic processes, and high susceptibility to N loss, suggesting that the contribution of atmospheric N deposition to karst vegetation C sinks and its underlying regulatory mechanisms may differ from those in non-karst ecosystems. Thus, we selected naturally restored grasslands and shrub-grasslands in the Duokan watershed of Tiandeng County, Guangxi as the research objects of this study. We quantified the contribution of atmospheric N deposition to C sequestration in these two vegetation types via the field monitoring of N deposition, in situ 15N isotope tracing, and stoichiometric plant C:N analysis. The following results were obtained: (1) Atmospheric N deposition contributed 66.43 ~109.57 kg C/(hm2·a) to vegetation C sequestration in naturally restored rocky desertification ecosystems, with an average of 87.10±8.36 kg C/(hm2·a). Although the vegetation biomass in shrub-grasslands was 2.82 times higher than that in grasslands, N deposition-induced vegetation C sequestration did not differ significantly between the two vegetation types, amounting to 94.89 ± 11.55 kg C/(hm2·a) in grasslands and 79.32 ± 12.46 kg C/(hm2·a) in shrub-grasslands. This was mainly attributed to the similarities in N deposition input, plant N recovery rate, and vegetation C sequestration efficiency between the two vegetation types. This indicates that given similar N deposition inputs, biomass differences are not the key factor driving the divergence in N deposition-induced C sequestration between the two vegetation types. (2) Atmospheric N deposition was significantly higher during the wet season than during the dry season. However, the amount of vegetation C sequestration contributed by N deposition did not differ significantly between the two seasons, amounting to 43.61±6.74 kg C/(hm2·season) in the dry season and 43.49±4.40 kg C/(hm2·season) in the wet season. This was attributed to a higher deposited-N retention capacity, plant N recovery rate, and vegetation C sequestration efficiency during the dry season. (3) The vegetation C sequestration contributed by nitrate deposition [50.78±4.76 kg C/(hm2·a)] was approximately 40% higher than that contributed by ammonium deposition [36.32±5.57 kg C/(hm2·a)] owing to the higher C sequestration efficiency of nitrate, particularly during the dry season. This suggests that \begin{document}$ \text{NO}_{3}^{-} $\end{document} deposition has a greater potential to increase C sinks in naturally restored rocky desertification ecosystems. In summary, atmospheric N deposition contributes substantially to the vegetation C sink in naturally restored rocky desertification ecosystems, and its magnitude is co-regulated by the deposited-N composition, ecosystem N retention capacity, plant N uptake, and C sequestration efficiency. However, given the projected decline in total N deposition, coupled with an increasing proportion of \begin{document}$ \text{NO}_{3}^{-} $\end{document} deposition in the future, the vegetation C sink potential of this region remains uncertain.
The South China Sea Islands and their adjacent waters—as an integral part of China’s inherent territory—have profound strategic significance. The formation, evolution, and standardization of these official place names encapsulate China’s enduring endeavors to develop, manage, and govern the South China Sea, while serving as a pivotal conduit for constructing national identity. Since the advent of critical toponymy, place names have been redefined as a symbolic system laden with power relations, ideologies, and cultural politics. The processes of naming, renaming, and standardizing place names are essentially political practices in which specific entities impose meaning and order on geographical spaces. In this context, this study adopts the theoretical lens of critical toponymy. It examines the three standardized naming initiatives for the South China Sea Islands (in 1983, 2020, and 2024) as its research focus. Combining literature review, textual analysis, and historical comparison, this study systematically explores the political and cultural logic underlying the standardization of place names from the perspectives of power, memory, and identity. Studies reveal that the three naming practices are characterized by notable features of “historical continuity, local integration, and scientific enrichment.” Official historical continuity is motivated by both the imperative for stability and the acknowledgment of the positive connotations of cultural and political symbols embedded in the place names of preceding administrations. Integrating fishermen’s place names elevates their collective memory to the national level and signals to the international community China’s historical presence and ongoing stewardship of the South China Sea. At the same time, scientific naming is essential for marine resource development and highlights the government’s administrative capacity over the South China Sea space. Against the backdrop of international discourse competition, these naming practices have transcended their practical utility and evolved into highly symbolic cultural and political emblems: they materialize national sovereignty claims in the realm of power, forge a continuous historical narrative of the Chinese nation’s engagement with the South China Sea in the realm of memory, and reinvigorate national identity in the realm of identity. This outcome also underscores that the standardized naming of the South China Sea Islands is a technical exercise and a profound cultural and political endeavor. While bolstering national sovereignty, it also mirrors the intense struggle for international discourse dominance. In constructing a historical continuum for the nation, it politicizes spatial representation and contributes discourse resources imbued with Chinese agency to the endeavor of building China into a 21st-century maritime power. Place names, thus, emerge as a strategic symbolic arena intertwining history, power, and identity. Theoretically, the study breaks free from the traditional textual emphasis in place name research, offering an analytical framework grounded in critical toponymy for the study of South China Sea place names. Practically, it enhances our understanding of the political rationale behind the standardization of South China Sea place names and provides theoretical underpinnings for China to articulate its claims on the international stage.
As cross-border mobility intensifies and digital media becomes increasingly embedded in everyday life, traditional folk practices are reorganizing within wider social networks, creating new challenges for border governance. Using cockfighting activities in Yunnan’s border areas as a case, this study draws on risk society theory and develops an analytical framework of “risk generation-risk diffusion-risk governance.” It examines how a culturally embedded folk practice may become risk-bearing under specific conditions, how related risks extend beyond local settings, and how governance can respond to such changes without treating the cultural practice itself as a security problem. Empirical data were gathered through fieldwork conducted from September 2024 to April 2025, comprising semi-structured interviews with 26 participants, participant and non-participant observations, and multiple secondary sources, including policy documents, 92 judicial cases related to gambling and smuggling, news reports, online materials, and event records. Additionally, social network analysis of 81 identifiable cockfighting teams was used as an auxiliary method to identify the relational structure of cross-regional interactions rather than as direct evidence of risk diffusion. The findings are as follows: (1) Cockfighting does not inherently pose border risks; rather, Risk transformation begins when an activity’s is organizational structure shifts. When repeated competitions, continuous betting, profit-taking through commissions, gamecock trading, cross-border gamecock circulation, and online organizations become increasingly involved in activities that were originally centered on festival entertainment and social interaction, some practices gradually depart from their cultural roots and become associated with gambling, informal transactions, animal quarantine, and public order risks. While cultural legitimacy and local familiarity do not directly generate such risks, but may reduce local sensitivity to changes in the nature of the activity and delay risk recognition. (2) The diffusion of associated risks is not an automatic outcome of geographical expansion of cockfighting. Rather, it is a relational process in which risk-bearing practices extend through preexisting social and regional connections. Acquaintance-based ties sustain participation within villages, whereas repeated competition and interactions among cockfighting teams connect different localities. Gamecock circulation, cross-border mobility, and digital platforms have expanded the movements of participants, information, and transactions across villages, counties, and prefectures. Therefore, network analysis reveals the structural conditions and potential channels through which cross-regional connections are maintained rather than demonstrating that the network itself causes risk diffusion. These relationships become potential channels for risk spillover only when betting, profit seeking, informal transactions, or other risk-bearing practices enter and use them. (3) The difficulty of central governance lies in the mismatch between the continuous and cross-regional nature of the risk process and the existing governance practices that remain largely event-based and territorially fragmented. Reliance on reports, temporary inspections, and on-site enforcement can constrain individual gatherings, but often fails to follow the broader chains through which organizers, gamecock sources, financial transactions, and online communication remain connected. Governance must therefore shift from blanket event control to a framework that combines classification-based identification, chain-based tracing, multi-actor coordination, and dynamic feedback. Cockfighting practices should be categorized according to their purpose, organizational mode, and degree of profit-making. Cultural displays and small-scale non-profit village entertainment should be regulated and guided proportionately, whereas activities involving repeated betting, commission-based profits, organized operation, cross-border gamecock sources, or online recruitment require continuous tracing across event organization, gamecock circulation, financial flows, and platform communication. Overall, this study shows that the risks associated with border folk activities do not originate from cultural traditions. They gradually emerge when local practices are reorganized, profit-oriented relationships deepen, and existing social and cross-regional connections become involved in risk-bearing activities. Therefore, effective border governance should move beyond the ex-post handling of isolated events toward the continuous identification of risk transformation and coordinated intervention across the processes through which such risks are generated and extended.
The rapid expansion of rubber plantations in Cambodia has substantially reshaped regional land-cover patterns. However, nationally consistent, long-term, and annual information on their spatial dynamics remains limited. This study developed an annual mapping and analysis framework to characterize Cambodian rubber plantations from 1987 to 2022 using the Google Earth Engine platform. Landsat and Sentinel-2 time-series imagery were integrated with spectral, vegetation-index, phenological, textural, change, and topographic features. To address the scarcity of historical training samples, a semi-automatic sample migration strategy based on Continuous Change Detection and Classification was used to transfer stable reference samples backward through time, followed by manual verification. A random forest classifier was then implemented within a seven-class land-cover framework to reduce confusion between rubber plantations and evergreen forest, deciduous forest, cropland, and other plantation types. The annual classifications achieved overall accuracies exceeding 80% and Kappa coefficients above 0.75 throughout the study period, demonstrating stable performance despite changes in satellite sensors and observation conditions. Remote-sensing estimates were also highly consistent with official statistics in their long-term trends (R2 = 0.99, RMSE = 8,705 hm2, and rRMSE = 5.24%). However, differences in the treatment of immature plantations and statistical reporting indicate that the two data sources are not fully equivalent. Rubber plantation area increased from 47,000 hm2 in 1987 to 414,800 hm2 in 2022 and exhibited three distinct development stages: slow growth (1987-2005), rapid expansion (2006-2017), and high-level adjustment (2018-2022). Spatially, the distribution evolved from a single-core pattern centered on the traditional eastern plantation zone to a multi-core pattern extending into central-eastern and northeastern Cambodia. Land-cover transition analysis indicated that expansion was driven primarily by forest conversion. Natural forest conversion accounted for 96.45%, 95.99%, and 89.48% of newly established rubber plantations during the three stages, respectively. Pixel-level annual state-sequence analysis further showed that 777,300 hm2 were identified as rubber plantations at least once during the study period. Of this area, 26.99% remained continuously classified as rubber after initial detection, 46.64% exited the rubber class and were not reclassified as rubber by 2022, and 26.37% experienced a temporary interruption before being reidentified as rubber and remaining classified as rubber in 2022. Among the rubber plantations mapped in 2022, continuously retained and renewed-retained pixels accounted for 50.58% and 49.42%, respectively, whereas only 2,206.35 hm2 (0.53% of the 2022 total) were consistently identified as rubber throughout all 36 years. These state changes may reflect replanting, temporary land-cover transitions, immature canopy conditions, or classification uncertainty and therefore should not be interpreted as direct evidence of plantation rotation cycles. As a supplementary analysis, annual net area change exhibited a short-term association with inflation-adjusted international rubber prices, with the strongest correlation observed at a one-year lag (r = 0.786). Although this finding is consistent with previous studies, it is insufficient to establish a single causal mechanism. Overall, this study provides a nationally consistent annual dataset of Cambodian rubber plantations spanning 36 years. The dataset advances understanding of long-term expansion, forest conversion, retention, exit, and renewal dynamics while demonstrating a transferable framework for monitoring perennial crops and planted forests in tropical regions where historical training samples are limited and valid optical observations are constrained.
The development of the digital economy can effectively alleviate labor market pressures, and university graduates, with their high educational backgrounds and strong competencies, have demonstrated considerable adaptability to the digital economy. By creating diverse employment and entrepreneurial opportunities, the digital economy has become an increasingly important factor shaping the intercity migration of university graduates. Consequently, its influence on graduate migration has attracted growing attention from both scholars and policymakers. Traditional migration theories, including push-pull theory, human capital theory, and social network theory, require re-examination and refinement to account for the transformative effects of the digital economy. However, empirical research on the relationship between digital economic development and the intercity migration of university graduates remains limited, and a systematic theoretical framework comprehensively explaining the underlying mechanisms is still lacking. Therefore, using employment survey data on Chinese university graduates in 2022 combined with city-level socioeconomic statistics, this study constructs a nested Logit model to examine the impact of digital economic development on the intercity migration of university graduates at both the city and individual levels. It further investigates the mechanisms through which urban digital economic development influences graduate migration and examines the heterogeneity of these effects. By incorporating the contemporary context of digital economic transformation into the analysis of graduate mobility, this study extends the literature on university graduate migration and provides new empirical evidence on the role of digital economic development in shaping migration decisions. The benchmark regression results show that higher levels of urban digital economic development significantly increase the inflow of university graduates, and this finding remains robust across multiple robustness tests. The heterogeneity analysis indicates that this effect is stronger among graduates majoring in the humanities and social sciences, those without computer-related certificates, and those from families with lower annual incomes or whose parents are not employed in managerial or technical occupations. Moreover, cities with more advanced digital economies and those located in China's central and western regions exhibit a stronger ability to attract university graduates. These findings suggest that digital economic development has not created a new "digital divide." Instead, it has reduced the influence of both human capital and family background on graduates' employment outcomes, thereby promoting social equity and stability. At the same time, the digital economy has contributed to a more balanced spatial distribution of university graduates, with cities characterized by higher levels of digital economic development—particularly those in the central and western regions—becoming increasingly attractive destinations, thereby fostering a pattern of "digital return migration." Furthermore, digital industrialization exerts a significantly stronger positive effect on the inflow of university graduates than industrial digitalization. The mediating mechanism analysis shows that digital economic development promotes graduate inflows by enhancing urban technological capacity and expanding employment opportunities, while simultaneously discouraging migration by increasing urban living costs. The moderating mechanism analysis further demonstrates that industrial upgrading and market expansion strengthen the positive effect of digital economic development on attracting university graduates. Overall, the findings provide important policy implications for promoting high-quality and full employment among university graduates while supporting the high-quality development of the digital economy across Chinese cities.
Cliff collapse frequently occurs on Danxia Mountain, located in Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, posing a serious threat to people's lives and property. To accurately identify collapse hazards in this area, this study integrated multi-source remote-sensing data, including Digital Elevation Models (DEM), multispectral images, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) oblique imagery, and employed visual interpretation methods for collapse identification on Danxia Mountain. During the interpretation process, preliminary results were first obtained by extracting collapse-prone terrain areas using an analytic hierarchy process based on DEM data, identifying exposed rock mass areas through enhanced multispectral image processing, and visually interpreting the distribution of the Danxia Formation strata and fault locations from geological maps. After the field validation, oblique imagery from a UAV was used to refine the preliminary interpretation results, yielding more detailed hazard boundaries. Ultimately, a total of 151 collapses were identified in the area, covering an area of 8.94 km2. Analysis revealed that the distribution of collapse hazards exhibited certain regularities, with collapses predominantly concentrated in areas characterized by high elevation, steep slopes, well-developed vertical joints, and intense rock weathering, although being sparsely distributed in flat plain areas. The results indicate that the method combining multi-source remote-sensing data can integrate the advantages of various data types, effectively improving the accuracy of collapse hazard interpretation, particularly for steep slopes and areas near water systems. Based on this, a random forest model was applied to conduct susceptibility assessments using the interpretation results, which yielded reliable evaluation outcomes (AUC = 0.924). The factors influencing collapse hazards in the study area were analyzed, and the factors influencing collapse in different red-bed landform regions were compared. The study shows that collapse susceptibility exhibits a spatial differentiation pattern of "high in the northwest and low in the southeast," with extremely-high and high susceptibility zones (accounting for 8.4% of the total area) primarily distributed along fault zones and Danxia Formation strata in a banded pattern. The development and distribution of collapses in the area are jointly controlled by structure, lithology, topography, and climate, following a comprehensive mechanism of "structure providing weak planes, fragile lithology providing material basis, topography providing collapse forces, and fluvial erosion accelerating collapse triggering." Further investigation of the random forest "black box" effect using the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method indicated that slope, lithology, and elevation were the three most important factors affecting collapse susceptibility in the study area. Moreover, collapses in different red-bed landform regions, both domestically and internationally, result from the combined effects of internal (lithology and structure) and external (climate, hydrology, tectonics, and sudden disturbances) factors. Although the developmental causes of collapses in various red-bed landform regions share commonalities, their dominant mechanisms differ significantly. The findings of this study can provide fundamental data for Danxia Mountain collapse studies, fill the gap in collapse hazard research in the Danxia Mountain area, offer necessary data support for scenic area construction, disaster prevention and mitigation, and help reveal the deeper causal mechanisms of collapse in the study area.
Migrant population’s intention to extend their stay in host cities is a crucial metric for evaluating their multidimensional urban integration and a key determinant of the overall effectiveness of people-centered new urbanization strategies in contemporary China. While previous studies have investigated the influence of macro-level urban socio-economic characteristics and institutional factors on migration, the specific impacts of micro-level spatial configurations remain under-explored. To address this gap, this study utilizes primary survey data from the Wuhan East Lake High-tech Zone and structural equation modeling to examine the relationships among the built environments of workplaces and residences, social comparison, and migrants’ intended duration of stay, focusing on the mediating role of social comparison. The results indicate that: (1) Both workplace and residential built environments exert major direct impacts on the intended duration of stay; however, the direction of these impacts exhibits prominent spatial heterogeneity and varies substantially across facility types. Around workplaces, greater access to medical services and scenic spots significantly promoted migrants’ intention to stay. In contrast, higher densities of bus stops, educational institutions, and daily life service facilities reduced it. In residential areas, the density of bus stops, medical facilities, and leisure venues positively influences the intention to stay, while daily service venues and scenic spots had negative effects. (2) Among various reference groups, community peers of a similar age serve as the primary and most effective target for social comparison. Comparison with these local peers significantly stimulates competitive awareness and an internal drive for self-improvement, thereby exerting a robust and significant positive impact on long-term settlement intentions. However, comparisons with individuals in the hometown or native locals yield no significant effects on settlement decisions. (3) Social comparison acts as a vital mediating mechanism between the built environment and the intended duration of stay, accounting for 3.17%-33.46% of the total effect. This mediating pathway is primarily driven by the residential environment, rather than the workplace-built environment. (4) The impact of the built environment on the intended duration of stay displays significant group heterogeneity based on migration scope, migration experience, and intergenerational differences. Compared to intra-provincial migrants, inter-provincial migrants prioritize the quality of the residential built environment when making settlement decisions. First-time migrants are significantly more sensitive to the density of scenic spots than those with multiple migration experiences. Furthermore, older generations of the migrant population predominantly focus on the density of educational facilities during their settlement decision-making, presenting a stark contrast to the new generation. These findings refine the analytical scale of migrants’ settlement intentions from macro-level urban characteristics to the micro-level spatial configurations of daily commuting and living, significantly enriching the theoretical framework of individual behavioral decisions. Practically, they provide a solid, evidence-based empirical foundation for urban planners and local policymakers to optimize the micro-spatial allocation of jobs and housing, expand the equitable coverage of basic public services, and implement differentiated service strategies tailored to the heterogeneous demands of various migrant cohorts, ultimately advancing sustainable and inclusive new urbanization.
As urban spaces become increasingly mediated, the role of digital media in reshaping commercial gentrification and intensifying sociospatial inequality has emerged as a new research frontier. While existing studies have largely focused on the digital representations of gentrification, few have systematically examined the complex multidirectional interactions between digital media and gentrification. To bridge this gap, this study drew on the geographies of media and communication and conducted an in-depth case study of Shanghai’s Wukang Road. This historic neighborhood has undergone a rapid commercial transformation in the digital era. Data were collected using a mixed-methods approach, including fieldwork, in-depth interviews with 26 stakeholders, and an analysis of online resources. This methodological triangulation enabled a nuanced understanding of how place representations constructed by different stakeholders, namely the state, market, and society, contributed to the reconstruction of commercial gentrification through various communication arcs. The findings revealed that local governments and state-affiliated digital media serve as primary drivers of commercial gentrification. Through urban regeneration projects and city branding campaigns, they construct authoritative representations of place that emphasize cultural heritage preservation and tourism development, while strategically minimizing discussion of displacement effects. Notably, local governments remain responsive to digital discourse, adopting adaptive urban strategies informed by online trends and public feedback, creating a process conceptualized as integrative communication arcs. Social groups, particularly potential gentrifiers, are attracted through connective communication arcs and actively produce and circulate pro-consumption representations on digital media. These users have become new drivers of gentrification, as their pursuit of aestheticized, shareable consumption experiences motivates market actors to reconstruct commercial spaces both discursively and materially. In response, investors and businesses engage in interactive communication arcs, continuously adjusting their retail landscapes and visual designs based on digital engagement metrics and trending consumption ideals. Business strategies evolve to accommodate the "check-in" culture and photographic requirements of digital platforms, with establishments frequently modifying facades, interiors, and merchandise displays to enhance their online appeal. This often involves replacing local businesses with establishments that cater to global aesthetic preferences, thereby leading to cultural displacement. Through these cyclical arcs of communication, the selective amplification of certain place representations—especially those aligned with elite consumption and state-supported tourism—accelerated the reconstruction of gentrified spaces. This process leads to tangible sociospatial outcomes, including landscape homogenization, cultural displacement, and the marginalization of low-income residents and traditional businesses. The study concludes that the dynamic interplay between digital media and commercial gentrification is structurally shaped by power-capital relations, even as it appears to be driven by participatory and decentralized communication. The Wukang Road case provides transferable insights for cities worldwide undergoing deepening mediatization and suggests that digital platforms may systematically reinforce exclusionary forms of heritage-based regeneration.
For a considerable period following China’s reform and opening-up, local governments were required to make substantial efforts to promote economic growth, primarily by improving administrative governance efficiency through overtime work. Existing research has focused on overtime in the private sector but has paid limited attention to overtime in the public sector, particularly in local governments. Whether an optimal range of local government overtime exists and how overtime relates to economic growth remain unclear. Accordingly, this study uses high-frequency satellite nighttime light data to measure the intensity of local government overtime in China from 2012 to 2024. The Jenks natural breaks classification method is used to illustrate the spatial distribution of overtime intensity among different groups of local governments. Markov chains are employed to examine the dynamic evolution of overtime intensity, while the Theil index is used to identify regional differences and their sources. Finally, econometric models are used to test the economic effects and underlying mechanisms of local government overtime. The findings are as follows: (1) The intensity of local government overtime in China exhibits fluctuating upward and downward trends, as well as a spatial distribution characterized by higher levels in the north and lower levels in the south. (2) The intensity of local government overtime is relatively stable, although cross-level transitions remain possible. Overtime intensity in neighboring areas also has significant spatial spillover effects on individual cities. (3) Regional differences in the intensity of local government overtime have decreased. The interregional Theil index is higher than the intraregional index, indicating that differences between regions are the primary source of variation in local government overtime. (4) Local government overtime has an inverted U-shaped impact on urban economic growth, with administrative governance efficiency playing a substantial role in this relationship. This study makes two academic contributions. First, it extends the use of satellite nighttime light data, which have previously been applied to depict overtime in enterprises, to the measurement of local government overtime intensity. This extension broadens the method’s application from the enterprise level to the government level. The study also examines the spatiotemporal patterns of local government overtime using time-series data, thereby providing empirical data for further research on overtime among local governments. Second, this study proposes and tests the inverted U-shaped impact of local government overtime on urban economic growth through changes in administrative governance efficiency. The findings demonstrate that continuously increasing overtime intensity to improve administrative governance efficiency and promote urban economic growth is not advisable. They therefore provide empirical support for further advancing policies aimed at reducing the burden on local governments.
Subjective Well-Being (SWB) is an important indicator of quality of life, social stability, and high-quality economic development and social sustainability. Because women often balance multiple social and family roles, their time allocation differs substantially across activity types, which may substantially influence their SWB. Previous research has primarily examined the average effects of time use on well-being, while paying relatively little attention to the spatial heterogeneity of these relationships. Using data from the 2021 China Time Use Survey, this study investigates the regional distribution of women's SWB and examines how different time use patterns influence SWB across regions and between urban and rural areas. An ordered Logit model is employed to estimate the effects of time allocation while controlling for individual characteristics, household attributes, and subjective environmental evaluations. The results indicate that: (1) Women's SWB exhibits significant spatial disparities across China. Higher levels are observed in the southeastern coastal provinces and several inland provinces (e.g., Gansu and Hubei), whereas the western and northeastern regions generally report relatively lower levels. (2) Different types of time use exert heterogeneous effects on women's SWB. Time allocated to personal care, learning and training, and leisure activities significantly enhances SWB, whereas work and commuting time significantly reduce it. Housework exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship with SWB, suggesting that moderate participation in household activities enhances well-being, whereas excessive housework becomes a source of burden. These effects also vary across regions. The negative effects of work and commuting are strongest in eastern China; the positive effects of personal care and the nonlinear effect of housework are more pronounced in central China; women's well-being in western China is jointly influenced by the burden of travel and the positive role of personal care; and learning and training contribute more substantially to well-being in northeastern China. Marked urban-rural differences are also observed. Urban women's well-being is primarily constrained by work and commuting demands, whereas rural women's well-being benefits more from personal care and learning activities but is adversely affected by longer travel time. (3) Beyond time use, women's SWB is significantly associated with individual characteristics, household structure, and subjective evaluations of the living environment. These findings demonstrate that the relationship between time use and SWB is spatially contingent rather than universal. Understanding women's well-being requires consideration of individual time-allocation patterns and broader regional development and socio-spatial contexts. The findings provide empirical evidence to support the development of region-specific public service provisions and time-support policies to improve women's well-being.
In high-density cities,the built environment may influence respiratory health by altering exposure to air pollution,yet systematic evidence on the causal chain linking the"built environment-multiple pollutants-tuberculosis(TB),"along with urban-suburban heterogeneity and threshold responses,remains limited.Taking the urban core of Hangzhou as a case study,this study has integrated data on TB incidence,built-environment attributes,and air pollutants(2015-2019)and applies a time fixed-effects model,multiple-mediation analysis,and random-forest modeling to identify overall effects,causal pathways,and nonlinear thresholds.Our results have revealed four main findings.(1)Building density,land-use mix,road-network density,and transport facility density were significantly and positively associated with TB incidence,whereas green spaces(measured by NDVI)showed a significantly stronger protective effect in the central city than in the suburbs.(2)Air pollution served as a critical mediator,accounting for approximately 37％～52％of the total effect of the built environment on TB incidence.Among the six pollutants,PM25 and NO2 dominated the mediating pathways,with their contributions being notably higher in the central city(up to 48％and 32％,respectively)compared to the suburban area(31％and 21％).Moreover,green space exhibited a protective mediated effect by simultaneously reducing the concentrations of multiple pollutants,thereby indirectly lowering the TB risk.(3)Consistent nonlinear relationships were identified.Land-use mix followed a U-shaped curve:the low-risk range of TB incidence was observed between 1.45 and 2.05(Shannon's evenness index),beyond which TB risk increased sharply.Green spaces also showed a U-shaped association,with the optimal health benefit occurring at an NDVI of approximately 0.625;both lower and higher NDVI values were associated with elevated TB incidence.(4)The effect sizes and thresholds were generally higher in the central city than in the suburban areas,indicating a stronger built environment-health linkage in densely built areas.Theoretically,this study extends the explanatory framework for infectious respiratory diseases by explicitly incorporating multiple-pollutant mediation and threshold identification,moving beyond single-pollutant or linear assumptions.Practically,our findings have provided quantitative evidence for zoned and tiered urban planning interventions,including density control,mixed-land-use optimization,green space quality enhancement,and traffic-related pollution mitigation.
