以广西壮族自治区桂平市碳汇造林项目为研究对象,采用基于Hartman模型的二叉树实物期权法对该项目进行价值评估研究,并运用情景分析和敏感性分析,就不确定性因素对项目期权价值的影响进行分析.结果表明:林业碳汇项目具有丰富的期权价值,碳价格波动率、碳价格、木材价格对项目期权价值具有显著正向影响,利率对项目期权价值具有显著负向作用.基于结论提出3 点建议:一是鼓励绿色金融创新,开发碳汇期权产品;二是健全林业碳汇培育机制;三是适当降低利率,降低碳交易入场门槛.
从政策文本的结构与内容2 个维度对31 个样本省(区、市)的"林长制"政策进行文本量化研究.结果表明:从政策文本结构看,林长制的政策文本数量随着中央文件的出台而快速增长;政策发文主体由人民政府转向专职机构;政策工具以命令控制型为主,以经济激励型与公众参与型为辅.从政策文本内容的分析发现林长管辖区域以行政划分为主,部分省域结合资源特性、企事业单位进行划分;林长制推行进度地区差异明显,半数以上样本省(区、市)配套制度有待健全;工作机制创新以"林长+"为主,督查考核体系还可优化.因此,提出优化政策工具、完善制度体系、健全工作机制与改变考核模式等措施助推林长制改革的深化.
⑴ Background——There is a complex relationship between forest dependence and residents’ livelihoods.The relative forest income method is widely used to measure the degree of forest dependence of micro-subjects in the academic circles, and there are some limitations in discussing the diversity and complexity of forest dependence.⑵ Methods——The research objects of this paper are the employees’ families in the key state-owned forest regions.The relative forest income method and the forest dependence index method were used to measure the degree of forest dependence of the employees’ families respectively, and the results were compared and analyzed.⑶ Results——The degrees of forest dependence of employees’ families in the key state-owned forest regions measured by using the relative forest income method and the forest dependence index method are significantly different.The degree of forest dependence is divided into four categories: “less dependent”,“medium dependent”,“highly dependent” and “very dependent”.The results show that the proportion of employees’ families with “very dependent” measured by using the RFI method is the highest（47.41%）,while the proportion of employees’ families with “highly dependent” measured by using the FDI method is the highest（78.93%）.The employees’ families with “very dependent” measured by using the two methods are different.The proportion of wage income in the employees’ families with “very dependent” measured by using the relative forest income method is very high, while the forestry income in the employees’ families with “very dependent” measured by using the forest dependence index method is diversified.In terms of family consumptions and living conditions, the higher the forest dependence index, the lower the proportion of living expenses and the worse living conditions, while the higher the relative forest income, the higher the proportion of living expenses and the better living conditions.It can be seen that the relative forest income method overestimates the degree of forest dependence of the employees’ families to some extent, while the forest dependency index method can better describe the situation of the employees’ families which depend on forests for their livelihoods.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——First, the degrees of forest dependence of the employees’ families in the key state-owned forest regions measured by using the relative forest income method and the forest dependence index method are 0.56 and 0.71 respectively, indicating that the degree of forest dependence of the employees’ families is higher.Second, in the two measuring methods, the per capita income and per capita consumption of the employees’ families generally decline as the degree of forest dependence increases.Third, in the two measuring methods, the specific income, consumption structures and living conditions of the employees’ families all show different trends with the increase of the degree of forest dependence.Fourth, the relative forest income method overestimates the degree of forest dependence of the employees’ families to some extent, while the results measured by using the forest dependence index method are more consistent with the actual situations of the employees’ families in the key state-owned forest regions, because it can answer the questions of how much, how and why the employees’ families depend on forests.Therefore, the forest dependence index can become an effective basis for identifying vulnerable groups in policy making, so that the policy priorities are tilted towards the employees’ families with the highest degree of forest dependence and the lowest living standards, and the funds of natural forest resources protection project have a greater effect on people’s livelihoods.
⑴ Background——The sustainable development of national economy requires forest products processing industry to improve total factor productivity（TFP）.China is the emerging economy with the largest inflow of foreign direct investment（FDI）.Foreign direct investment plays a vital role in China’s forest products processing industry which is undergoing industrial transformation and upgrading.⑵ Methods——Based on the micro-panel data of China’s forest products processing enterprises from 1999 to 2013 collated from China Industrial Enterprises Database, this paper establishes a fixed effect model to empirically test the impact of foreign direct investment on the total factor productivity of China’s forest products processing enterprises and the impact of spillover effect of foreign direct investment on China’s forest products processing industry.⑶ Results——First, FDI has a negative impact on the TFP of China’s forest products processing enterprises.For every 1% increase of FDI received by the enterprises, the TFP of the enterprises decreases by 4.2%.In the forests product processing industry, the TFP of all enterprises in the industry decreased by 0.03% when the total FDI increased by 1%.Second, whether FDI comes from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan or not has different direct impacts and spillover effects on China’s forest products processing industry.For every 1% increase of FDI of the enterprises, the TFP decreases by 8.4%.FDI from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan has a significant negative crowding-out effect on the TFP of all enterprises in China’s forest products processing industry.For every 1% increase of FDI in the industry, the TFP of all enterprises in the industry decreases by 0.05%.FDI from other countries or regions has a significant positive impact on the TFP of China’s forest products processing enterprises.For every 1% increase of FDI of the enterprises, the TFP increases by 0.7%.For every 1% increase of FDI in the industry, the TFP of all enterprises in the industry increases by 0.01%.Third, the results analyzed based on the analysis of different industries, different regions, different types of enterprises and different proportions of foreign investment show that the impact of FDI on TFP of China’s forest products processing industry is different.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——FDI has a negative impact on the TFP of China’s forest products processing enterprises in general.Based on this, the following policy suggestions are put forward: First, the government should not blindly rely on FDI,formulate more prudent foreign investment introduction policies, and cautiously expand the use of foreign investment scale.Second, we should pay attention to the investigation of the sources of foreign investment and focus on introducing FDI from relevant countries and regions with advantages in forest products processing technologies.Third, the government and enterprises should shift from competition to cooperation, examine the purposes and modes of foreign investment, and introduce more “friendly” foreign investment.Fourth, the government and enterprises should fully consider the differences between industries, regions and enterprises in the process of introducing foreign investment.The introduction of foreign investment should consider the development stages and rules of different industries, the international competitiveness of local industries and the technological gaps between them and the developed countries, and the characteristics of the enterprises themselves.
⑴ Background——The complex terrain, diverse landforms, a large population and the policy of “equal distribution of forestlands” intensify the degree of collective forestlands fragmentation in China, which has a negative impact on forestry production.However, the existing researches ignore the feature that the minimum input of forest farmers’ forests management is 0 under the realistic conditions.⑵ Methods——This paper selected Shaanxi Province, Liaoning Province, Fujian Province and Hunan Province as sample provinces.From the perspective of labor input and capital input of the forest farmers, S index was used to measure the degree of collective forestlands fragmentation, and the Tobit model was used to discuss the impact of the degree of collective forestlands fragmentation on the forest farmers’ forests management inputs.⑶ Results——The mean value of Simpson index of forestlands fragmentation of the forest farmers in the four provinces was 0.397,and the maximum value was 0.895,indicating that the degree of forestlands fragmentation was high.The average capital input intensity of the forest farmers was RMB 2890 yuan/（year-hm~2） and the average labor input intensity was 20.435 hours/（year-hm~2）,indicating that the inputs level of the forest farmers’ was low.The results of Tobit model analysis showed that the regression coefficient between Simpson index and capital input intensity was-0.203,which was statistically significant at the 1% level, and the regression coefficient between Simpson index and labor input intensity was-4.585,which was statistically significant at the 10% level.In addition, the robustness test showed that the correlation coefficient between the number of land plots and the capital input intensity was-0.028,and that between the number of land plots and the labor input intensity was-0.816,and the correlation between the number of land plots and the capital input intensity was stronger.It indicated that the forestlands fragmentation had a negative impact on the forest farmers’ forests management inputs, and the impact on the capital input was more obvious, and there might be alternative inputs of production factors.Moreover, the family endowments of the forest farmers and forestlands characteristics also affected the forest farmers’ inputs to different degrees, while only forestry training among individual characteristics had a significant promoting effect on the forest farmers’ inputs.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——In forestry production, the problem of the forestlands fragmentation of the forest farmers is obvious, and the inputs level of the forest farmers is low.The forestlands fragmentation increases the management difficulty and risk of the forest farmers, and has a significant negative impact on the capital input and labor input of the forest farmers.Among the control variables, the forestry training, the number of labor force, the proportion of forestry income and the proportion of forest rights had a significant positive impact on the forest farmers’ inputs, while the number of long-term migrant workers and the area of forestlands have obvious negative impact on the forest farmers’ inputs.Therefore, the following policy suggestions are put forward: First, improve and standardize the related policies of forestlands transfer to promote forestlands transfer and reduce the degree of forestlands fragmentation.Second, encourage forest farmers to participate in forestry cooperative organizations such as “forestry cooperatives” and “collective forestry farms”,and implement joint management, so as to achieve the integration of fragmented forestlands.Third, actively publicize forestry management and protection, disease and pest prevention and other professional knowledge, strengthen forestry training for forest farmers in combination with regional characteristics, and develop technology-based forestry.
⑴ Background——Poverty and ecological civilization construction are the realistic problems that all countries in the world need to face in their development.China has put forward the concept of green development and implemented the major strategy of targeted poverty alleviation.Ecological poverty alleviation is the combination of poverty alleviation and development and ecological protection measures in order to achieve sustainable development in poor areas.Forestry ecological poverty alleviation is an important part of ecological poverty alleviation policies in China.It is of great significance to discuss the impact of forestry ecological poverty alleviation on farmers’ income for the evaluation of policy effect.⑵ Methods——The western region of China has overlapping characteristics of ecological vulnerability and poor mountainous areas.Based on the statistical panel data of 12 provinces（municipalities, autonomous regions） in western China from 2009 to 2020,the index system of forestry ecological poverty alleviation is established by using principal component analysis（PCA） and entropy method.The fixed effects regression model established through empirical research is used to study the impact of forestry ecological poverty alleviation on farmers’ income.⑶ Results——The regression results show that the coefficient of forestry ecological poverty alleviation is significant at 1% level, that is, forestry ecological poverty alleviation promotes the improvement of farmers’ income level.When forestry ecological poverty alleviation changes by 1%,farmers’ income will increase by 1.92%,and it has long-term effects.Third, the industrial effect of forestry ecological poverty alleviation has greater impact on farmers’ income than the ecological effect and employment effect.The industrial effect is significantly positive at 1% level, while the ecological effect and employment effect are not significant.Fourth, since 2015,the intensity of forestry ecological poverty alleviation in China has been enhanced and the income effect has been significant.The analysis of the trend of forestry ecological poverty alleviation indexes shows that before 2015,forestry ecological poverty alleviation（average） fluctuated steadily at about 0.17.After 2015,the growth rate was more obvious, peaking at 0.25 in 2019.Taking 2015 as the dividing line, the panel data is divided into two groups.The regression of the two groups of data shows that the income effect from 2015 to 2020 was significant.Fifth, forestry industry upgrading has a significant positive moderating effect on the impact of forestry ecological poverty alleviation on farmers’ income.The coefficient of forestry ecological poverty alleviation is significantly positive at 1% level, and the interaction term is significantly positive at 5% level.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——First, forestry ecological poverty alleviation should take into account the dual objectives of ecology and economy, and deal with the relationship between development and protection according to local conditions.It is necessary to implement ecological compensation, employment assistance and industrial drive, promote the rational utilization of forestry resources, and expand the income channels of farmers.Second, optimize the forestry industry structure, upgrading the industrial value chain, cultivate forestry products with high value-added forestry products and explore a new path for poverty alleviation through integrated development of forestry primary, secondary and tertiary industries to improve the effectiveness of forestry ecological poverty alleviation.Third, improve the ecological compensation mechanism, gradually expand its coverage and raise the compensation standards, and explore diversified compensation methods.Fourth, coordinate the relationship between “government dominance” and “market vitality”,the government should give full play to its public service function and improve its ability of ecological governance.At the same time, the vitality of efficient markets should be stimulated.
⑴ Background——After China completely implemented the policy of stopping commercial logging of natural forests, the external dependence of wood in China has been increasing.The continuous expansion of the construction scale of public welfare forests may change the farmers’ planting structure of commercial forests, which has a significant impact on both national timber supply security and ecological security.⑵ Methods——Based on the prospect theory of behavioral economics, this paper analyzed the impact mechanism of the scale of the farmers’ public welfare forests on the planting structure of commercial forests from the perspective of loss aversion, focused on the constraint effects of the farmers’ non-agricultural employment on the impact mechanism, and put forward the research hypotheses.The Tobit model was used to empirically test the research hypotheses based on the monitoring data of collective forest rights system reform of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration in 2016.⑶ Results——First, the proportion of public welfare forests had a significant negative effect on the proportion of timber forests, while it had a significant positive effect on the proportion of economic forests, and the effect was greater.The reasons were as follows: on one hand, the construction of public welfare forests strengthened the control of forest and wood logging and reduced the enthusiasm of farmers to plant timber forests.On the other hand, the ecological compensation of public welfare forest could not make up for the loss caused by the restriction of forestland management rights, and the farmers may convert the timber forests into the less restricted economic forests.Second, the interaction term between the source of family income and the proportion of public welfare forests had a significant positive effect on the proportion of timber forests.The interaction term between the proportion of non-agricultural employment and the proportion of public welfare forests had a significant negative effect on the proportion of economic forests.The reasons were as follows: on one hand, the farmers whose family income mainly depended on migrant workers had a low dependence on forest lands.The loss caused by forest lands being classified as public welfare forests was small, which failed to induce the farmers to adjust forest species.On the other hand, the higher the proportion of non-agricultural employment was, the more the farmers inclined to convert the existing economic forests into timber forests in order to release labor forces to participate in non-agricultural employment.Third, there was a mediating effect of public welfare forests construction on commercial forests planting structure by strengthening the farmers’ perception of logging difficulty, and it showed partial mediating effect.Fourth, a series of robustness tests showed that the baseline regression results were still reliable.Fifth, the proportion of public welfare forests had a significant positive impact on the willingness of farmers to convert their forestlands, but had no significant impact on the actual behaviors of farmers to convert their forestlands.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——The expansion of the scale of public welfare forests reduces the planting scale of timber forests and changes the planting structure of commercial forests.Therefore, in order to optimize the structure of forest species and ensure national timber security, the following policy suggestions are put forward: First, make rational plans for public welfare forests blocks and promote the construction of public welfare forests in an orderly manner.Second, appropriately loosen control over public welfare forests and stimulate the farmers’ enthusiasm for afforestation.Third, encourage the farmers to plant timber forests and strengthen the farmer’ training in the planting technologies to realize the large-scale management of forestland.
⑴ Background——The goal of“dual carbon”has become a major strategic choice for China, but its realization process faces great challenges.How to make use of different forestry carbon sinks policies to increase forestry carbon sinks and realize the“dual carbon”goal at a minimum cost is the key and difficult point of the current social attentions.⑵ Methods——Based on the basic principle of the Faustmann-Hartman model, forests managers make decisions on forests management behaviors to maximize the benefits of forestlands.A decision model of forests management behaviors is established to explain the mechanism of different forestry carbon sinks policies on forestry incremental carbon sinks.In addition, on the basis of reviewing the existing research literatures, the difficulties and costs of implementing different types of forestry carbon sinks policies are analyzed by comparative analysis and qualitative analysis.⑶ Results——The implementation difficulties, costs and their effects on increasing forestry carbon sinks of different forestry carbon sinks policies are different.In terms of implementation difficulties, the area subsidy is relatively simple, and the carbon sinks subsidy is more difficult to implement.Forestry carbon sinks trading is flexible and feasible.The design of forestry carbon tax rate in the early stage is complicated, and it can be implemented on a large scale in the later stage, but it is easy to be opposed by forests managers.It is difficult to implement the policy of“carbon sinks subsidy+forestry carbon tax”.In terms of the effect of increasing forestry carbon sinks, the effect of carbon sinks subsidy and“carbon sinks subsidy+forestry carbon tax”is better.The effect of increasing forestry carbon sinks of forestry carbon sinks trading is positive but not significant, and the effect of area subsidy is low.The existing researches have not reached a unanimous conclusion on the effect of only implementing forestry carbon tax.Therefore, taking the above three perspectives into consideration, in the short term, the government should continue to promote and improve the policies of forestry carbon sinks trading and area subsidy.In the long run, the government should introduce carbon sinks subsidy and forestry carbon tax, gradually transition the area subsidy to carbon sinks subsidy, and establish the forestry carbon sinks policy system of“carbon sinks subsidy+forestry carbon tax”.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——Based on the above analysis of different forestry carbon sinks policies in China, the following policy suggestions are put forward: First, improve the existing forestry carbon sinks into the carbon market trading mechanism as soon as possible, and further expand the scopes and proportions of forestry carbon sinks.Second, improve the forestry carbon sinks methodology.Based on digital technology, monitor the dynamics of forests management and carbon sinks profits and losses in real time, reduce the monitoring cost of forestry carbon sinks metering, and establish the risk prevention mechanism for forestry carbon sinks projects.Third, improve the existing ecological compensation policies, implement a precise subsidy mechanism, increase various types of subsidy measures such as cash subsidies and tax breaks, and consider introducing subsidy policies based on carbon sinks.Fourth, explore and gradually establish a mixed policy of“carbon sinks subsidy+forestry carbon tax”.
⑴ Background——The state-owned forest regions in Northeast China are the key regions of national ecological construction.Taking the road of marketization and attracting a large number of social capital to actively participate in forest ecological protection and restoration is an important way to practice the idea of ecological civilization.⑵ Methods——Based on the theory of public goods and social capital, this paper makes an in-depth analysis on the marketization of forest ecological protection and restoration, and discusses the “failure” problem of social capital’s participation in forest ecological protection and restoration from the aspects of financing mechanism and return mechanism.⑶ Results——The participation of social capital in the ecological protection and restoration projects in the state-owned forest regions in Northeast China has significant advantages.First, it can promote the diversification of investment entities, which mainly include private enterprises, foreign investors, third-party organizations, and the state-owned enterprises and institutions in other places, etc.Second, the cooperation between government and social capital can realize complementary advantages and reduce management costs.Third, forest ecological protection and restoration can be achieved through advanced technical means, professional machinery and equipment, and highly-qualified professionals, and the technical level of forestry ecological protection can be improved.Fourth, the channels for the participation of social capital in the forest ecological protection and restoration are unimpeded, which can help better implement ecological restoration projects and promote the regeneration and utilization of forest resources.The research shows that social capital’s participation in ecological project restoration in the state-owned forest regions in Northeast China has achieved certain results in practice, including: social capital’s participation broadens the financing channels of ecological protection and restoration; The governance modes of social capital’s participation in ecological protection and restoration show a diversified trend, which improves the degree of ecological protection and restoration; The participation of social capital in the whole process realizes the operation and management of the full life cycle of ecological protection and restoration.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——Based on the above analysis, this paper puts forward the following policy suggestions on social capital’s participation in ecological environmental protection and restoration of the state-owned forest regions in Northeast China: First, market means should be used to encourage and support diversified investment, establish an eco-environment-oriented social capital investment mechanism, and adopt industrial chain extension, joint operation, combined development and other methods to form a virtuous cycle in the supply of funds for eco-environmental governance and the creation of economic value.Second, encourage relevant industries to enhance their scientific and technological support capacity and improve their level of technical services, reasonably define the rights and obligations of all parties, take the project as the core, innovate the projects models, and determine the tasks of ecological protection and restoration.Third, establish and improve the return system for ecological protection and restoration projects, reflect the market allocation concept of “risk sharing and benefit sharing”,seek a balance between government payments and the maximization of returns for social capital, and create an incentive mechanism and atmosphere for the whole society to participate in the ecological protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes, grass and sand, promote systematic governance and high-quality development of ecological protection and restoration.
⑴ Background——The new type of forestry management entities that emerged from the reform of the collective forestry property rights system have a higher degree of organization, and at the same time, they are faced with greater operational risks due to their large forestlands scale.Therefore, compared with the traditional forest farmers, they have a stronger sense of risk protection and willingness to purchase forest insurance.⑵ Methods——Based on the survey data of 485 new type of forestry management entities in the national collective forest areas, STATA 16.0 was used to estimate the model results on the basis of studying the impact mechanism of forest insurance on the investment of the new type of forestry management entities.⑶ Results——Purchasing forest insurance can significantly enhance the motivation of long-term investment of the new type of forestry management entities, but has no significant effect on short-term investment.The coefficient of the long-term investment of the new type of forestry management entities is 0.036,p＜0.05,and the coefficient of the short-term investment is 0.313,which is not significant, indicating that compared with other new type of forestry management entities, the long-term investment of the new type of forestry management entities who purchased forest insurance increased by 3.6% on average, but has no impact on the short-term investment.Both the willingness to expand the forestlands scale and the government subsidies are associated with the investment enthusiasm of the new type of forestry management entities.The willingness to expand the forestlands scale has a partial mediating effect on the management entities’ s long-term investment, that is, purchasing forest insurance not only has a direct impact on the long-term investment enthusiasm of the management entities, but also has an indirect impact on the long-term investment enthusiasm through the willingness to expand the scale of management in the future.The reason is that the new type of forestry management entities has certain expectations for the stability of investment returns, and the stronger their willingness to expand the scale of management, the more motivated they are to purchase forest insurance.The coefficient of the interaction between the purchase of forest insurance and the amount of government subsidies on the long-term investment is 0.634,p＜0.05,and the coefficient of the short-term investment is 0.137,which is not significant, indicating that the government subsidies positively regulate the effect of forest insurance purchase on the investment enthusiasm of the new type of forestry management entities, that is, the effect of forest insurance purchase on the new type of forestry management entities is stronger under the condition of high government subsidies amounts than under the condition of low government subsidies amounts.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——Based on the above analysis, the following policy suggestions are put forward: First, forest insurance providers should provide different forest insurance products according to different risk windows, optimize the existing forest insurance products, so that the new type of forestry management entities of different management scales can find the suitable insurance varieties.Second, strengthen the publicity of forest insurance, improve the insurance consciousness of the new type of forestry management entities, expand insurance marketing channels, and improve the quality of pre-sale and after-sale service of insurance purchase.Third, the forestry financial subsidies, especially the forest insurance premium subsidies, should be inclined to the new type of forestry management entities as far as possible to support them to carry out risk management through the insurance mechanism and improve their ability to resist risks.
⑴ Background——The path of carbon reduction includes carbon emission reduction and carbon sinks.Forests are the largest carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems.Enhancing forestry carbon sinks capacity is an important way to achieve the goal of “dual carbon”.Chinese governments at all levels attach great importance to the projects of enhancing the carbon sinks capacity of forest ecosystem, and policies and measures have been introduced to build the forestry carbon sinks capacity.The development of forestry carbon sinks has made remarkable achievements, but there are still some problems such as extensive development modes.⑵ Methods——The second-hand statistical data related to the development of China’s forest resources and forestry carbon sinks were collected through the China’s Forest Resources Report（2014-2018） and the official websites of the forestry and grassland authorities of all provinces（municipalities and autonomous regions）.At the same time, the field research was carried out in Sanming City, Nanping City, Longyan City in Fujian Province, the forestry authorities, forestry enterprises, forestry farmers, financial institutions and other entities were interviewed to collect the relevant data and information on the exploration of forestry carbon sinks, as well as the evaluation, doubts and suggestions of each entity on China’s forestry carbon sinks development policies.⑶ Results——First, China has made some useful explorations in expanding the path to increase forestry carbon sinks and promoting forestry carbon sinks to increase income, such as promoting the projects of afforestation and precise improvement of forest quality, improving forestry carbon sinks capacity and its economic value, improving forest rights transfer mechanism, and supporting appropriate scale forestry management.However, the promotion of appropriate scale management of forest lands is hindered and the scale economy effect is difficult to realize.Second, in order to tap the potential of forestry carbon sinks and strengthen the feedback and demonstration effect of forestry carbon sinks trading on carbon sinks projects, corresponding forestry carbon sinks measurement methods have been introduced in various regions.However, the measurement scope of forestry carbon sinks is too narrow, and the threshold of participation in carbon sinks trading is high.Third, different practical measures have been taken to revitalize carbon assets in various regions, such as innovating credit products for forestry carbon sinks and promoting the “forestry carbon sinks + ecological insurance” model.However, the development and business expansion of carbon sinks financial products lag behind.Fourth, the governments at all levels have implemented various forms of forestry carbon sinks compensation mechanisms.However, the ecological compensation mechanism of forestry carbon sinks is still not perfect.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——Based on the above analysis, the following policy suggestions are put forward: First, promote the appropriate scale management of forests, accurately improve the carbon sinks capacity of forestlands, including accelerating the reform of the “separation of three rights” and continuing to explore the scale management system of forestry.Second, lower the threshold of forestry carbon sinks trading and broaden the development path of forestry carbon sinks, including developing methodology according to the different types of collective forestlands and allowing human intervention in forest carbon sinks development and trading.Third, promote the hierarchical development of forestry carbon sinks and explore the economic value of carbon sinks assets, including strengthening the innovation and application of carbon trading products and establishing a digital platform for forestry carbon sinks.Fourth, improve the forestry carbon sinks compensation mechanism to ensure the long-term and stable supply of carbon sinks, including clarifying the principles of ecological compensation for forestry carbon sinks, improving the vertical compensation mechanism and the “cross-regional” compensation mechanism.
⑴ Background——China’s forest tourism has developed rapidly under the guidance of the“Two Mountains”theory and market demand.The focus of forest park tourism industry development has changed from quantitative expansion to connotative development.⑵ Methods——The research data related to China’s forest park tourism industry from 2011 to 2019 are obtained from statistical yearbooks, communiques and official websites of provincial（municipal, regional） statistical bureaus.The weighted factor analysis method, the system clustering method and the natural breaks method are used to analyze the characteristics of spatio-temporal differences and further explore the reasons for this spatio-temporal heterogeneity.⑶ Results——First, the development level and coordination degree of the four dimensions of forest park tourism industry competitiveness vary greatly among provinces（cities, autonomous regions）,showing the characteristics of high in the east and low in the west in China.The comprehensive competitiveness of provinces（cities, autonomous regions） with coordinated development of all dimensions and good development degree is at a high level or above, while the comprehensive competitiveness of most provinces（cities, autonomous regions） with uncoordinated development of all dimensions or poor development degree is at an average level or below.Second, there is a large regional gap in the competitiveness of forest park tourism industry.The provinces with high competitiveness are mostly concentrated in the eastern and central regions, while the provinces with low competitiveness are mostly concentrated in the western regions, which is directly related to the development of various dimensions of industrial competitiveness.Third, the development level of forest park tourism industry is generally low, and the industrial competitiveness of the provinces are different.The research results show that only 16% of the regions are in the first echelon, 19% are in the second echelon, and 65% of the regions belong to the other three echelons.Fourth, in the time dimension, the development speed of forest park tourism industry is different in different regions, and this gap is still increasing.The development situation of industrial competitiveness in each province is as follows: 8 provinces develop at a high level, 5 provinces develop steadily, 8 provinces develop backward, and 11 provinces stagnant.Fifth, in the spatial dimension, there is spatial clustering in the comprehensive competitiveness of forest park tourism industry, mainly at the highest level, higher level and lower level, the provinces（cities, autonomous regions） with the highest level competitiveness in the eastern and central regions do not play a good leading role.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——Because the four dimensions of forest park tourism industry competitiveness are different, the development level and speed of the comprehensive competitiveness of forest park tourism industry are not the same, and the overall development level is low.Therefore, the following suggestions are put forward: First, promote the coordinated development of various dimensions of industrial competitiveness, explore its cultural connotation and regional characteristics; Second, strengthen the infrastructure construction of forest park tourism industry in western provinces（cities, autonomous regions）,give play to the leading role of forest park tourism in eastern and central China, and promote regional coordinated development; Third, strengthen policy guidance, introduce preferential policies favoring the western regions to support the development of tourism enterprises in western provinces（cities, autonomous regions） in China.
⑴ Background——After 20 years of the implementation of the natural forests protection project and the reform of separating government functions from enterprise management, the regional positioning and social economic system of the state-owned forest regions in Northeast China have undergone profound changes.But there are still some key problems and challenges in the future reform of the state-owned forest regions in Northeast China.⑵ Methods——According to the data obtained by the research group during the field survey of forest industry enterprises in Inner Mongolia in 2021,and the micro-survey data of forestry workers’ families obtained from the “Monitoring of People’s Livelihood in Key State-owned Forest Regions” survey project（2012-2021） jointly carried out by National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China and Northeast Forestry University, this paper summarizes the reform achievements and realistic tasks of the state-owned forest regions in Northeast China.⑶ Results——First, the state-owned forest industry enterprises are the main bodies to undertake the ecological services purchased by the government, and are engaged in the protection, cultivation and restoration of natural forests.It reflects their “public welfare” attribute as the public welfare state-owned enterprises and achieves the government’s goal of pursuing ecological benefits.Second, the state-owned forest industry enterprises develop forest carbon sinks, forest biomass energy, forest food with ecological identification and other emerging green industries, which promote the realization of the value of ecological products.It reflects their “profit-driven” attribute as the public welfare state-owned enterprises and achieves the enterprises’ goal of pursuing economic benefits.Third, the state-owned forest industry enterprises have improved the well-being of the forestry communities by providing stable employments and income channels for the workers.It reflects their “social responsibility” attribute as the public welfare state-owned enterprises and achieves the state-owned forest regions’ goal of pursuing social benefits.In the new historical period, the key of the state-owned forest regions in Northeast China to accomplish the above tasks is to transform from forest dependence to the realization of ecological products value.The following six key problems needed to be solved to accomplish the above realistic tasks: the organizational structures and the management ideas is not adaptable, the motivation mechanisms and the industrial layouts is not clear, the reform of property rights and the use of forest lands is not flexible, the surplus workers and the new positions is not matched, the forests economy and the people’s affluence and the enterprises’ development is not unified, the protection of resources and the improvement of well-beings isn’t coordinated.⑷ Suggestion——First, each forest industry group should carry out the withdrawal and merge of the state-owned forest industry enterprises according to its actual situation, replace forest farms with ecological management stations in the state-owned forest industry enterprises, and establish a new type of community and a new community governance system in the state-owned forest regions.Second, the existing state-owned forest industry enterprises continue to be classified, some enterprises provide ecological services and ecological products, the other enterprises participate in the market competition to realize the marketization of the value of ecological products.Third, establish a sustainable utilization mechanism of the state-owned forest lands that adapts to different development stages, including woodland supply mechanism, woodland utilization mechanism and income distribution mechanism.Fourth, formulate relevant policies for talented persons oriented to the modern management systems.Fifth, adopt and promote the “company +” mode to develop the forests economy, contract the use rights of the forest lands to the companies, so that the workers can obtain benefits through the way of “company +”.Sixth, sign long-term contracts with relatively poor groups to integrate the protection and restoration of natural forests with the management of relative poverty.
⑴ Background——Customers will enhance their brand commitments when they build a positive impression of a tea brand through tea traceability information.Customer citizenship behavior is an extra-role behavior, which is conducive to improving the quality perception, popularity and competitive advantage of tea brands.⑵ Methods——Questionnaire survey was adopted to collect data in three cities in Fujian Province, China: Fuzhou City, Quanzhou City and Ningde City.The respondents were the consumers who had bought Fuding White Tea.In the formal survey, the researchers received 320 valid questionnaires.AMOS24.0 software was used to analyze the relationship among tea traceability information, brand reliability perception, brand naturality perception and customer citizenship behaviors.Finally, the mediating effects of brand reliability perception and brand naturality perception were tested using bootstrap method.⑶ Results——First, tea traceability information significantly and positively affected brand reliability perception（β=0.760,P ＜ 0.001） and brand naturality perception（β=0.478,P ＜ 0.001）.This indicates that tea traceability information is an effective clue to prove the social responsibility of tea brands, and positively enhances customers’ brand authenticity perception.Both brand reliability perception（β=0.600,P ＜ 0.001） and brand naturality perception（β=0.277,P ＜ 0.001） have significant positive effects on customer citizenship behaviors.This indicates that the more customers recognize the tea brands’ ability to meet their products safety and environmental protection needs, the more likely they are to act altruistically toward the brand and other customers.Second, although tea traceability information does not directly and significantly affect customer citizenship behavior（β=-0.222,P ＞ 0.05）,it has a significant positive effect on customer citizenship behaviors through the mediating effects of brand reliability perception（β=0.587,P ＜ 0.001） and brand naturality perception（β=0.170,P ＜ 0.001）.This result emphasizes the important role of brand reliability perception and brand naturality perception as mediating variables.Finally, the brand reliability perception has stronger mediating effect between tea traceability information and customer citizenship behaviors than the brand naturality perception.The brand reliability perception is the rational cognition of customers to tea brands, and the brand naturality perception is the perceptual cognition of customers to tea brands.This shows that the customer’s rational cognition can stimulate customer citizenship behaviors more than the customer’s perceptual cognition.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——First, the government should improve the tea traceability system to improve its credibility and openness.The government should act as a regulator to ensure that tea traceability information can cover most of the tea supply chain information and should also establish a tea products database to provide information inquiry function for tea consumers.Second, official monitoring agencies should be mainly responsible for the authenticity of tea traceability information because authoritative tea information helps to improve customers’ brand reliability perception and brand naturality perception.In addition, tea traceability information should contain more information about the tea growing environment.Third, tea brands should improve customers’ awareness of tea traceability information and increase their brand commitments.Tea consumers should be educated on traceability knowledge, the traceability function of tea should be promoted in the publicity of tea brands and key customers should be maintained because their opinions are highly persuasive to other customers.
⑴ Background——Green credit is the main part of China’s green finance system.The interaction between green credit and technology innovation is an important driving force for the transformation and upgrading of the forestry industry structure, and also an important means to realize the high-quality development of modern forestry.To discuss the specific effects of green credit and technology innovation on China’s forestry industry structure can provide a theoretical basis for the high-quality development of modern forestry.⑵ Methods——This paper proposes the research hypotheses by analyzing the potential impact mechanism of green credit（hpc） and forestry technology innovation（tepscore） on the forestry industry structure（nfishc）.Based on the panel data of 28 provinces（municipalities and autonomous regions） from 2008 to 2019,the static FGLS fixed effects model of C-D production function is used to explore the interaction effects of green credit and technology innovation on the forestry industry structure.Meanwhile, in order to solve the possible endogeneity problem of the model and analyze the influence of interaction terms on the interrelation between green credit and technology innovation, the lagged terms of the explained variables are added and the dynamic system GMM model is used to estimate the interaction of green credit and technology innovation on the forestry industry structure.⑶ Results——Firstly, green credit and forestry technology innovation both play a significant role in promoting the forestry industry structure.Among them, every 1% increase in the level of green credit will increase the forestry industry structure by 0.126%,every 1% increase in the level of forestry technology innovation will increase the forestry industry structure by 0.114%.Secondly, the interaction between green credit and forestry technology innovation can indeed enhance their effects of promoting the optimization of forestry industry structure, what’s more, green credit and forestry technology innovation are threshold variables to each other and both of them have a single threshold effect on forestry industry structure.In particular, when the proportion of high energy-consuming interest expenditure is less than 3.914,there will be a certain scale effect and agglomeration effect.Every 1% increase in the level of forestry technology innovation, the forestry industry structure will significantly increase by 0.249%.However, when the effect of interaction terms on green credit and forestry technology innovation is further examined, it is found that the development of green credit is not conducive to forestry technology innovation and forestry technology innovation also has a significant negative impact on green credit.Finally, the analysis of the effect of control variables on the forestry industry structure shows that in the process of forestry production, only increasing labor input（fen） has a little effect on the forestry industry, and the effect is not significant.Excessive financial intervention（finf） is not conducive to the transformation of forestry structure.Urbanization level（urban）,opening degree（op） and forest coverage rate（fcr） may not only promote the consumption and trade of the forest products, but also adversely affect the forestry industry economy.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——First, constantly optimize the investment environment of green credit and give full play to the role of financial regulatory departments in guiding and encouraging banks to develop green credit.Banks should actively implement green credit policies, taking credit scale, structures and efficiency into accounts to lead the development of forestry green enterprises.Second, based on the development status of forestry enterprises, continue to increase the cultivation of the innovative subjects, improve the level of human capital in forestry, promote the upgrading of forestry industry structure.Third, increase the investment in forestry research and development and education of forestry talents, improve the conversion rate of forestry technology patents, and pay attention to the deep integration of forestry technology innovation and forestry green credit to realize the high-quality development of forestry economy.
⑴ Background——There are few literatures on total factor productivity of forestry enterprises and its influencing factors from micro level.The performance of ESG includes the performance of enterprises in three dimensions: environment, social responsibility and corporate governance.It is an important indicator for the international community to measure whether an economic entity can achieve sustainable development.The discussion on the influencing mechanism of ESG performance on total factor productivity of forestry enterprises is of great significance for promoting high-quality economic development.⑵ Methods——Based on the data of A-share listed forestry enterprises from 2011 to 2020,specific enterprises include forest cultivation industry, wood processing industry, furniture manufacturing industry, paper and paper products industry and other enterprises.Multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the impact of ESG performance on total factor productivity of forestry enterprises.And then, step-test procedure and bootstrap method were used to test the mediating role of innovation capability and internal control between ESG performance and total factor productivity in forestry enterprises.All the research data of forestry enterprises comes from the Wind, CSMAR,Straightflush and DIB database.⑶ Results——The mean value of ESG performance and total factor productivity of forestry enterprises are 6.302 and 8.894 respectively.The total factor productivity of forestry enterprises with good, average and poor ESG performance are 9.075,8.808 and 8.320 respectively.The results of One-way ANOVA show significant differences between groups at the 1% level.It shows that forestry enterprises with good ESG performance have higher total factor productivity.The regression coefficient of ESG performance on total factor productivity of forestry enterprises is 0.1470（P=0.01）,indicating that ESG performance has a significant positive impact on total factor productivity of forestry enterprises.ESG performance includes three dimensions: environment, social responsibility and corporate governance: Forestry enterprises’ undertaking environmental responsibility improves the utilization efficiency of forest resources and promotes the coordinated development of ecology and economy.Undertaking social responsibility helps to accumulate more social capital and form a harmonious internal and external environment.A perfect governance mechanism reduces agency costs and improves employees’ value creation ability, thus promoting the improvement of their total factor productivity.The result of the mediating effect model shows that forestry enterprises with good ESG performance can improve resource allocation efficiency by improving enterprise innovation capability and improve the internal control mechanism and reduce ESG risk so as to promote the improvement of total factor productivity.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——Good ESG performance of forestry enterprises is a key factor to improve total factor productivity.First, the government should improve the rules and regulations related to ESG,guide forestry enterprises to undertake ESG responsibilities through policy incentives and punishment mechanisms, encourage third-party organizations to participate in the credit rating of forestry enterprises ESG,promote them to improve the quality of ESG information disclosure.Second, forestry enterprises should attach importance to the idea of ESG,integrate ESG performance into their corporate strategies, and fulfill ESG responsibilities actively.Third, forestry enterprises should make full use of the mediating role of innovation capability and internal control, pay attention to the investment of innovation resources and the construction of internal control systems.
基于2019年浙江、福建和江西3省11县330户林农微观层面的调查数据,构建DEA-Tobit模型,就林业服务外包对经济林经营户林业生产效率的影响进行实证分析.结果表明:经济林经营户的平均林业生产效率为0.41,整体水平偏低,还有较大的改善空间;从总体来看,采用服务外包有利于提升经济林生产效率,抚育、采收环节采用服务外包对林业生产效率均有显著影响,且促进作用是抚育环节大于采收环节.因此,需要加强林业社会化服务组织的财政政策支持力度,加强适宜山地作业的林业机械研发,注重构建分环节服务外包体系,加大林地流转力度促进适度规模经营,积极引导并鼓励林农采用林业服务外包,提高林业服务外包采用率.
针对在发布出售碳汇信息和购买碳汇的林业碳汇交易过程中有无林业碳汇交易电子商务平台参与的两种林业碳汇交易情况分别进行博弈论建模解算并进行对比,结合数学关系模型可视化对林业碳汇交易电子商务平台运作管理进行系统的定量研究,最后通过参数赋值进行验证针对出售林业碳汇的营林企业、购买林业碳汇的制造业企业以及碳汇交易电子商务平台等不同主体提出运作管理方面的合理性建议.
首先,从"两山"的价值统一性、"两山"转化的人民性意蕴、"两山"转化的理论要素3个维度阐释"两山"转化的理论逻辑.然后,以森林生态产品为研究对象,总结出4种森林生态产品价值实现模式,并对比分析了4种模式的特点、适用范围和现实困境.在此基础上,提出健全森林生态产业化发展机制、完善森林生态市场化交易机制、建立社会资本有序介入机制、完善森林生态补偿机制、统筹协调政府与市场的作用等建议.
⑴ Background——China is the largest importer and fifth largest exporter of wood forest products, while the United States is the second largest importer and largest exporter of wood forest products in the world.Meanwhile, the US is the largest export and import trade partner of China’s wood forest products.The Sino-US trade friction initiated by the US in March 2018 involves the vast majority of wood forest products.Existing studies mainly focus on the impact of Sino-US trade friction on bilateral wood forest products trade and profit and loss, ignoring its overall impact on China’s international wood forest products trade.Measurement and analysis of the impact of Sino-US trade friction on China’s international trade of wood forest products is helpful for us to take corresponding measures to cope with the challenge of the Sino-US trade friction and ensure stable and healthy development of China’s wood forest products industry and international trade.⑵ Methods——From the three aspects of demand, supply and trade, 8 indicators that may have a great impact on import and 11 indicators that may have a great impact on export are selected.Based on the data from 2002 to 2017,the grey correlation analysis method is used to measure the grey correlation coefficient between different influencing factors and the import and export trade level of China’s overall wood forest products and the import and export trade level of the main wood forest products.Selecting strong correlation indicators to construct Multi-variable Grey Model MGM（1,N）,“Counterfactual reasoning method” is used to measure and analyze the impact of Sino-US trade friction since 2018 on the import and export of China’s wood forest products as a whole and the import and export of main wood forest products.⑶ Results——With the implementation of multiple rounds tariffs imposed by China and the US,under the dual effects of large country effect and the substitution effect of import and export markets, except for paper, paper products and wood products, trade amount and quantity of the import and export of China’s most wood forest products first increase and then decrease significantly.Further research shows that Sino-US trade friction significantly reduces the import cost of China’s main wood forest products, but has a large negative impact on China’s imports of logs and sawn timbers, it endangers China’s wood import safety, and worsens the export trade conditions of China’s main wood forest products, but the impact is quite different.China’s wooden furniture and plywood exports show a bad trend of an increase in export volume and a decrease in export prices.It can be seen that the profits from China’s wood forest products import trade increase significantly, while the profits from China’s wooden furniture and plywood export trade is damaged severely, and the export of China’s wooden furniture and plywood faces severe challenges.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——China should recognize the positive and negative impacts of Sino-US trade friction, and accelerate the implementation of the “double cycle” strategy while continuing to strengthen the import diversification of logs and sawn timbers, reducing the high dependence on foreign timber resources and changing the export mode of “large quantity and low price” of Chinese wooden furniture and plywood.
