The emergence of equine leishmaniasis is of particular concern as horses, being the second most numerous reservoir host after dogs, are involved in the transmission cycle to humans. Although horses are increasingly recognized as secondary hosts of Leishmaniasis no large-scale data exist for Jordan. A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted on 326 horses of different breed (Arabians, mixed local, Thoroughbred and Quarter) from seven governorates using a commercial indirect ELISA. After excluding animals with incomplete metadata, 274 horses were retained for risk-factor analysis. Overall apparent seroprevalence was 11.3% (31/274). Seropositivity was highly focal: 55.0% in Zarqa Governorate versus 0–11.1% elsewhere (P < 0.001). Independent risk factors in multivariable analysis were Zarqa residence (aOR 39.8), stall-only housing (aOR 6.12), deworming exactly twice per year (aOR 8.74), and male sex (aOR 3.11). No seropositive horses were found among competitive animals or those with pasture access. Jordan harbors a previously unrecognized equine Leishmania focus in Zarqa Governorate driven by intensive stall confinement. Simple changes in housing and deworming practices could substantially reduce exposure. = Further studies are needed on equine leishmaniasis in Jordan using more advanced molecular studies. This study represents a first large-scale serological assessment of equine leishmaniasis in Jordan and constitutes a contribution to determine its geographic distribution and estimate its zoonotic potential in Jordan.
Cats may have conditions that could favour trauma prone to infection by dipteran larvae and acquire zoonotic infections such as ectoparasitic infestations and hemotropic microorganisms. We present the first report in Cartagena, Colombia, of a clinical case of a domestic cat with no prior reported history of diseases with findings of cutaneous myiasis and suspected infection by hemotropic agents. The cat presented hemodynamic instability, lethargy, depression, and loss of appetite. Blood count revealed bacteraemia, and non-regenerative anaemia. The metabolic profile showed increased azote and amylase, hypocalcaemia, and hypoalbuminemia. Blood parasite microscopy (Wright staining) arrived, reporting forms compatible with Mycoplasma spp. and the diagnosis was confirmed by multiplex PCR co-infection with Mycoplasma spp, Candidatus spp, and Bartonella spp. Surgical removal and antibiotic therapy with doxycycline (10 mg/kg/day for 30 days), liver protector multivitamin, mineral, glucose supplement and topical application of Clotrimazole conjugate, Neomycin, Betamethasone, zinc oxide, with Lidocaine was indicated. Facial reconstruction was performed using a direct closure technique. Infections caused by dipteran larvae and hemotropic microorganisms should be considered due to the high possibility of zoonosis and risk of severe disease in companion animals. Molecular epidemiology studies are needed to show the prevalence of these diseases in the area where the clinical case study was conducted.
Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), primarily caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), remains a major constraint on swine production worldwide due to its impact on piglet health, growth performance, and farm economics. Fimbrial adhesins F4 and F18 play central roles in ETEC pathogenesis by mediating intestinal colonization. However, effective vaccines against F18⁺ ETEC are still lacking, largely because of the weak immunogenicity and structural instability of F18 fimbriae. The major fimbrial subunit FedA has emerged as a promising antigen candidate, but successful oral vaccination requires efficient antigen delivery to mucosal immune sites. In this study, we aimed to enhance FedA immunogenicity by fusing it to PEP, an M cell–targeting peptide designed to improve antigen uptake in the intestinal mucosa. The fedA gene was cloned into the pET22b-pep vector to generate the pET22b-pep-fedA construct and expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant PEP–FedA fusion protein was purified to greater than 90% homogeneity using immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Oral immunization in mice elicited robust mucosal and systemic immune responses, as evidenced by significantly increased fecal secretory IgA and serum IgG levels compared with FedA alone. Moreover, fecal IgA specifically recognized F18⁺ ETEC without cross-reactivity to F4⁺ ETEC. These findings demonstrate that PEP-mediated M cell targeting substantially enhances FedA immunogenicity and highlight the potential of this strategy for developing effective oral vaccines against PWD.
In this study, the presence and concentration levels of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw milk samples produced in Yozgat province and its districts located in the Central Anatolia Region of Türkiye were determined, and the obtained findings were evaluated in terms of human exposure. Within the scope of the study, a total of 80 raw milk samples were collected from dairy farms in the districts of Sarıkaya, Yozgat Center, Şefaatli, Boğazlıyan, and Yenifakılı, and AFM1 analyses were performed using a commercial ELISA kit. Although AFM1 was detected in all samples, the measured concentrations were found to be well below the maximum residue limit of 50 ng/kg established by the European Union for milk and dairy products. The mean AFM1 levels on a district basis ranged between 2.13 and 2.34 ng/kg, and the overall distribution was observed to cluster within a narrow concentration range. As a result of the statistical analyses, a significant difference was detected only between the Şefaatli and Boğazlıyan–Yenifakılı districts. In the exposure assessment, the average daily AFM1 intake for adult individuals was calculated to be 0.0044 ng/kg bw/day, indicating a low exposure level. The findings indicate that the current acute risk level in the investigated region is low; however, the detection of the toxin in all samples highlights the importance of maintaining regular monitoring programs from a public health perspective
The purpose of this study was to examine formula diluents of CEP and nanoparticle soybean extract in maintaining the quality of frozen semen spermatozoa on Bali cattle. The research material used 1 Balinese cow. The research method was experimental with a Randomized Group Design, with 12 replicates (frozen semen). Treatment of frozen semen formula: T1 (CEP + KT 10%), T2 (CEP + EKN 50%), and T3 (CEP + EKN 60%). Parameters observed included: membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, motility, viability, abnormality, SOD, MDA, DNA Fragmentation and SEM. Data on membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, motility, viability, and abnormality were analyzed using ANOVA (SPSS 16). SOD, MDA, and Fragmentation DNA data were analyzed using Microsoft excel and SEM was presented descriptively. The results of the study of post thawing frozen semen showed progressive motility, viability of spermatozoa in group P1 was higher (p<0.05) than T2 and T3. The value of spermatozoa abnormalities and DNA fragmentation in the T1 group was lower (p<0.05) than T2 and T3. Diluent formula of CEP and 50% and 60% nanoparticle soybean extract can support the quality of frozen semen spermatozoa (viability, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, and spermatozoa abnormality). Nevertheless the performance was still below CEP diluent and egg yolk. The motility characteristics are less progressive, slow movement speed, short travel distance, and low vigor. However, the swimming pattern was more linear, straighter, and does not tend to rotate. Post thawing progressive motility reached 51.35% and 45.07% and still feasible to use for artificial insemination.
Organophosphate pesticides remain a significant environmental and health concern due to their widespread use and potential for systemic toxicity. Profenofos, a commonly applied organophosphate insecticide, has been associated with adverse effects beyond cholinesterase inhibition, yet its subchronic impact on metabolic and endocrine organs has not been fully characterized. This study investigated the effects of sub chronic profenofos exposure on hepatic integrity and testicular endocrine function in male Wistar rats using an integrated toxicological approach. Twenty adult male rats were orally administered profenofos at doses of 0, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Profenofos exposure induced dose-dependent hepatic injury, characterised by vacuolar degeneration, sinusoidal dilation, hepatocellular necrosis, and significant elevations in SGPT and SGOT levels. Concurrently, testicular tissues exhibited progressive degeneration of seminiferous tubules, reduced Leydig-cell density, and a marked decline in testosterone immunoreactivity, indicating impaired steroidogenesis. The parallel structural and functional alterations in both organs support a systemic toxicological response to profenofos. Subchronic oral exposure to profenofos results in integrated hepatic and endocrine toxicity mediated by oxidative stress, metabolic overload, and steroidogenic disruption. By simultaneously evaluating liver and testicular endpoints within a single experimental framework, this study provides novel insight into the systemic nature of profenofos toxicity and underscores the need for comprehensive risk assessment of organophosphate pesticide exposure.
Alterations in peripheral circulation and local metabolic activity within the equine hoof may precede overt clinical signs of lameness. This exploratory study aimed to characterise changes in hoof surface temperature and thermal colour distribution in clinically healthy horses following trot-up exercise at different distances using infrared thermography. Three clinically sound crossbred geldings underwent trot-up at baseline/0 m, 90 m, 180 m, and 270 m on a standardised hard, dry track under controlled environmental conditions. Thermographic images of the coronary band, hoof wall, sole, frog, and heel were obtained at rest and within 20-30 seconds after each trot-up distance using a fixed camera-hoof distance, a constant Iron bow colour palette and an emissivity setting of 0.95. Mean surface temperature for each region of interest was extracted as the primary quantitative variable, while pseudo-colour thermograms were analysed as complementary graphical maps of surface temperature distribution using predefined RGB-based thresholds. Hoof surface temperature increased progressively with trot-up distance in all examined regions (p < 0.05), with the coronary band showing the greatest distance-related rise, and thermograms demonstrated a distance-dependent shift from cooler to warmer colour categories. These findings provide baseline information on physiological hoof surface temperature and thermal distribution responses to trot-up in a small sample of healthy horses and support the use of infrared thermography as a non-invasive, adjunctive tool for objective assessment during lameness evaluation. However, infrared thermography reflects surface temperature rather than blood flow or metabolism, and the small sample size and limited population restrict the generalisability of the results.
Anisakid nematodes are among the most important zoonotic parasites globally, causing severe gastrointestinal anisakiasis in humans transmitted through raw or undercooked infected fish. Infection with A. simplex can cause significant economic losses to the fisheries industry due to aesthetic damage to fish muscle. This study presents the first scientific documentation of the presence of the parasite Anisakis simplex in the Bullet tuna (Auxis rochei) in Syrian marine waters. From September 2024 to August 2025, 15 fish of this species were examined. Samples were collected monthly from the main fishing port in Latakia and transported to the Department of Zoology laboratory at Latakia University. Each fish was subjected to both macroscopic and microscopic examination. The viscera and muscle tissue were individually inspected under a stereomicroscope to detect and recover the larval stages of the parasites, which were then preserved for morphological identification. The results showed that 4 individuals were infected, representing a prevalence rate of 26.67%. The parasite was located in the abdominal cavity on the outer wall of the stomach, intestines, and gonads, with the intensity of infection ranging from one to 122 parasites. Furthermore, the high intensity of infection observed (up to 122 larvae) indicates an active transmission cycle in the coastal ecosystem. The formal documentation of A. rochei as a new potential reservoir host in the region underscores a critical local health risk, necessitating immediate public awareness campaigns regarding proper fish handling and preparation techniques to mitigate the risk of anisakiasis.
The application of dsRNA was commonly conducted by injection and oral administration. Due to the limitations of muscular injection, delivering dsRNA by oral administration has been proven to be an effective approach for use in shrimp. One of the key factors in improving the effectiveness of the dsRNA vaccination is the concentration of dsRNA in the shrimp diet. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of different dsRNA concentrations enriched in shrimp feed via oral vaccination on tiger shrimp. The dsRNA VP24 vaccine was produced by inactivating recombinant bacteria Escherichia coli DH5α using the heat-killed bacteria by the immersion technique. The density of inactivated bacteria (cells) was a reference to the dsRNA concentration in 0.02 g of shrimp feed, as the treatments, such as (A) control without dsRNA. (B) 107 cells, (C) 108 cells, and (D) 109 cells. The shrimp were challenged with WSSV by intramuscular injection with 50 µL/shrimp after 15 days of vaccination. The present study results showed that the different concentrations of dsRNA had a significant survival rate, proPO activity, and THC (P<0.05) in tiger shrimp. The highest survival rate (33.3%), proPO activity (0.054), and THC (5.39 × 106 cells/mL) were obtained in the concentration of 108 cells. The proPO gene also showed a higher expression in 108 cells than in the other treatments. This finding suggested that the optimal concentration of 108 cells per 0.02 g of shrimp feed was recommended to be applied for the VP24 dsRNA
The multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) is responsible for encoding P-glycoprotein. This protein is located in the cell membrane, distributed throughout different tissues and physiological barriers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the expression profile of the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) and microRNAs 126 and 214 in dogs with and without transmissible venereal tumor (TVT). Samples from 18 dogs mixed breed at different ages and from both sexes were analyzed: 9 samples were neoplastic tissue obtained by biopsy from dogs with TVT, diagnosed by imprint cytology, and 9 samples of skin from abdominal and pre-scrotal region obtained from dogs undergoing elective castration at the Zoonosis Control Center. The samples originated from the state of Pará, Brazil. Sample processing was performed in laboratories at the Federal Rural University of the Amazon. RNA extraction was performed using the Trizol® method, gene and microRNA expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR; cytology analyses were also performed. Gene expression of the MDR1 gene was observed to be ten times higher in the test group compared to the control group (p<0.05). The expression of microRNA-214 was reduced (p<0.05) in the test group, while microRNA-126 showed no significant difference between the groups. These results demonstrate that high MDR1 expression is observed in dogs with TVT, regardless of the cytological type evaluated, while low expression of microRNA-214 indicates a possible tumor suppressor role in this neoplasm. Additional studies are needed to investigate the relationship between gene expression, drug resistance, and regional variations.
The improvement and long term sustainability of local cattle genetics in Indonesia are essential to support national beef productivity. This study aimed to identify superior Ongole Crossbred (OC) bulls through an integrated evaluation of genetic potential, semen quality, and the reproductive performance of their male offspring. A total of 82 heads consisted of 38 OC bulls and their 44 male offspring were evaluated for morphometric traits (body weight and withers height) and semen quality parameters (motility, concentration, and viability). Genetic evaluation was performed using phenotypic selection combined with Most Probable Producing Ability (MPPA) analysis to predict the consistency of inherited traits. The results showed that two of four selected bulls exhibited the most favorable combination of growth traits and reproductive parameters. Both bulls produced semen with motility and viability exceeding breeding standards (>70%), with body weights above population average. Heritability (h²) values for semen traits ranged between 0.19 and 0.29, and repeatability (r) values were high (>0.49), indicating substantial genetic influence and stability of trait expression across ejaculate records. Among the 11 progeny that were selected, high performance of bulls had sperm motility, ranging from 45.0-87.3%; sperm concentration (899.1-2066.0 million/mL); viability (57.0-94.2 %). Repeatability (r), heritability (h²) and MPPA values of selected offspring for semen traits; motility (0.49; 0.20; 69.12); consentration (0.49; 0.29; 1101.16); viability (0.51; 0.19; 79.92); and body weight (0.50; 0.14; 509.10). Overall, bull A.219/1 showed the most optimal combination of genetic and reproductive characteristics, followed successively by bulls 12.12.34, 13.12.26, and 14.2.2.
The study aims to investigate the effect of genetic beta-3 adrenaline receptor gene and hair color on milk production and its components in local goats. This study was conducted in the fields of the College of Agriculture / University of Diyala for the period from 10/1/2025 to 5/1/2025 on a sample of 40 local goats aged 1.5-2 years. This study was conducted in two stages, the first was a field experiment and the second was a laboratory (molecular) While the laboratory part was carried out in the Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory in the Department of Animal Production / University of Diyala / College of Agriculture, which included extracting the genetic material and using electrophoresis. The animals were classified into three colors to study hair color and the effect of the beta-3 adrenaline receptor gene. 40 local goats were used in this study using SNP technology to determine the polymorphism of the gene, it was found that there is no variation in the gene. Therefore, the effect of color and its relationship with milk production and components, body measurements and body weight were studied. It was generally observed that the effect of hair color does not affect many of the body measurements, weights, milk production and components, only the height of the hindquarters and body dimensions of the goat, as the white and red colors outperformed the black ones (72.50, 72.11 and 67.66) cm .
Background: Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and frequently precipitates multi-organ dysfunction, particularly AKI. Aggressive fluid resuscitation is essential; however, the optimal fluid type to restore hemodynamic stability while protecting organs remains uncertain. Objective: This study compared crystalloid resuscitation Ringer's Lactate (RL) Vs combined crystalloid-colloid resuscitation (RL-gelatin) in terms of organ unction and renal histopathology after hemorrhagic shock in a rabbit model. Methods: Rabbits were allocated to four groups: Negative Control (KN; no HS, no resuscitation), Positive Control (KP; HS without resuscitation), KP1 (HS with RL), and KP2 (HS with RL-gelatin). HS was induced by withdrawing 35% of the estimated blood volume. Hematologic indices; and renal function were measured from the pre-hemorrhagic phase (T15) through post-resuscitation (T230), followed by renal histopathology and injury scoring. Results: The KP group developed severe organ dysfunction, with massive renal histopathologic damage (score = 4.0). Both resuscitation strategies stabilized renal function; however, KP2 had the lowest injury score (1.5) compared to KP1. The KP group showed a significant increase in creatinine (167.62±42.99, P=0.013) and BUN (13.06±4.87, P=0.031) at T230, indicating severe renal dysfunction. In contrast, the KP2 (RL-gelatin) group maintained stable renal function (creatinine: 110.12, P=0.564; BUN 9.30, P=0.398). Although all HS groups showed significant hemodilution (RBC: 3.51±0.50, P=0.002; Hb: 6.00±1.10, P=0.001, Hct: 23.75±3.50, P=0.001. KP1 and KP2 resuscitation were effective in preventing AKI and stabilizing renal function. Conclusions: This study provides novel evidence that the combination of RL-gelatin provides superior structural renal protection after hemorrhagic shock.
Early-life nutrition and maternal management are important determinants of neonatal physiological development in ruminants. This study evaluated the effects of alternative feeding strategies and maternal oxytocin administration on growth, hematological traits, and immune-related biomarkers in preweaning lambs. A total of 96 newborn lambs were followed for 60 days under four management regimens: natural suckling (NS), colostrum followed by milk replacer feeding (MC+MR), early separation after colostrum intake with exclusive milk replacer feeding (MR), and natural suckling with maternal oxytocin administration (NS+OT). Body weight, serum protein fractions, immunoglobulin G (IgG), and hematological parameters were measured longitudinally. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Principal component analysis was used to summarize the biomarker dataset, and the first principal component (PC1) was subsequently evaluated as an integrated physiological predictor of body weight. Body weight and serum IgG changed significantly with age across all groups (P < 0.001), whereas no significant main effects of feeding regimen or oxytocin treatment were detected for the primary growth outcome. PC1, representing a coordinated immune-protein and inflammatory profile, was positively associated with body weight. These findings suggest that preweaning lamb growth is more strongly associated with intrinsic physiological status than with the specific management interventions examined under the conditions of this study.
Respiratory infections in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), a species of high experimental and productive value in the Andean region, represent a frequent health challenge in Ecuador’s highlands. Given their sensitivity to microenvironmental variations, this study aimed to identify environmental and clinical factors associated with the severity of respiratory disease. Data were collected from 50 farms, including variables such as relative humidity, ventilation, temperature, and population density, along with clini-cal indicators of cough, dyspnea, nasal discharge, and lethargy. The information was analyzed using a hierarchical Bayesian spatiotemporal model, which allowed the inte-gration of environmental, physiological, and etiological determinants within a robust inferential framework.The results showed that population density was the main risk factor, exhibiting a posi-tive association with clinical severity. In contrast, adequate ventilation and moderate humidity significantly reduced the frequency of respiratory symptoms. Poor air ex-change favored the accumulation of irritant gases such as ammonia and carbon diox-ide, promoting the spread of Bordetella bronchiseptica.The Bayesian approach overcame the limitations of traditional frequentist methods by providing more accurate estimates of disease severity through the Guinea Pig Respira-tory Clinical Severity Scale (GPRCSS). In conclusion, the hierarchical Bayesian model proved to be an effective predictive tool for sustainable respiratory health manage-ment in high-altitude guinea pig production systems, contributing to both animal wel-fare and the optimization of environmental management practices.
Bone defects resulting from fractures remain a major clinical challenge due to impaired bone continuity and limited regenerative capacity, particularly in critical-sized defects. Biomimetic supplementation combining osteoconductive scaffolds, organic matrices, and osteogenic regulators may enhance bone regeneration by accelerating osteogenic maturation. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a capsule formulation containing bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA), gelatin, and vitamin D in promoting bone regeneration in a rabbit femoral bone defect model using osteogenic markers Runx2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin (OCN). Fifteen healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups (n = 5): bone defect (control), commercialized calcium supplementation, and BHA–gelatin–vitamin D supplementation. A standardized femoral bone defect (4 mm diameter × 6 mm depth) was created surgically. Supplements were administered orally for 28 days. Femoral bone samples were collected and analyzed using immunohistochemistry for Runx2, ALP, and OCN expression. Immunoreactive scores (IRS) were assessed semi-quantitatively. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test (p < 0.05). The BHA–gelatin–vitamin D group showed significantly higher IRS values for Runx2, ALP, and OCN than the control group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the BHA-based formulation and commercial calcium supplementation, indicating comparable osteogenic efficacy. The combination of BHA, gelatin, and vitamin D effectively accelerates bone regeneration by enhancing osteogenic differentiation, matrix formation, and osteoblast maturation. This formulation shows potential as an alternative strategy for promoting bone healing with efficacy comparable to commercially available calcium supplements.
Canine hepatozoonosis is an important parasitic disease of dogs with increasing significance in veterinary medicine due to its impact on canine health. The disease is primarily caused by Hepatozoon canis, and unlike many tick-borne infections, transmission occurs through ingestion of infected ticks. This study reports fifteen cases of clinical canine hepatozoonosis in Jordan, including four cases with confirmed co-infection by Babesia canis vogeli, highlighting the diagnostic challenges posed by dual hemoparasitic infections. Diagnosis was based on clinical findings, hematological alterations, and microscopic examination of blood smears demonstrating characteristic gamonts within neutrophils, and was confirmed by PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene yielded amplicons of approximately ~660 bp for Hepatozoon canis and ~490 bp for Babesia canis vogeli. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the obtained sequences clustered with reference strains of H. canis and Babesia canis vogeli. The cases were identified during a one-year screening of 200 canine blood samples submitted to our diagnostic clinical pathology laboratory, with 15 samples testing positive for one or more hemoparasites. The findings provide insight into the clinical manifestations, hematological alterations, diagnostic complexities, and the potential impact of co-infection on disease severity and prognosis. While H. canis infection has been previously reported in Jordan (20), this study represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of co-infection with B. canis vogeli in Jordan . By integrating clinical, laboratory, and molecular approaches, it contributes valuable information on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of hemoparasitic infections in dogs, with implications for veterinary practice and disease surveillance.
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is widely found across Asia and Europe. The species is popular for its tolerance to physiological and environmental stresses. Alleles encoding transferrin (Tf) in common carp have been studied for their role in identification of tolerant type and to investigate breeding pattern. However, the data about Tf alleles of common carp from Iraq has been described less frequently. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the frequencies of various Tf alleles in 142 common carp specimens collected from 32 different locations. The alleles were detected through SDS PAGE and their abundance was correlated with physicochemical parameters of the sampled water. Our results indicated a degree of genetic polymorphism with the presence of C, D, F and G alleles. The allele DD was found to be the most prevalent followed by FF while other alleles were present in low numbers. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium showed a marked difference from observed values with a high x2 value (251.57; p < 0.001), suggesting that selective forces, population structuring or environmental factors may have influenced Tf genotype distribution within the study population. The low observed heterozygosity than the expected heterozygosity and Shannon diversity index reflected substantial allelic variation. The allelic dominance was also correlated with the water temperature and iron concentration. Hence, population structuring of common carp may be linked more to physicochemical variability than to random mating. The role of Tf in iron metabolism and immune system necessitates further investigations to support aquafarming and to maintain a sustainable supply of animal protein.
This study highlights the potential of using environmentally harmful organic waste to produce a sustainable, environmentally friendly feed source that can be produced locally and at a low cost, potentially reducing reliance on expensive traditional feed sources used in fish production. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the use of powder black soldier fly larvae (BSFLP) reared on two types of organic waste as substrates (kitchen waste and fish processing waste) in the diets of common carp and its effect on some blood parameters. A total of 75 fish were distributed into five experimental groups: the first group was given a control diet (without BSFLP), the second and third groups were given diets supplemented with BSFLP and were raised on kitchen waste at 8% and 16% of the feed components, respectively. The fourth and fifth groups were given diets supplemented with BSFLP and were raised on fish processing waste at 8% and 16% of the feed components, respectively.Study results: A significant increase (p<0.05) in blood glucose levels was found in the groups in which the larvae were used compared to the control group. Total protein and albumin levels did not show any significant differences, while globulin levels were significantly superior in the third group. The results also showed a significant decrease in triglycerides in the second and third groups compared to the control group. There were no significant differences in cholesterol levels, ALT and AST, Hb, packed cell volume, and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration across all experimental groups.
Our study aimed to assess five commonly used fixatives-NBF, Davidson, Ethanol, Carnoy, and Bouin-in conserving epitopes of (CD68, CD24, TMEM119, and Calretinin). Twenty-five rats were housed at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad; five rats of each fixative were included with four organs representing our target IHC-specific marker of liver, intestine, brain, and testes. Using a scoring system based on the number of positively stained cells across 25 fields, antigen conservation is highly fixative- and marker-dependent. For CD68, Ethanol and Carnoy displayed the highest staining intensities, suggesting they are superior for maintaining key cellular markers. In contrast, NBF produced a balanced yet unspectacular spread of scores, while Davidson showed moderate effectiveness and Bouin tended to yield mid-range scores. Regarding CD24, most fixatives resulted low-to-moderate staining; however, Bouin distinctly produced a higher number of strongly stained cases, making it particularly effective for this marker. Regarding TMEM119, NBF and Davidson showed moderate, consistent staining, whereas Ethanol struggled, with many sections scoring low. Carnoy excelled by scoring few low-intensity scores and many high-intensity ones. Bouin’s was a good mid-to-high alternative. NBF was least successful at preserving calretinin, with low-intensity staining. After Davidson balanced the distribution, Ethanol and Carnoy showed high intensity, substantially retained immunoreactivity, whereas Bouin’s lagged. Immunohistochemical analysis should match the desired molecular detail or staining consistency. The study found that Bouin's fixative is best for CD24 detection, even if ethanol and Carnoy suit maintain antigens for other markers. NBF and Davidson excel at targeting markers based on study goals.
