Cunninghamella, a filamentous fungal genus with important biomedical and biochemical value, lacks any fully annotated mitochondrial genome to date. Herein, we presented the first complete mitogenome of Cunninghamella elegans, a circular 41,552 bp molecule (GC 27.86%) encoding 14 conserved protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 24 tRNA genes, and 6 non-conserved ORFs. Structural comparison with related species (Absidia glauca and Gongronella sp. w5) revealed dynamic evolution in intron and repeat elements. Phylogenetics places C. elegans within Cunninghamellaceae, with Gongronella as its closest relative. This reference mitogenome will underpin future evolutionary and taxonomic investigations of this industrially and medically significant lineage.
This study, for the first time, assembled and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of R. longispora using high-throughput sequencing technology. The genome is a circular molecule with a total length of 157,712 bp and a GC content of 31.55%. It encodes 71 genes, including 15 core protein-coding genes (PCGs), 25 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 5 free-stranding open reading frames (ORFs), and 24 intronic ORFs. Among these, most free-stranding ORFs have unknown functions but include a DNA polymerase gene, while the intronic ORFs primarily encode LAGLIDADG and GIY-YIG endonucleases. The mitochondrial genome contains 39 introns. Phylogenetic analyses based on 15 core PCGs using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods revealed that this R. longispora is most closely related to Ramaria flavescens and Ramaria ichnusensis. This study provides foundational data for mitochondrial genome research in the Ramaria genus and offers important references for taxonomic and evolutionary studies of this group.
Chamaemelum nobile L. (Asteraceae), commonly known as Roman chamomile, is a perennial herb with branched rhizomes and multiple leafy stems. The length of the complete cp genome is 149,827 bp, and it comprises 128 genes, including 83 protein-coding genes, 8 ribosomal RNA genes, and 37 transfer RNA genes. By conducting phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast genomes, we found that C. nobile was more closely related to Matricaria chamomilla var. recutita within the chamomile species. This finding contributes to a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationship between C. nobile and other species.
Mallotus apelta is a perennial species of Euphorbiaceae widely distributed in subtropical East and Southeast Asia. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed its complete chloroplast genome. The genome was 164,055 bp in length and exhibited a typical quadripartite structure, comprising an LSC region of 88,899 bp, an SSC region of 18,494 bp, and two IR regions of 28,331 bp each. A total of 124 genes were annotated. Comparative analyses revealed conserved genome organization and IR boundaries among Mallotus species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that M. apelta was closely related to M. paniculatus, providing valuable resources for Mallotus phylogenetic studies.
Lenzites betulinus is a medicinal fungus in the Polyporaceae. Here, we report the first complete mitochondrial sequencing of this species. The circular genome is 61,288 bp in length, with a GC content of 26.32% and base composition of A (36.98%), T (36.70%), G (12.96%), and C (13.36%). It contains 14 core protein-coding genes (PCGs), 26 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and nine intronic ORFs within the cox1 gene. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 14 PCGs from 17 mitochondrial genomes confirmed that L. betulinus clusters within the Polyporaceae, closely related to Trametes and Fomitopsis. This served as a significant reference for ongoing research into other species within the Polyporales order.
Heterostemma pingtaoi, a species endemic to Hainan Island, China, was discovered and formally described in the family Apocynaceae in 2010. However, genetic and evolutionary information on the genus Heterostemma remains poorly understood. Here, we report the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of H. pingtaoi. The genome displays the typical quadripartite structure characteristic of dicotyledonous plant cp genomes, with a total length of 162,681 bp and a GC content of 38.25%. The cp genome encodes 131 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 39 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete cp genome sequences confirmed that the genus Heterostemma forms a monophyletic group at the base of tribe Ceropegieae (Apocynaceae), with 100% bootstrap support. This study provides essential genomic resources for future taxonomic and evolutionary studies of Heterostemma species.
C. hemsleyanum chloroplast genome is 157,356 bp with a quadripartite structure, 37.99% GC, and 132 genes (87 protein-coding, 37 tRNA, 8 rRNA). Phylogenomic analysis places it as sister to C. thesioides with 100% bootstrap support. This resource aids molecular identification, genetic diversity, and evolutionary studies in Apocynaceae.
Albuca bracteata (syn. Ornithogalum caudatum) is an ornamental bulbous plant wth limited plastome data. We assembled its complete chloroplast genome (GenBank PZ425793) from high-throughput sequencing reads. The156.695-bp plastome comprised an 84,786-bp large single-copy region, an 18,555-bp small single-copy region, andtwo 26,677-bp inverted repeats, with 37.66% GC content and 533.8x mean coverage. It contained 113 unique genes79 protein-coding, 30 tRNA, and four rRNA genes). Phylogenetic analysis placed A. bracteata as sister to Albuca kirki. This plastome supports species authentication and comparative and phylogenetic studies of Ornithogaloideae.
The chloroplast genome of Artocarpus gongshanensis S. K. Wu ex C. Y. Wu & S. S. Chang 1989, a threatened species endemic to China, was sequenced for the first time using Illumina NovaSeq 6000. The complete chloroplast genome assembly reveals a quadripartite structure with a total length of 160,174 bp, consisting of a large single-copy (LSC) region (89,311 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC) region (19,489 bp), separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions (25,687 bp each). Phylogenetic reconstruction based on chloroplast genome data strongly supports that A. gongshanensis forms a sister clade with A. hypargyreus. Comparative genomic analyses demonstrate that the structural organization of A. gongshanensis chloroplast genome is conserved with other Artocarpus species. This newly characterized chloroplast genome provides critical molecular data for resolving taxonomic uncertainties within the genus and establishing evidence-based conservation measures for this threatened plant.
This study determined the chloroplast genome of Thalictrum atriplex, which is 155,984 base pairs (bp) in length, including one large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,422 bp, one small single-copy (SSC) region of 17,594 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of equal length (26,484 bp each). The total guanine-cytosine (GC) content was 38.35%. A total of 127 genes were identified, including 83 protein-coding genes, eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 37 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that T. atriplex and T. finetii are closely related, forming a monophyletic clade, which provides a basis for the phylogenetic study and resource utilization of T. atriplex.
Taxillus sutchuenensis var. duclouxii, a shrub-like hemiparasitic plant with medicinal value. This study sequenced, assembled, and annotated the chloroplast genome of T. sutchuenensis var. duclouxii using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. The genome exhibits a typical circular quadripartite structure, with a total length of 122,537 bp and a GC content of 37.3%. It contains 104 genes, including 64 protein-coding genes, 32 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis shows that T. sutchuenensis var. duclouxii forms a clade with T. nigrans and T. sutchuenensis, indicating a close relationship. This study provides a basis for molecular identification and phylogenetic research in Taxillus.
The mangrove clam (Geloina expansa) is widely distributed in Asia, but its phylogenetic relationship to congeners (especially G. erosa) remains unclear. The complete mitochondrial genome of G. expansa was 15,187 bp and contained the typical 37 genes. Most protein-coding genes started with ATN and terminated with TAA or TAG. Some genes exhibited a different order from those in published Geloina mitogenomes, suggesting gene rearrangement. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that G. expansa clustered with one G. erosa mitogenome. Their small genetic distance (0.029) supports conspecificity, whereas another G. erosa individual showed a distance of 0.189, suggesting an unidentified species within Geloina.
Echinops davuricus Trevir. (Asteraceae) is a perennial medicinal herb. In this study, we sequenced and assembled its complete chloroplast genome. The plastome spans 153,168 bp with an overall GC content of 37.76%, showing a typical quadripartite structure. It encodes 131 genes in total, including 87 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 36 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on whole plastomes strongly supports the monophyly of both Echinops and Cardueae. This work enriches genomic resources for Echinops and provides a valuable basis for its phylogenetic and evolutionary studies.
The Yao ethnomedicine "Xiaobai-beifeng" uses Aeschynanthus acuminatus, yet its chloroplast genome was uncharacterized. We report the first complete chloroplast genome (153,158 bp), a typical quadripartite structure encoding 125 unique genes. Phylogenomic analysis places A. acuminatus as sister to Lysionotus. This study provides a genomic resource for molecular identification and conservation of this medicinal plant.
This study first reported the complete chloroplast genome of Thalictrum przewalskii Maxim. and analyzed its structure and phylogeny. This circular double-stranded genome is 155,922 bp long with a GC content of 38.4%, containing an 85,347 bp LSC region, a 17,613 bp SSC region, and two 26,481 bp IR regions. A total of 131 functional genes were annotated. Phylogenetic analysis of 21 species indicated that Thalictrum przewalskii Maxim. is most closely related to Thalictrum baicalense Turcz. ex Ledeb., defining its phylogenetic position and providing a molecular basis for future studies on Thalictrum species.
The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Meganola major (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) is reported for the first time. The circular genome is 15,237 bp with an A/T content of 81.32% and comprises 37 genes, consisting of 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs, along with the A + T-rich region. Most PCGs begin with ATN, whereas each cox1 and cox2 begins with CGA and GTG, respectively. Gene order matches the typical lepidopteran arrangement, and base composition falls within the range observed in other nolids. Phylogenetic analyses using a concatenated dataset of the 13 PCGs and two rRNAs recovered the following relationships: Nolinae as sister to Risobinae, Blenina as an independent lineage consistent with recognition of Bleninae, Meganola and Nola as reciprocally monophyletic groups, and M. major a sister to the M. albula and M. strigula group. The nodal supports for the sister relationship between Nolinae and Risobinae were lower, whereas other relationships were strongly supported. Considering M. major has recently emerged as a serious pest, damaging street-planted crepe myrtle in South Korea, current mitogenome sequences will be valuable for species identification, population genetic structure, and phylogeny at a diverse taxonomic hierarchy.
Urceola huaitingii (Chun & Tsiang) D. J. Middleton 1994, a member of the Apocynaceae family, is widely distributed across southern and southwestern China and has been traditionally used in folk medicine to treat hemiplegia and paralysis. In this study, we report the first complete chloroplast genome of U. huaitingii and perform phylogenetic analysis with 30 related species within the Apocynaceae. The chloroplast genome of U. huaitingii is 155,182 bp in length and has a GC content of 38.11%. It displays a typical quadripartite structure, consisting of a large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,254 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,242 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,843 bp each. A total of 111 unique genes were annotated, including 77 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that U. huaitingii is closely related to the genera Aganosma, Trachelospermum, and Amalocalyx. This study provides the first chloroplast genomic resource for the genus Urceola, laying a foundation for future investigations into its evolutionary relationships. It also contributes to future molecular and phylogenetic studies within the Apocynaceae family.
We report the first complete mitochondrial genome of Microctonus aethiopoides (Loan, 1975) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), assembled using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina sequencing data. The circular mitogenome is 33,173 bp long and contains 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs) along with a large A + T-rich control region. It exhibits a strong AT bias (85.42%) and a unique tRNA gene arrangement, whereas protein-coding genes remain conserved across Braconidae. Phylogenetic analysis places M. aethiopoides within Euphorinae. This mitogenome offers a valuable genetic resource for future evolutionary and ecological studies and improves understanding of mitogenome evolution and gene rearrangements within Braconidae.
Montandoniola moraguesi (Puton) is a widely deployed biological control agent against gall-inducing thrips, yet genomic resources for its accurate identification and phylogenetic placement remain limited. In this study, we present the complete mitochondrial genome of M. moraguesi to characterize its genomic organization and clarify its phylogenetic position within Anthocoridae. The circular mitogenome is 15,062 bp in length, exhibits a high A + T content of 74.04%, and contains the typical set of 37 mitochondrial genes along with a control region. Gene organization follows the ancestral insect mitochondrial pattern. Structural annotation revealed that COX2 and ATP6 terminate with incomplete stop codons (T-), while trnS1 lacks the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. Phylogenetic analysis based on all 13 protein-coding genes strongly supported M. moraguesi as the sister lineage to the genus Orius (BS = 100, PP = 1.00). These results provide molecular validation for the morphological classification of the tribe Oriini and supply essential genetic markers for distinguishing this predator from closely related species in integrated pest management strategies.
Murdannia medica is a Vietnamese traditional medicinal herb. Here, we report DNA super‑barcodes comprising the complete plastid genome (plastome, 177,455 bp) and 45S nuclear ribosomal DNA (45S nrDNA, 5,741 bp) of M. medica. The plastome has a large single‑copy (LSC, 100,132 bp), a small single‑copy (SSC, 21,125 bp), and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 28,099 bp each. It contains 115 annotated genes and has an overall A/T content of 68.2%. Plastome‑based phylogenetic analyses show that M. medica sister with M. edulis. These new genomic resources provide a valuable foundation for future cultivation, conservation, and systematic investigations of M. medica.
