An experiment was carried out in the Garden, Department of Fruit Science, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, (U.P.), India during 2022, to study the influence of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of Aonla cv. NA-7, using nine treatments viz., T1: 100% RDF (Control), T2: 75% RDF + 2kg Vermicompost, T3: 75% RDF + 4kg Vermicompost, T4: 75% RDF + 2kg Vermicompost + 100g Azospirillum, T5: 75% RDF + 4kg Vermicompost + 100g Azospirillum, T6: 75% RDF + 2kg Vermicompost + 100g PSB, T7: 75% RDF + 4kg Vermicompost + 100g PSB, T8: 75% RDF + 2kg Vermicompost + 100g Azospirillum + 100g PSB, T9: 75% RDF + 4kg Vermicompost +100g Azospirillum + 100g PSB which were replicated thrice in Randomized Block Design (RBD). Observations on plant morphological characters and yield attributes were recorded at maturity of twenty-one years old aonla trees. Maximum fruit set (40.25%), fruit retention (32.61%), fruit yield (160.72kg/per plant) with maximum fruit length (3.95cm), fruit width (4.80cm), fruit weight (48.21g), fruit volume (44.99cc), pulp weight (46.26g) along with minimum fruit drop (67.39%), seed weight (1.95g). As far as the quality characters are concerned the highest TSS (12.910Brix), total sugars (6.29%), ascorbic acid (559.27mg/100g pulp), TSS: acid ratio (9.28) with minimum titratable acidity (1.39%) were found with application of 75% NPK + 4kg vermicompost + 100g Azospirillum + 100g PSB(T9). These observations suggested that for getting better fruiting, substantial higher yield with qualitative fruits, the plants of aonla should be treated with an integrated dose of 75% NPK + 4kg vermicompost + 100g Azospirillum + 100g PSB in the plains of Northern India.
To investigate the fruiting, yield and quality attributes of ber as influenced by Naphthalene acetic acid and Gibberellic acid, an investigation was carried out in the Department of Fruit Science, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur during the year 2021-22 on ber cv. Banarasi Karaka fruit. From the experiment, it is reported that the foliar spray of NAA @ 30 ppm resulted in minimum fruit drop (85.55%) and maximum number of fruit set (165.50), maximum fruit retention (14.45%), fruit weight (18.32g), yield (44.02 kg/tree), fruit volume (16.17 cc), length (4.36cm), diameter (2.56cm), pulp weight (16.12g), total soluble solids (15.480Brix) and total sugars (10.32%) as compared to control plants. Similarly, the application of GA3 @30 ppm resulted in minimum fruit drop (89.16%) with maximum number of fruit sets (160.00), maximum fruit retention (10.84%), fruit weight (15.95g), yield (36.78kg/tree), volume (14.15cc), length (3.90cm), diameter (2.43cm), pulp weight (12.73g), total soluble solids (14.15°Brix) and total sugars (9.56%) The combined application of NAA and GA3 @ 30 ppm produced highest fruit retention (16.24%), volume of fruits (16.70cc), length (4.47cm), diameter (2.61cm), pulp weight (17.55 g) and total sugars (10.59%), while non-significantly results showed for number of fruit set (167.00), minimum fruit drop (83.76%), maximum fruit weight (19.40g), fruit yield (45.70 kg/tree) and total soluble solids (16.62°Brix) with the application of NAA and GA3 @ 30ppm as compared to control plants. This study revealed that for obtaining higher fruiting, yield and quality of ber plants should be spread with the combination of GA3 and NAA @ 30ppm under north Indian plains of Uttar Pradesh, India.
In order to assess the effect of pre-harvest application of plant bio-regulators and micro-nutrients on fruit retention, yield and quality of ber cv. Banarasi Karaka was carried out in the Garden, Department of Fruit Science, C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) between October 2022 to March 2023. The experiment was carried out using eight treatments viz., GA3 @ 15ppm and 25ppm, NAA @ 40ppm and 50ppm and ZnSO4 @ 0.2% and 0.4% including a control (water control), which were replicated trice in randomized block design. It is reported that the application of GA3 @ 15ppm + NAA @ 40ppm + ZnSO4 @ 0.2% significantly increased fruit set (162), fruit weight (16.69g), maximum pulp weight (14.31g), fruit width (2.93 cm), ascorbic acid (94.77 mg per 100 g pulp), volume (14.09 cc), specific gravity (1.098 g/cm3), total sugar (13.25 %) and fruit yield (114.70 kg per tree). The plants treated with NAA @ 50ppm resulted in minimum fruit drop (83.4 %) and highest fruit retention (16.66 %), fruit volume (14.40 cc) and fruit length (4.97 cm) in ber fruits under the North Indian plain.
A long term (2008-2016) field experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of guava based hortipasture system in semi-arid rainfed situation. The experiment consisted 12 treatments i.e. 2 cultivars (Shweta and Lalit) with pasture (Cenchrus ciliaris + Stylosanthes hamata) under 6-treatment viz., vegetative barrier, staggered trenches (2m x 0.50m x 0.50m) , stone mulch in basin (locally available stone in 50 cm radius) , guava + pasture (without soil and water conservation) , sole pasture and sole guava. The cultivar Lalit performed better growth in term of height, canopy spreads and yield (20 percent higher) as compared to Cv. Shweta. Staggered trenches produced higher plant growth as compared to control. The stone mulch in basin recorded minimum growth and yield with both cultivars. Over the nine years the average yield of pasture production with staggered trenches was higher (7.0 t DM/ha) followed by vegetative barriers (6.4 t DM/ha). The fruit quality was significantly influenced with staggered trenches and vegetative barriers. The pasture production in association with tree was little higher (6.1t DM/ha) as compared to sole pasture (6.0 t DM/ha). The average crude protein yield with staggered trenches was also higher (527.0kg/ha) followed by vegetative barriers (485kg/ha). The crude protein yield in association with tree was little higher (463.4kg/ha) as compared to sole pasture (397.4kg/ha).
The present study carried out to analysis of Leghaemoglobin, Chlorophyll and Protein content in the selected legume plants (Vigna radiata L. and Vigna mungo L.). The highest leghaemoglobin content (0.031mg/g) was observed in (IARI PSB+IARI Rhizobium) while lowest was in Native Rhizobium (0.024mg/g) and IARI Rhizobium (0.025m/g) as compared to control in green gram experiment. The maximum protein content (15.66%), which was statistically significant in IARI PSB +IARI Rhizobium and higher than remaining treatments was found in Native Rhizobium+ Native PSB (14.93%). The protein content increased by 19.4%% in IARI PSB+ IARI Rhizobium as compared to control samples. In case of urd been the maximum leghaemoglobin content was recorded in IARI PSB+IARI Rhizobium (0.940mg/g) while the minimum in Native Rhizobium (0.0596mg/g) and IARI Rhizobium (0.835mg/g) as compared to control. The maximum protein content (14.12 %) was observed in IARI PSB+IARI Rhizobium while minimum in Native PSB (10.61%) and Native Rhizobium (11.42%) respect to control. In green gram total chlorophyll content was observed to be more in IARI PSB +IARI Rhizobium (0.369mg/g) as compare to control. In case of urd been the total chlorophyll content was observed highest (0.991mg/g) in IARI PSB +IARI Rhizobium treated plants.Key Words: Microbial, Spoilage, Preservation, Milk and Milk Products.
This study was conducted to evaluate previously identified water-stress tolerance and water-stress susceptible varieties, including Falchetto and Chinese spring (CS) (water-stress tolerant) and Oxley and Flat (water-stress susceptible), for some physiological characters affecting the performance of varieties under water-stress conditions. The results indicated that water-stress tolerant varieties had higher Stomatal Resistance (SR), higher Leaf Relative Water Content (LRWC), higher Vegetative Water Use Efficiency (WUEveg) and higher Vegetative Evapo-transpiration Efficiency (ETEveg) than water- stress susceptible varieties. Varieties with higher LRWC generally had higher SR. This indicates that higher LRWC is, at least in part, due to higher SR. The variety Oxley (water-stress susceptible) showed no significant differences from Falchetto (water-stress tolerance) for stomatal area on both surfaces of the flag leaf but Falchetto had higher number of stomata per unit area and smaller stomata than Oxley. This implies that low frequency of stomata is compensated by high stomatal size. This also indicates that differences in SR between these two varieties are possibly due to differences in stomatal response to water-stress or due to differences in cuticle resistance.
Leaf scourge of wheat may be a bacterial infection caused by a few pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae, such as P. syringae pv. syringae and P. syringae pv. atrofaciens. These microbes can decrease the abdicate and quality of wheat and deliver poisons that are destructive to people and creatures. In this consider, we disconnected and distinguished Pseudomonas microscopic organisms from necrotic wheatleaf injuries utilizing culture-based and atomic strategies. We utilized Wilbrink’s-boric acid–cephalexin semi-selective medium to choose for Pseudomonas microscopic organisms and PCR to increase the 16SrRNA quality for sequencing and phylogenetic investigation. We moreover tried the opposing potential of fluorescent pseudomonads confined from the phyllosphere of wheat against Fusarium and Alternaria organisms, which are other wheat pathogens. We found that 40 out of 175 fluorescent pseudomonads appeared hindrance of parasitic development in double culture measures, and 20 of them had the phlD quality encoding the anti-microbial 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol.
Milk and milk products that provide nutrition have been of fundamental importance since ancient times. These are aids for improving the economic status of cultivators and sellers, as well as the health of consumers. However, microbial contamination may cause these products to spoil, resulting in the potential loss of not only producers and vendors, but also consumers. As a consequence, there is an urgent need to investigate the causes of spoilage in addition to their preservation for long-term use. In this review, we examined the fundamental causes of deterioration of the examined products and highlighted their preservation techniques so that they can be used to meet the food demands of a growing global population. Microbiologist, engineer, and technologist are challenged by the variety of dairy foods to discover the most effective ways to prevent the entry of microorganisms, destroy those that do enter along with their enzymes, and prevent the growth and activities of those that survive processing. Aerobic psychrotrophic Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, fungi, heterofermentative lactobacilli, and spore-forming bacteria are problematic spoilage microorganisms. The level of recontamination of pasteurized fluid milk products with psychrotrophic bacteria is a significant factor in determining their shelf life. In addition to visible changes in color or texture, the deterioration of dairy foods caused by fungi is characterized by the presence of a wide variety of metabolic by-products, which produce off-odors and flavors and cause visible color or textural changes.
The present experiment entitled “Influence of IBA and NAA on regeneration of stem cuttings of Sweet Lime (Citrus limettioides Tanaka)” was undertaken in the nursery, Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, C. S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur during the year 2022-23. The experiment was laid down in C.R.D. and incorporated nine treatments, each being replicated thrice. Two sets of PGRs viz., Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 1-Naphaleneacetic acid (NAA), each of four levels (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) including a control were tested against the regeneration potential of stem cuttings of sweet lime. The results of the experiment signify that IBA @ 2000 ppm was influential in invigorating the shoot and root traits of sweet lime cuttings and resulted in the earliest sprouting (23.13 days) with maximum number of sprouts (7.67), percentage of sprouted cuttings (70.87%), length of sprout (10.98 cm), diameter of sprout (4.44 mm), number of leaves (20.93), length of leaves (6.35 cm), width of leaves (4.11 cm), fresh weight of shoots (24.17 g), dry weight of shoots (4.81 g), number of roots (26.27), length of roots (14.76 cm), diameter of roots (4.00 mm), percentage of rooted cuttings (70.88%), survival percentage (62.85%), fresh weight of roots (5.22 g) and dry weight of roots (1.31 g).
In Uttarakhand, the horticulture sector contributes to nutrition security and serves as a reliable source of income generation. It has almost all major climatic zones, making it amenable to a variety of commercial opportunities in horticulture, floriculture, and agriculture. Despite the vast potential and opportunities in the field, established industries remain limited. Within the horticulture sector, enterprises suffer from oversupply, and direct marketing channels are yet to be well established. The present study therefore attempted to analyse various technical, infrastructure related, marketing and economic constraints faced by hortipreneurs in undertaking various horticultural enterprises in hills. A descriptive research design was used to meet the objectives of the study. The study was carried out in purposively selected districts Nainital and Almora of Uttarakhand. The study was carried out on a sample of 70 hortipreneurs who were selected through snowball sampling from various villages and blocks and were interviewed using a pre-tested semi-structured schedule. Constraints were analysed using Friedman Analysis in SPSS. Lack of adequate information and technical support, High seasonality/ perishability of products, Inadequate facility of specialized transportation, Lack of sufficient integrated cold chain/storage facilities. High marketing margin by the middlemen and Prevalence of financial illiteracy among producers were the major constraints faced by the hortipreneurs in various horticultural enterprises.
The preservation of foodstuffs has been essential for human survival. Without any knowledge of microbiology, the earliest food preservation techniques relied on the inactivation of bacteria and fungi responsible for food deterioration. Typically, food items were preserved from microorganisms through dehydrating, salting, heating, chemical preservatives, or fermentation. In order to prevent the proliferation of microorganisms that cause food to spoil, a variety of food preservation techniques and combinations thereof are employed. Microbial food degradation was characterized by the sensory alteration of food products that renders them unacceptable to the consumer. Food spoilage can be caused by physical damage, chemical changes (oxidation and color changes), or a change in flavors and odors induced by microbial growth and metabolism in the food products. The most prevalent cause of food spoilage is microbial growth in food substance, which manifests as visible growth (slime, colonies), textural changes (polymer degradation), or off-odours and off-flavors.
Fluoride concentrations in potable water that exceed the prescribed limit are always problematic. Encapsulating blue-green algae, Phormidium sp. in live, active form permits the formation of a novel type of bio-sorbent that perpetually generates new active biosorption sites due to the blue-green algae’s growth within the calcium alginate beads. In addition, encapsulation facilitates the removal of biosorbent from treated water. The experiment was carried out with modulation of parameters such as biosorbent dose (3-6 gm), initial fluoride concentration [F-] (2-5 mg/L), and pH (3.5-4.5) and then further optimized employing response surface methodology (RSM). In addition, a biosorption study reveals that an initial [F-] of 3mg/L removes 60% of fluoride. In addition, the Freundlich model was the best-fitting isotherm model for the biosorption study. In addition, first-order kinetics was observed throughout the entire investigation, and it was determined that both intra-particle diffusion and surface biosorption contributed to the rate-determining step. In addition, characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the role of algal biomass in fluoride removal.
The present investigation conducted on 25 genotypes of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to assess the genetic divergence using Mahalonobis D2 analysis during rabi season of year 2021-22 and 2022-23. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for twelve characters under study. The genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters. It was showed that the cluster II comprises of highest 9 genotypes followed by cluster IV comprised 5 genotypes while, lowest genotypes were recorded in cluster I comprised 3 genotypes. The highest mean value was recorded in cluster V for days to 50% flowering, no. of primary branches per plant, fruit length, diameter of fruit, average fruit weight, fruit index, average yield per plant and fruit yield per hectare. Cluster II for plant height, plant spread and cluster I for no. of leaves per plant and number of fruit per plant respectively. The maximum intra-cluster distance was found in cluster V and minimum intra-cluster distance was recorded cluster III. The highest inter-cluster distance was recorded Cluster V with Cluster IV and the minimum inter-cluster D2 distance was recorded cluster III with Cluster II. The highest contribution in the manifestation of genetic divergence was exhibited by days to 50% flowering followed by plant height and minimum was found in fruit index.
A field experiment was conducted during winter seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22 at the Research Farm, RVSKVV College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.) to study the effect of organic sources of nutrients on growth, yield and quality of wheat. The treatment receiving Jivamrit 500 lit./ha + Panchagavya 15 lit./ha + vermicompost 5 t/ha + FYM 10 t/ha resulted in maximum growth parameters (plant height 88.77 cm, leaves 60.6 /plant, grains 40.22 /earhead, length of earhead 11.91 cm, weight of earhead 2.40 g and 1000-seed weight 41-05 g), grain yield (41.82 q/ha), straw yield (61.70 q/ha), harvest index (40.40 %), starch content (73.33 %) and protein content (14.22 %). The second best treatment was panchyagavya + vermicompost + FYM, closely followed by Jivamrit + vermicompost + FYM and then Jivamrit + Panchagavya + FYM. All the parameters were decreased significantly under treatments receiving single or two organic sources of nutrients.
Barley, oats and wheat flour was used to formulate composite flour (CF). Composite flour (CF) was made by substituting wheat flour with oats and barley in different proportions of blending, that is20%, 40%, 60% and 80%. The physical and functional attributes of different blends of composite flour were studied. The qualitative analysis of the prepared multigrain cookies was examined on the basis of physical and proximate analysis. In composite flour, the content of fat, protein and carbohydrate increased as the mixing proportion of the flours increased steadily. The Water absorption capacity (WAC) and swelling capacity (SC) of the composite flours progressively increased as the proportions of the flours blending increased. Furthermore, the diameter of the cookies also decreases with increasing level of blending proportion in wheat flour, and the same effect can increase the hardness nature of the cookies. The cookies prepared from the 80% blend (CF4) achieved the highest overall acceptability score.
