The present study aims to assess the physiological and histological effects of Levothyroxine in white rats liver and kidneys. 20 laboratory rats were used, split randomly into 4 groups, with 5 rats in each group. first was the control. The second group received a standard dose of Levothyroxine (50µg/kg), the third was a double dose (100µg/kg), and the fourth an overdose (150µg/kg). Oral treatment in animals for 28 days. Blood was taken. Results show all groups had significantly higher(P≤0.05) serum urea and creatinine than control. All groups increase T3,T4 significantly compared with control, while TSH significantly lowered. Liver function: alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were elevated in overdose, but not in normal or double dose when compared with control. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) showed a significant rise in all groups. Hematological parameters showed a significant elevation in white blood cell count in groups compared with control. Neutrophils increased significantly in all groups; lymphocytes did not show significant alterations. Monocytes increased significantly in the double dose only, whereas eosinophils decreased in all groups. No significant differences were observed in basophils among groups. Results indicated an elevation in red blood cell (RBC) and hemoglobin (HGB) concentration in groups compared with control. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) increased in normal, overdose with highest value recorded in overdose, while double-dose group reduction significantly. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) was significantly elevated in all groups. Platelet (PLT) increased in groups compared with control, mean platelet volume (MPV) increased significantly in double, overdose and decreased in normal-dose group. Histological findings revealed dose-dependent hepatic and renal alterations. Mild degenerative and inflammatory changes were observed in normal dose, whereas double, overdose groups showed severe congestion, cellular degeneration, necrosis and inflammatory infiltration in liver and kidney tissues. Overall, Levothyroxine administration induced progressive histopathological damage, particularly at high doses. In conclusion, levothyroxine administration induced dose-dependent biochemical, hematological, physiological, and histopathological alterations in white rats, particularly at high doses, indicating its potential to cause hepatic and renal dysfunction associated with cellular degeneration and inflammatory changes following prolonged exposure.
SARS-CoV-2 causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which primarily leads to inflammatory disease of the airways and lungs, resulting in severe respiratory problems. Recent research employing macaques and mouse models has used various methods. However, the availability of mouse models for drug research on inflammation is limited. In this study, we develop a mouse model induced by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and evaluate haematology, lung histology, and cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) following spike protein instillation and fludarabine injection. Method: We applied intratracheal instillation of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein in BALB/c mice to create a model of inflammation based on Gu et al. (2020), with modifications. The mouse was incised to make a small cut to access the trachea. One day after SARS-CoV-2 instillation, we injected fludarabine intraperitoneally. The mice were euthanized with intraperitoneal injections of ketamine and xylazine on days 2nd and 7th days post-instillation (d.p.i.), followed by cardiac puncture to harvest blood, and BALF and lung organs were harvested. Hematological parameters, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, and histopathological examination of lung tissues were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, followed by tissue damage scoring. Result: Blood hematology revealed inflammation, with elevated neutrophil counts, MID (monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils), and MPV on days 2nd and 7th post-instillation. Anemia also occurs, characterized by decreased HCT and RBC counts. Macroscopic examination revealed pulmonary congestion, focal haemorrhage, and mucus accumulation in treated mice, while histopathological examination demonstrated significant inflammatory cell infiltration in the lungs on days 2 and 7 post-instillation compared with untreated controls. The cytology of BALF showed numerous predominantly monocyte cells on the 2nd d.p.i and macrophages on the 7th d.p.i compared to untreated mice. IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels increase in the 2nd and 7th d.p.i compared to untreated mice. In conclusion, our study found that instillation of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein, followed by fludarabine injection, caused inflammation in BALB/c mice. Future studies should be conducted over an extended period to evaluate systemic immune inflammation.
Fungal otitis externa, also known as otomycosis, is a zoonotic disease commonly caused by Candida spp. Both animals and humans have a risk of getting infected from each other and developing more resistance. C.auris is not well recognized by selective media and is considered a risk microorganism, especially in immunocompromised patients. In this study, 180 ear swab samples were used to examine otomycosis in pet animals, specifically dogs and cats. 32 yeast isolates, including different species of Candida spp., were found using fungal isolation. The most predominant species was C.krusei (34.37%), followed by both C.albicans (21.87%) and C.glabrata (21.87%). The less prominent species is C. tropicals (12.5%), then C.kefyr (9.73%). Five antifungal medications were tested for antifungal susceptibility, and the results showed that yeast isolates revealed the closest relatives in terms of sensitivity and resistance to each other to ketoconazole, great sensitivity to amphotericin B and nystatin, and reduced sensitivity to miconazole and fluconazole. PCR molecular testing to figure out the presence of C.auris from isolates revealed negativity. C.auris is not well recognized by selective media and is considered a high-risk microorganism, especially in immunocompromised patients. Therefore, identify Candida species in pets' ears and determine their antifungal profiles, ensuring effective animal treatment to mitigate the risk of infection transmission and the spread of resistant strains.
Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging foodborne pathogen linked with serious neonatal infections, involving sepsis, meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial impact of some spice-derived essential oils; Onion (OEO), Ginger (GEO), and Fenugreek (FEO) essential oils and their nano-emulsions (NEs) versus C. sakazakii in Kareish cheese during storage period at 4°C. NEs were synthesized and characterized for particle size via Zeta-Sizer, with PDI not exceeding 0.282 and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) in the range from 101.8 to 124.4nm. Antibacterial performance was assessed by MIC using the agar well diffusion method, that gives the best effect at 0.78 and 0.4 % concentration for OEO and ONE, respectively. The reduction assay after laboratory inoculation of Kareish cheese with the bacterial suspension revealed that OEO and its nano-emulsion resulted in a significant reduction in C. sakazakii count. However, the mixture of the previously mentioned EOs and the mixed NE formulation exhibited the highest potency at second and fifth day, respectively, while other individual NE treatments achieved total elimination of C. sakazakii by day 15. Organoleptic assays referred that onion (EO &NE) treatments improved sensory scores, particularly in taste and odor, parallel to the control. Essential oil nano-emulsions, particularly those derived from onion may serve as effective natural preservatives with acceptable sensory properties to enhance the safety of Kareish cheese against C. sakazakii. As well as the mixed nano-extracts of onion, ginger and fenugreek were better in terms of panelists’ acceptance, giving them an advantage over the sensory properties of their original oil.
The One Health Strategy launched by the United Nations is considered one of the most important strategies for linking human health, animal health, and environmental health. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in veterinary medicine is a global health problem of increasing severity. This review aims to examine the pharmacological drivers of AMR in the veterinary sector, focusing on the misuse, overuse and use of sub-therapeutic doses of antimicrobials. Such practices generate ongoing selective pressure on microorganisms that can rapidly adapt to their environment through processes, such as horizontal gene transfer, efflux pump-mediated resistance and biofilm production. The role of pharmaceuticals in affecting wild animals has been studied for some years, but new research published today suggests that we should also be concerned about the toxicological effects of antimicrobials, which are increasingly being used in agriculture and aquaculture, as well as for human health. Exposure to these compounds can lead to toxicity through mechanisms such as generation of oxidative stress, disruption of the host’s natural microbial community, and toxicity to specific organs, such as the liver and kidneys. In addition, increased genetic variation could be introduced into affected populations, allowing resistance to emerge more quickly, as well as modifying complex ecological interactions among microbial species. We review AMR from an integrated perspective and propose a conceptual pharmacological–toxicological framework that links antimicrobial misuse with toxicological stress as interacting drivers of AMR amplification. While resistance transmission from patient to patient and from healthcare to non-healthcare settings is recognized, transmission of antimicrobial residues and resistant bacteria through the environment is increasingly noted, requiring a One Health perspective on the transmission of antibiotic resistance through multiple interconnected components and systems. The management of AMR in veterinary medicine requires a fundamental shift toward evidence-based antimicrobial stewardship and optimization of therapeutic strategies. A short-term "revolution" is required to incorporate antimicrobial stewardship into our veterinary practices, through optimization of currently available treatments, as well as consideration of the toxicological effects of those drugs. Long-term sustainability of both animal and human health will require the development of alternative therapies, as well as "systems" approaches to prevent the selection and spread of AMR.
