Exchange between people and the environment is a relevant element as we experience space through physical connection. Boundaries can be represented by edges and streets, lack of permeability and connectivity can become a phenomenon that affects informal areas through narrowing of streets, road blockages, forms of control. This research aims to investigate physical linkage and connectivity in the integration between formal and informal areas of the city, identifying how edges and streets play a role as contributors or barriers. Qualitative method is applied through investigative approach, to identify how integration is prevented. The objective is to describe the complexity in the interaction between formal and informal areas, the built-form and open space. Hegarmanah and Ciumbuleuit subdistricts in Bandung will be analysed. Findings show Hegarmanah as an enclosed configuration with more incidence of controlled areas, physical barriers, restrictions, circulation limitations. Ciumbuleuit presents less controlled areas, encouraging use of public space, services, commerce, commuting; interaction between pedestrians and built environment has experienced more adaptation, through open configuration. The coexistence of formal and informal urban areas has been endangered due to isolation and the way linkage is established. Physical linkage is restricted because of space configuration, borders and forms of control, obstructing integration process, impairing connectivity, encouraging spatial segregation. Finally, integration will be stimulated when space is articulated and able to adapt.
Sending humans to the Moon and Mars in the near future requires appropriate infrastructure to support and subsequently sustain human activities. This includes infrastructure to shield from environmental conditions, generate energy, and facilitate mobility and communication. Construction of such infrastructure aims to use in-situ resources and reduce the use of supplies from Earth. The establishment and maintenance of the required infrastructure, equipment, and hardware involves the development of adequate manufacturing techniques, which can enable maximal use of the local resources. Those techniques can be based on processing of local materials into construction materials, extraction of useful elements from local materials or in combination with materials brought from Earth. The required manufacturing techniques address the range of needs for sustained human activities, from smaller scale manufactured items to large built structures. The design of such structures is associated with a number of space systems’ engineering challenges, ranging from the accurate definition of all resource budgets (mass, volume, power, data) to the design of the interfaces between all subsystems making use of these resources. The interplanetary spacecraft used to transport the required materials (and eventually, crew) from Earth to the final site would probably need to be designed ad-hoc for this specific application, given its peculiar mass and volume constraints, especially in case a reusable concept is adopted. Other engineering aspects involved in the design of the infrastructure systems include the selection of an appropriate power generation approach and the definition of the radiation environment in order to provide sufficient shielding to the habitats. This Spool CpA #4 issue investigates challenges of designing, engineering, constructing, operating, and maintaining off-Earth infrastructure.
The supervision of water systems in many countries is centralised and taken over from local water management collectives of ‘water workers’ by governmental or other water management institutions. Communities are literally and figuratively cut-off from ‘their’ water systems, due to the increase of urbanisation and industrialisation. On account of water management, humankind changed from communities of actively engaged water workers into passive users. In so doing, crucial knowledge about how communities created, maintained, and expanded ‘living water systems’, such as rice terraces, low-pasture systems, polders, floating-gardens, brooks-mill, and tidal systems, is rapidly diminishing. Revealing stories (oral accounts) of water workers generate insights and understanding of forgotten aspects of the landscape. They hold information on how to engage with water in a more holistic way, strategies that might help in facing today’s challenges. The world in general, but planners, spatial designers, and water managers working with water, in particular, have so far taken little account of these stories. Without documenting stories that are about the dynamic interaction between people and landscape, valuable knowledge has disappeared and continues to do so. To help to overcome this knowledge gap, to learn from the past, the Visual Water Biography (VWB) is developed. The novel method is based on the Delft layer approach in which the spatial relationship of a design and its topography is studied, and developed by many authors from the faculty of landscape architecture at TU Delft in combination with the landscape biography approach. The Visual Water Biography visualises and maps: 1) knowledge and 2) engagement of water workers by focusing on 3) circular and 4) cyclical processes that are descended in the landscape. The method developed for spatial planners, researchers, and designers explicitly allows for multi-disciplinary engagement with water workers, water professionals, people from other disciplines such as historians and ecologists, and the general public. The added value of the VWB method is shown by the case of the Dutch Sprengen and Brooks system, a water system that is well documented in terms of landscape biography but less understood as a living water system.
Apparatus and apparatisation, the focus of the Cyber-Physical Architecture (CpA) issue #2 of SPOOL, refer to an assemblage of various components, tools, and instruments that in combination produce an exponential surplus beyond the linear sum of parts. On the one hand, apparatus can be seen as a collective of means used to perform certain tasks in order to solve a range of problems. It can contain a series of tools and instruments and produce new rationalities that often translate into pervasive technology, such as, for instance, electricity and, today, Information and Communication Technology (ICT). On the other hand, apparatuses can be found in organisations and institutions that deal with various aspects of a society. For example, the police apparatus, of which rationalities are – rather than being embodied in physical technics – codified in written statutes. The apparatus in this sense is a collection of performative concepts that the subjective members of the apparatus execute in order to serve policies and plans.
Excavation work takes place almost continually in most cities around the Western hemisphere. Many cities are already full of infrastructures, buried networks, and street furniture, so excavation work is not without any thread to the operator and surrounding environment. Small construction sites, for example, are often constrained by operating infrastructure on surface level and underground. Although different agencies and network owners have information about the location of the objects that put excavation work at risk, this information is not centralized. Different organizations manage location information of buried cables, unexploded ordnance, and pollution, for example. This significantly complicates the early-stage planning and last minute risk assessment processes because professionals need to manually collect, assess, and integrate data about subsurface objects into a comprehensive risk assessment. To smoothen this process, ExcaSafeZone project, therefore, develops a system that collects location data, defines expert-based rules for safety risk assessment, and that synthesizes this into an open source prototype that visualized safety risks on a heat map.
In recent years, natural disaster and military conflicts forced vast numbers of people to flee their home countries, contributing to the migration crisis we are facing today. According to the UNHCR, the number of forcibly displaced people worldwide reached the highest level since World War II. Post-disaster housing is by nature diverse and dynamic, having to satisfy unique socio-cultural and economical requirements. Currently, however, housing emergencies are tackled inefficiently. Post-disaster housing strategies are characterized by a high economic impact and waste production, and a low adaptability to location-based needs. As an outcome, low quality temporary shelters are provided, which often exceed by far their serving time. Focusing on temporary shelters suitable for the transitioning period between emergency accommodation and permanent housing, TERRA-ink addresses new construction methods that allow for time and cost efficiency, but also for flexibility to adapt to different contexts. TERRA-ink aims to develop a method for layering local soil, by implementing 3D printing technologies. With the aid of such a construction system, the goal is to create durable structures that can be easily de-constructed once they served their purpose. The use of locally sourced materials in combination with additive manufacturing is investigated aiming at reductions in financial investments, resources and human labor, as well as at simplified logistics, low environmental impact and adaptability to different situations and requirements. Such a building system has the potential of combining low- and high-tech technologies, in order to facilitate a fully open and universal solution for large scale 3D-printing using any type of soil.
The sustainability of infrastructure projects is becoming increasingly important issue in engineering practice. This means that in the future the construction materials will be selected on the basis of the contribution they can make to reach sustainability requirements. Geopolymers are materials based on by-products from industries. By using geopolymer concrete technology it is possible to reduce our waste and to produce concrete in the environmental-friendly way. An 80% or greater reduction of greenhouse gases compared with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) can be achieved through geopolymer technology. However, there are limited practical applications and experience. For a broad and large scale industrial application of geopolymer concrete, challenges still exist in the technological and engineering aspects. The main goal of GeoCon Bridge project was to develop a geopolymer concrete mixture and to upscale it to structural application. The outputs of projects provide input for development of recommendations for structural design of geopolymer based reinforced concrete elements. Through a combination of laboratory experiments on material and structural elements, structural design and finite element simulations, and based on previous experience with OPC concrete, knowledge generated in this project provides an important step towards a “cement free” construction. The project was performed jointly by three team members: Microlab and Group of Concrete Structures from Technical University of Delft and Technical University of Eindhoven.
Additive Manufacturing (commonly known as 3D printing) technology has become a global phenomenon. In the domain of heritage, 3D printing is seen as a time and cost efficient method for restoring vulnerable architectural structures. The technology can also provide an opportunity to reproduce missing or destroyed cultural heritage, in the cases of conflicts or environmental threats. This project takes the Hippolytuskerk in the Dutch village of Middelstum, as a case study to explore the limits of the existing technology, and the challenges of 3D printing of cultural heritage. Architectural historians, modelling experts, and industrial scientists from the universities of Delft and Eindhoven have engaged with diverse aspects of 3D printing, to reproduce a selected part of the 15th century church. This experimental project has tested available technologies to reproduce a mural on a section of one of the church’s vault with maximum possible fidelity to material, colors and local microstructures. The project shows challenges and opportunities of today’s technology for 3D printing in heritage, varying from the incapability of the scanning technology to capture the existing cracks in the required resolution, to the high costs of speciality printing, and the limited possibilities for combining both printing techniques for such a complex structure.
Different urban issues urgently request up-to-date, valid, accurate, suitable, error-free 3D data of the living environment. A dynamic, virtual copy of cities, landscape, and buildings enables to continuously monitor what is happening in reality and evaluate different scenarios through simulation. These simulations help address issues like flooding, noise pollution, air pollution, and urban heat islands. Methods are developed to reconstruct, validate, and disseminate virtual 3D models. The resulting methods are implemented in open-source software, such as PolyFit, MVStudio, 3dfier, and Val3dity. The resulting semantic rich 3D data of the living environment is structured and tailored for specific uses.
The Cardiovascular diseases have become the top killer since 1970 worldwide. In 2005, it was recorded the present of 5.7 million stroke survivors. On the other hand, healing stroke and its related complications required much more considerable time. So the patients’ wards quality especially related to wall colour become very important for the patients' recovery. The study was conducted with exploratory methods combining visual methods of research and Luscher colour test. Series of interviews were conducted to gather the users’ perception. So, it was found on that blue wall colour calmed the medical personals, patients, and their family. The most soothing Blue colour variant according to respondents was the Artic Blue (hue 9.8 B, value 7.4 and chroma 5.6).
Rendell stated that gender representation underlined the production of space in architecture both symbolically and functionally in certain cultures (Rendell et al. 2000). Thus, an exploration on the spatial functionality of traditional houses could show how cultural gender rules and roles generate the spatial arrangements. This empirical research explored the traditional houses in two kampongs: Tarung and Ratenggaro of West Sumba, Indonesia, which spaces are divided into two distinct spaces: male’s space and female’s space, each with its own entrance. This firm division leads to the questions on its relation with the traditional gender roles are represented inside the house. Interestingly, the spatial arrangement is not intended to create separation between men and women inside the house or to pose that the status and roles of men are higher than those of women. The research found that the space separation actually is a manifestation of the dynamic roles of male and female members of the house and the circular arrangement of the space around the fireplace at the centre of the house follows the dynamic of gender duality in Sumba culture.
For daylighting purpose, office buildings should have a shallow plan and increase the ratio of surface to building’s volume. However, intensive use of air-conditioning drives office building’s plan to be deep with a minimum surface to volume ratio. This leads to the presence of areas that have insufficient daylight level at the work plane. Considering limitations of some daylighting methods in distributing daylight to these areas, Horizontal Light Pipe (HLP) was selected. The aim of this research was to evaluate and explain the effect of HLP branching on daylight quantity and distribution inside open plan office space. Experimental with simulation as a tool was used as the research method. HLP branching’s uniformity ratio, illuminance and Daylight Factor were compared with unbranching HLP, simultaneously with daylighting standards. Results showed that office space with HLP-L branching had higher daylight level than HLP-T branching, 296 lux and 295 lux, HLP-L and HLP-T, respectively. However, HLP-T branching distributed daylight more evenly than HLP-L branching, with uniformity ratio as 1.49:1 and 1.50:1, HLP-T and HLP-L, respectively. Both of them met the illuminance target value and uniformity at work plane. Light’s deflection and improvement amount of opening distribution decreased average illuminance and Daylight Factor up to 3.59%. Those also decreased uniformity of daylight inside the space.
Borobudur as one of the international tourist’s destination in Indonesia which having compromised their sense of identity before, tourists have their own set of images about tourism destinations. In that destination tourists usually create some tourism activities which needed space to facilitate. Many times such condition caused many problems that lead conflict among the local people. People tried to provide some supporting tourist facilities in order to fulfil the needs of tourist’s activities. People will further utilize some spaces of their village to build tourist facilities. Rich people usually dominated this kind of business. This becomes the fact that many of the fears surrounding tourism are closely associated with a wide range of social problems, especially in terms of determining tourism spatial. Each people tried to collect dollar from tourist as much as possible to provide tourism spatial by ignoring “guyub” and “gotong royong” as traditional principle of their live. This may create disharmony among the society and some people will not get the benefit from tourism activities. Therefore, to learn more detail about the role of “guyub and gotong royong” as social cohesion among people in Borobudur, there is a need to do this research in order to give some recommended strategy to solve thr problem regarding social cohesion and tourism spatial. By using descriptive method, researcher would like to present a case study about that matter in one of tourism village in Borobudur. The output of this research is to give an overview how tourism activities give significant influence towards the power of social cohesion in reducing the appeared conflict. The developed strategy will be used to tighten the relationship among the people, through re-empowering the traditional social cohesion so called ”guyub” and “gotong-royong”. By doing so, it is expected that integrity and cohesiveness in a social structure could always be maintained
The heterogeneity of the contemporary metropolitan landscape has led to a multiplicity of intermediate spaces, in between and within the different tissues of the metropolitan landscape. These interstices can provide favourable conditions to be transformed into gardens. What design instruments can be discovered for these gardens to address the characteristics of the interstice? And what is the value of doing so? In this essay three contemporary examples are compared, which explicitly address the different metropolitan landscapes in which they are located. Paley Park (New York, USA) is a transformation of an interstice within a dense urban tissue; the Crazannes Garden (Crazannes, FR) creates a point of contact between motorway and rural landscape, and the Reflection Garden (Seattle, USA) addresses the inclusion of what used to be the hinterland into the metropolitan realm, which has so little physical impact that the interstitial space between the urban fragments constitutes practically the entire surface. The gardens are compared focusing on the landscape, the metropolitan condition of their situation, and the formal, spatial and visual transformation of the context in the composition of the garden. From the case studies one can conclude that gardens can define specific places in a generic metropolitan landscape, employing several design tools: centring, enclosing and highlighting a specific selection of existing landscape qualities.
As an industrialized country at the crossroads of Asian shipping lanes, Singapore is not spared from the threat of increasing CO2 emissions. In an effort to document the existence of this phenomenon, field measurements were conducted to study and quantify the spatial variability of CO2 levels in the near-surface air of an integrated business park: One-North, Singapore. The result, a weekday-weekend comparison analysis, showed that traffic volumes influenced CO2 concentration predominantly. However, suburban vegetation moderated the CO2 concentration during the daytime. The magnitude of morning peaks and evening build-up were largely dependent on the traffic within the source area at the time of the measurement. All zones showed that the lowest mean CO2 concentration over One-North area is at the weekend, due to the drop on vehicular traffic and human activities. In particular, the present of lush greenery are notably able to further moderate the low-atmosphere CO2 concentration.
Since the beginning, mathematics courses are inherent within architecture education. In Indonesia, the legacy from Dutch education system has influenced most of the architectural schools and this courses stand as one of basic engineering courses for architecture education system. This situation has been remaining well adopted until recently, some of architectural schools are tailoring mathematics to shape with contemporary challenges particularly regards to the digital tools. This paper aims to present brief information about mathematics courses in architectural schools in Indonesia, the importance of mathematics in learning digital design tools and propose thoughts to upgrade mathematics content in architectural education towards new emerging design tools.
After May 2006 earthquake the two Pendopo Joglo buildings in Yogyakarta, as displayed in figure 1A and 1B, were showed different failures. In Pendopo Joglo 1A, the sokoguru was broken right under the sunduk kili causing the building to collapse. On the other hand, in Pendopo Joglo 1B case, the sakaguru was slipped but still remained on its position on the umpak so the building did not collapse. The structure differences between the two buildings were the support system used for each building. Pendopo Joglo 1A used pen and hole in the sokoguru base to act as pin joint support, while in Pendopo Joglo 1B, the sokoguru was only placed on the umpak, so it could slip if the earthquake shook it. The slip (as in 1B case) restrained the earthquake vibration as could be learned in base isolator technology. This writing is not a study based on field observation but an analysis about the two buildings different responses to the earthquake vibration which was caused by the different support character. This analysis is based on Static Equivalent Earthquake Load Analysis and is using qualitative method. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia: Dua buah bangunan Pendopo Joglo di Yogyakarta pada gambar 1A dan 1B mengalami kerusakan berbeda setelah kejadian gempa bumi bulan Mei 2006. Pada Pendopo Joglo 1A sokoguru patah tepat dibawah sunduk-kili dan bangunan runtuh, sedangkan pada pendopo joglo 1Bsokoguru bergeser posisinya pada tumpuan umpak, tapi bangunan tidak runtuh. Perbedaan struktur kedua bangunan terletak pada sistem tumpuannya, yaitu Pendopo Joglo 1A menggunakan tumpuan sendi berupa pen dan lubang di kaki sokogurunya, sedangkan pada pendopo joglo1B sokoguru hanya diletakkan diatas umpak sehingga dapat bergeser apabila digetarkan gempa. Pergeseran ini memberikan sifat meredam getaran gempa yang dapat dipelajari dari teknologi base-isolator. Tulisan ini bukan sebuah penelitian yang didasarkan pada fakta lapangan, tapi berisi analisis tentang perbedaan respon kedua bangunan terhadap getaran gempa akibat adanya perbedaan sifat tumpuan. Analisis dalam tulisan ini didasarkan pada analisis beban gempa statik ekivalen (2) dan dibahas secara kualitatif Kata kunci: gempa, Pendopo Joglo, sistem tumpuan, repon struktur, peredaman.
Housing the victims of the earthquake that does not take into consideration the localities can be predicted rarely successful. One of the many dwelling reconstructions can be found in the village of Nglepen, Prambanan, Yogyakarta Special Province. It is a dome houses complex. The people there who have lost their dwelling-houses may readily accept any form of shelter. But their attitude to accept and live in the dome houses actually causes many problems for themselves. Not only that the dome houses reject localities - therefore for housing Javanese people in rural area - but there are also other problems, one of which relates to financial budget. Many controversies come up from the finding of this work which applying environment-behavior research. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Rekonstruksi bangunan bagi korban gempa dengan tidak mengindahkan lokalitas kemungkinan besar akan menimbulkan masalah di kemudian hari. Berbagai rekonstruksi bangunan bagi korban gempa 27 Mei 2006 di Yogyakarta banyak dilakukan, salah satunya berada di dusun Nglepen, Prambanan, D.I. Yogyakarta. Ini merupakan bantuan berupa rumah-rumah dome dalam satu kompleks perumahan. Korban gempa yang kehilangan rumah pasti akan menerima bantuan apapun yang dapat dipakai sebagai âtempat berteduhâ mereka. Namun kesediaan mereka untuk mau tinggal di rumah dome ternyata menimbulkan berbagai masalah yang harus mereka alami. Tidak saja bahwa rumah dome tidak mengindahkan lokalitas - dalam hal ini rumah untuk masyarakat Jawa di pedesaan - namun ada masalah lain yang harus mereka hadapi, antara lain dari segi finansial. Berbagai kontroversi muncul dari temuan-temuan penelitian ini yang memakai metode penelitian lingkungan-perilaku. Kata kunci: rumah Jawa, masyarakat Jawa, rumah dome, lingkungan-perilaku, Yogyakarta, kontroversi.
The plateau settlement is one typology of settlement in Java. Some theory about the it have been presented the problem solving of contour or sloping land, but not discuss about the strategy of climatic solution yet. At Kapencar Village we founded some phenomenas of problem solving naturally. Some strategies are 1) the building typologies have the jogan as strategy to multy activities and the pogo as strategy to suport the tobacco and corn own activities. 2) The cut and fill construstion as the strategy of sloping land. 3) The pebble became the building material locally, that it put from yard themselves. 4) The little ventilation and the zink material as the strategy of the too cold and high humidity climate. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Permukiman di dataran tingi merupakan salah satu tipe permukiman di Jawa. Selama ini teori dan konsep permukiman lerengan yang berkembang sebatas membahas tentang bentuk kontur/ kelerengan. Tetapi belum mendiskusikan tentang strategi menyelesailan masalah iklim secara vernakular. Di Desa Kapencar ditemukan beberapa fenomena strategi penyelesaian masalah secara natural oleh masyarakat. Beberapa temuan yang dapat dijadikan pembahasan antara lain 1) adanya tipologi rumah dengan prioritas ruang jogan multi fungsi dan pogo, sebagai strategi mendukung kegiatan berladang tembakau dan jagung. 2) penyelesaian kontur diselesaikan dengan cut â fill,. 3) penggunaan batu alam sebagai bahan lokal, diambil dalam pekarangan sendiri, 4) sesedikit mungkin lubang di rumah dan pemilihan bahan seng , sebagai strategi mengarasi suhu dingin dan kelembaban tinggi di lokasi tersebut. Kata kunci: Permukiman, lereng gunung, bahan bangunan, iklim, tipologi.
