The primary focus of this research article is to assess current management practices in the NGO sector of Nepal and make recommendations to improve capacities of NGOs within a strategic management capacity building framework. Based on the needs assessment for an NGO capacity building training grant project funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development that trained 345 NGO leaders across Nepal, surveys, interviews with prominent NGO leaders, and observations on Nepal’s NGO sector over the past decade, this article provides an analysis and applicable management solutions for a stronger NGO sector. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 13, Issue-1: 25-38.
Stress is a pervasive phenomenon affecting individuals across cultures, professions, and age groups. In 2026, stress remains a primary catalyst for chronic illness. This article reviews the concept of stress, its physiological and psychological impacts, and evaluates various stress management strategies, evolution of stress from a survival mechanism to a modern epidemic. By synthesizing findings from recent literature, the paper highlights effective interventions, emerging approaches, and gaps in current research. It evaluates traditional interventions alongside emerging digital therapeutics and neurofeedback technologies, providing a framework for holistic stress reduction. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 13, Issue-1: 3-7.
This study investigates whether public financial resource allocation to agriculture is sufficient to ensure sustained supply of Subsidized Chemical Fertilizer (SCF) in Nepal between 2014 and 2024. Despite a consistent annual average growth (AAGR) of 9.41% in budget allocation to agriculture (BAA), SCF supply exhibited significantly lower growth (3.95% AAGR) and high volatility (Coefficient of Variation = 8.38), indicating a weak coupling between fiscal commitments and actual fertilizer availability. The analysis reveals substantial mismatches, as evidenced by 20.45% budget increase in 2021 coinciding with a 39.91 % decline in SCF supply in the same year, which reflects inefficiencies of government in procurement and distribution of chemical fertilizer. Correlation and elasticity analyses further demonstrate differential responsiveness across the different types of fertilizer. Urea showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.50) and potash exhibited a negligible negative correlation (r = -0.03) with BAA. These results suggest that increased public spendings alone does not guarantee a reliable supply of SCF. Hence, policy makers should shift from budget-based targets to quantity-based targets to ensure a sustainable supply of SCF. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 13, Issue-1: 8-20.
This study evaluates the effectiveness of training programs conducted by the Agri-Business Promotion Support and Training Centre (ABPSTC), Malepatan, Kaski, in improving the socio-economic results and agricultural skills of farmers in Nepal's Gandaki Province. A mixed-methods approach with purposive sampling was employed, involving 120 participants. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect the data. To evaluate the outcomes across economic and social dimensions, the Training Effectiveness Index (TEI) and Overall Training Effectiveness (OTE) were computed. Results showed that 85.2% of participants experienced positive socio-economic development. The TEI scores were 89.3% for social variables and 81.2% for economic variables, indicating significant improvements in agricultural practices, productivity, and technical skills among trained farmers. The findings highlight the substantial contribution of ABPSTC training programs in enhancing farmers’ livelihoods. Continued investment in such capacity-building initiatives is recommended, and future studies should explore the long-term impacts and the role of digital technologies to further improve training effectiveness. productivity among trained farmers. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 13, Issue-1: 21-24.
Human Resource Management is constantly transforming itself in the context of organizational productivity. This transformation is heavily impacted in the presence of metaverse, virtual reality and internet of things. This review is conducted addressing two objectives: 1) To identify the main themes that have an impact on managing learning in organizations and (2) To identify innovative work behaviors that are developing gradually as a result of introduction of artificial intelligence and virtual reality. The systematic literature review (SLR) approach served as the foundation for this article's positioning as a literature review. The review comprised seventy-four papers from the Science Direct databases that were published between 1985 and 2025. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) served as the foundation for the screening, inclusion, analysis, and reporting of the findings of the articles. In addressing the first objective, it was found that learning in organizations is impacted by adoption of virtual reality resulting in many organizational and employee centric outcomes. The outcomes include insights into the multifaceted role of artificial intelligence encompassing candidate screening, personalized training, engagement enhancement, and performance assessment. A conceptual framework was created based on the gaps found about the factors that influence innovative work behaviors and their beneficial effects in order to address the study's second goal. The viewpoints were inferred from theoretical justifications and review findings. The results pertaining to the two goals have both theoretical and practical ramifications. One important practical implication is that managers' and employees' action and work-based learning may recommend implementing disruptive technology for HRM, which causes firms to reconsider HR procedures and tactics. As a result, traditional methods have become outdated. Additionally, the results offer some additional avenues for future study. The study found empirically proven determinants of innovative work behaviors which also results in a new form of leadership. These were synthesized based on the studies conducted during the period 1985-2025. This synthesis and theoretical grounding deduced a conceptual framework for determining the outcomes of disruptive technologies for HRM. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-4: 158-168.
The banking industry has always been important to the world economy, and is recently facing several challenging issues, so banks should be proactive rather than reactive to the shifting business environment, and the purpose of this paper is to develop insights into how such research is developing and to outline future research opportunities. In this research, a literature evaluation is conducted on the connection between bank mergers and credit risk, and systemic risk. These mergers have resulted in a concentration of resources; yet, they have also led to an increased chance of credit risk and systemic risk as a result of these mergers. It was found that the impact of bank mergers on bank credit and systemic risk is complex and multifaceted. While mergers can lead to increased efficiency and better access to credit, they can also lead to a reduction in lending and increased systemic risk. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-4: 185-190.
Youth play a pivotal role in shaping India-Nepal relations, serving as catalysts for cultural diplomacy, policy advocacy, and addressing shared socio-economic and environmental challenges. Their contributions span digital engagement, grassroots activism, and innovation-driven initiatives, reflecting their potential to redefine bilateral ties. Despite facing structural barriers such as limited representation, digital inequities, and the impact of rising nationalistic sentiments, young people continue to bridge divides and foster collaboration. This study underscores the importance of youth-led initiatives in technology, climate action, and cultural exchanges while advocating for the strategic involvement of governments, NGOs, and educational institutions. Engaging youth effectively can pave the way for sustained peace, economic growth, and enriched cultural ties between India and Nepal. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-4: 191-200.
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly disrupted global economies, industries, and culture, with the performing arts sector being among the most affected. In India, theatre, especially folk theatre, experienced unprecedented challenges as nationwide lockdowns halted live performances, closed auditoriums, and cut off income for thousands of artists. While cinema and urban theatre found partial respite through the rapid adoption of over-the-top (OTT) platforms, folk theatre faced significant barriers, including technological inaccessibility, digital illiteracy, and economic constraints of rural audiences. This paper examines the multifaceted impact of the pandemic on India’s performing arts, with a particular focus on folk theatre, and critically analyzes the promises and perils of OTT adoption. It highlights the structural inequalities between organized and unorganized sectors, explores socio-economic and generational changes within artist communities, and discusses the potential transformation of thematic concerns due to commercialization pressures. Integrating over-the-top platforms into theater, especially traditional forms, presents difficulties, despite the reach and ease they provide for movies. The study concludes that while theatre in India has historically survived invasions, neglect, and changing societal tastes, its post-pandemic survival depends on adaptive strategies that preserve its essence while navigating technological change. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-4: 169-174.
The emergence of the Metaverse, a digital platform that seamlessly integrates virtual and physical realities, has garnered significant attention in marketing. This concept combines various Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to create a synergistic platform where users can participate in a wide range of activities including socializing, creation, asset trading, work, and learning. The Metaverse offers distinct marketing opportunities that allow brands to engage with consumers innovatively, gain a competitive edge, and obtain valuable insights into user behavior. This article presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of marketing within the Metaverse, exploring its historical origins, real-time operations, and potential to revolutionize marketing through immersive experiences and a virtual economy. Through this review, key research themes and trends are identified, shedding light on the necessity for further academic exploration in this rapidly evolving field. The study emphasizes the potential of Metaverse to shape digital marketing strategies and its broader societal implications. As a result, this research serves as a valuable resource for academics and practitioners seeking to comprehend the impact of the Metaverse on marketing research and practice. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-4: 174-184.
The tourism sector is poised for significant expansion throughout the country. Supported by prior research, developing sustainable tourism stands out as a critical strategy for poverty alleviation. Sustainable tourism generates livelihood opportunities, stimulates the local economy, enhances community assets, drives infrastructural development, and ensures environmental protection. These elements are essential for improving the well-being of residents, reducing vulnerability, and promoting a more responsible use of natural and other resources within communities. While the discourse on sustainable tourism has gained momentum over the past few decades, insufficient attention has been dedicated to its role in tackling key issues like sustainable livelihoods and overall well-being. This study decisively utilizes the “Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF)” developed by the Department for International Development (DFID) to analyze the impact and relationships among its core components—vulnerability context, livelihood assets, structures, and processes—in promoting livelihood opportunities in rural areas through sustainable tourism. The insights from this paper underscore the critical importance of these SLF components, which connect in a non-linear fashion, and their implications for effective livelihood interventions. Moreover, the abundant social capital present in rural areas must be strategically harnessed to create enhanced livelihood opportunities. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-3: 123-131.
Sheikh Hasina's exit has altered Bangladesh's political landscape and its strategic relationships with China and India. The new government is marked by nationalist and Islamist-populist tendencies and prioritizes sovereignty, economic equality, and a variety of international links. This shift has strategic implications: China's economic investments through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) remain crucial, while India must contend with bilateral disputes and escalating security worries. The incoming government of Bangladesh is likely to take a balanced stance, striving for economic pragmatism, strategic neutrality, and regional cooperation. This recalibration will alter the balance of power in South Asia, and India will have to adopt a calculated approach to offset China's growing sway. The study examines these shifts and shows how they impact strategic alliances and regional stability. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-3: 132-140.
This study examines the disruptive nature of AI-powered platforms that change job distribution, pay, and skill growth for gig workers over time. Reading research on AI from reports by international organizations such as the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Economic Forum, together with white papers on major gig platforms, indicates the double-sided nature of AI in parallel. On the one hand, AI boosts operational excellence and opens room for skill development & inclusive employment. However, this leads to new problems such as algorithmic bias, fluctuations in income, and less worker autonomy. This research further investigates how AI can be instrumental in bridging skill imbalances to promote economic inclusion, especially in less advantaged groups. Important policy recommendations include fully algorithm-transparent initiatives, the introduction of social protection access, and the provision of skill enhancement in the form of skill development plans. It also highlights the regional inequality solution in the gig economy in India through artificial intelligence, which can be a way to address both, the urban and the rural employment gap. With the rapid expansion of the gig economy, this research offers valuable findings for policymakers, platform developers, and gig workers regarding the need for a balance between efficiency fairness, and equity. This study confirms the importance of deploying AI responsibly to enable sustainable development, economic resilience, and social inclusivity in a dynamic labor market. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-3: 150-157.
In urban transportation network, bus terminals are critical nodes that serve the citizens largely. The Mohakhali Bus Terminal in Dhaka, Bangladesh, a pivotal inter-district transport hub facilitating approximately 800 daily trips, currently experiences significant constraints due to infrastructural and managerial inadequacies. Grounded in user perception, this research employs an evaluation framework to thoroughly analyze the terminal's facilities and operational conditions, identifying core deficiencies and formulating evidence driven, sustainable solutions. Adopting an exploratory and descriptive methodology, the research integrates passenger interviews (n=110), stakeholder interviews (n=10), and secondary data analysis. The key findings reveal systemic shortcomings in passenger amenities, including inadequate sanitation facilities, suboptimal lighting, limited universal accessibility, and the absence of digital information systems. Further, functional inadequacies in bus bay design, pedestrian infrastructure, and on site security further hinder the overall user experience. Additionally, institutional weaknesses, including insufficient staff facilities and lack of structured maintenance protocols, exacerbate these functional challenges. To address these challenges, the study recommends comprehensive improvements including infrastructural upgradation, integration of digital system, and administrative coordination by Dhaka North City Corporation. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-3: 141-149.
India and Nepal’s bilateral ties reflect a blend of deep historical connections and modern geopolitical complexities. While rooted in cultural and religious affinity, the relationship has faced significant challenges, including territorial disputes and the rise of China’s influence in Nepal. This paper examines the transformative role of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its soft power strategies, alongside India’s efforts to counterbalance through development assistance, cultural diplomacy, and pragmatic engagement. Highlighting both challenges and opportunities, the study underscores the need for renewed cooperation in connectivity, energy partnerships, and fostering mutual respect to build a resilient and sustainable relationship. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-2: 72-76.
The fear of negative evaluation, a psychological phenomenon rooted in social anxiety, significantly impacts individuals' autonomy, self-expression, and decision-making. This paper explores the intricate relationship between the fear of social judgment and personal autonomy, focusing on the cultural and social contexts of Nepal. The methodology is based on subjective analysis and interprets preexisting ideas and concepts using the researcher's critical judgment and comprehension. Drawing on existing literature and a reflective methodology, the study examines how societal norms, cultural expectations, and modern influences, such as social media, exacerbate this fear. In collectivist societies like Nepal, where social conformity and "saving face" hold high value, individuals often suppress personal goals and desires to meet societal standards. This compromises their ability to make autonomous decisions and leads to a loss of true self-expression. The findings reveal that traditional family systems, intergenerational expectations, and digital platforms contribute to heightened social anxiety, further limiting personal freedom. By shedding light on these dynamics, this study underscores the importance of fostering environments that promote individuality and inclusivity. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-2: 99-103.
Purpose- The objective of this study is to identify the factors that influence investors' perceptions and investment decisions by examining investment objectives (IO), Investment Returns (IR), investment structure (IS), and Investment Horizon (IH) on Investment Decisions (ID) for mutual fund investments in Nepal. This study seeks to provide valuable insights for fund managers, investors, and policymakers in the Nepalese mutual fund market. Design/Methodology/Approach- Data from 386 Nepalese mutual fund investors was collected quantitatively using a structured questionnaire. Analytical statistical approaches were utilized in structural equation modeling using AMOS. Path and mediation studies explored investment goals, returns, structure, horizon, and choices. Validity and reliability tests like Cronbach's Alpha protected constructs. The model fit was evaluated using RMSEA, CFI, CMIN/DF and SRMR. Findings- Results reveal that all four independent factors significantly influence investing choices and investment return is a major mediator. The largest direct influences on returns were those of investing goals and investment horizon, which then shaped choices. Strong internal consistency and dependability let the model show an excellent fit. Implications- Using these realizations, fund managers may create mutual funds that complement investor objectives, hence improving fund attractiveness and performance. Policymakers may regulate mutual funds to promote transparency and good judgment. Originality/Value- This research addresses Nepal's growing mutual fund market and meets a need for data on investing factors. A detailed strategy and robust methodology give informative research on developing financial market investment behavior. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-2: 89-98.
Qualitative research (QR) in ELT provides an essential lens for examining the complexities of language learning, teaching practices and classroom interactions in natural contexts. This study explores the significance, theoretical foundations and methodological approaches of qualitative inquiry, emphasizing its focus in interpretivist and constructivist paradigms. It examines key research methods, including case studies, ethnography, and narrative inquiry, while situating qualitative research within its historical and epistemological context. Using a document analysis approach, the study systematically reviews existing literature and applies inductive thematic analysis to identify emerging trends and methodological advancements. The paper discusses the key characteristics of QR along with the guiding principles of qualitative data analysis in ELT and applied linguistics research. The findings highlight the increasing relevance of qualitative research in understanding teacher-student interactions, second language acquisition, and pedagogical decision-making, as well as the growing integration of digital tools like Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) to enhance analytical rigor. This study contributes to the broader discourse on qualitative methodologies in ELT and Applied Linguistics by reinforcing their theoretical depth and practical applicability. It advocates for continued methodological innovation and interdisciplinary research to expand the impact of qualitative inquiry on language education. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-2: 114-122.
Eco-adventure tourism is an emerging form of tourism in Himalayan countries worldwide. Nepal being a Himalayan country is growing as a destination for eco-adventure tourism. This paper examines the role of eco-adventure tourism on sustainable community development in rural settlements along the Annapurna Sanctuary Trail (AST), Nepal through the perspectives of local inhabitants with 120 on-site surveys, five key informant interviews, six focus group discussions, in-person observations, and archival studies. The study revealed significant benefits of eco-adventure tourism on income generation, infrastructure development, cultural preservation, community empowerment, social cohesion, and environmental conservation in rural communities in Nepal. Furthermore, the study disclosed that eco-adventure tourism has resulted in sustainable community development by generating livelihood assets: natural capital, financial capital, socio-cultural capital, human capital, and physical capital, along with AST. This paper suggested key policy initiatives particularly environmental protection, effective waste disposal and management, increased engagement of marginalised and economically disadvantaged groups in eco-adventure tourism activities, cultural heritage preservation, and the integration of traditional agricultural and occupational practices into tourism development strategies to strengthen sustainable community development in Nepal. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-2: 60-71
Academic performance (grades and marks in a subject or course) is the basic indicator of student’s academic success in most of the cases. The available and relevant literature is in line with this proposition. However, there is almost no literature available which can discuss on the academic performance of students from design thinking perspective which has been recognized as a prerequisite for better placement of students in various organizations. Therefore, the present research is novel attempt to examine the empirical relationship between the dimensions of design thinking mindset and academic performance in a sample of 108 students of a premium business school in India. Data has been collected through survey and a validated questionnaire in addition to the marks obtained by the students in a specific subject (indicator of academic performance). By applying appropriate statistical tests, the findings indicate a mixed kind of results. Implications followed by conclusions have been discussed which can motivate future researchers to extend or replicate the present research in different academic or corporate contexts. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 12, Issue-2: 104-113.
