Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the pilgrims’ satisfaction with the health, medical, and pharmaceutical services in Mashhad at the end of Safar.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Safar Lunar Month. Pilgrims were recruited using a convenience sampling method of individuals entering Mashhad city.Results: A total of 6497 pilgrims participated in the study. Out of those, 409 pilgrims (6.3%) required some medical services. Approximately 175 people (42.7%) rated the quality of access to medical services as average or below average. In terms of emergency services, 93 pilgrims (1.4%) required assistance, with 54.9% (n=42) reporting below average satisfaction with treatment by emergency personnel. Additionally, 1134 individuals (17.7%) expressed that the hygiene of their accommodations was average or below average.Conclusions: Regarding the low satisfaction of pilgrims with the health and medical services during the peak of travel, it is necessary to improve the healthcare system services to empower pilgrims to access better healthcare.
Objective: To analyze an epidemiological model of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission and identify patient characteristics associated with disease severity.Materials and Methods: An extended SIR-based compartmental model was developed, incorporating asymptomatic/symptomatic classes, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mortality, reinfection, and environmental transmission. The basic reproduction number ) was derived, and stability analysis was performed using Routh-Hurwitz and Castillo-Chavez criteria. Numerical simulations were conducted using MATLAB with data from Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.Results: The disease-free equilibrium is stable when <1. Clinical findings show: diabetic patients are twice as likely to develop severe symptoms; hypertensive patients have a 3.5-fold higher risk (20% mortality vs. 0.7%); men have seven-fold higher mortality than women; older adults (>40 years) show increased severity; and obese patients (BMI ≥30) have worse outcomes.Conclusion: is a critical parameter for disease-free equilibrium stability. Comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, obesity) and demographic factors (older age, male gender) significantly increase the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes.
Introduction: Complex aortic surgeries are associated with a considerable risk of perioperative neurological complications, mainly due to cerebral hypoperfusion, ischemia, or embolic events. Early recognition of cerebral oxygen imbalance during surgery may help in reducing postoperative neurological morbidity. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers a non-invasive method for continuous monitoring of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO₂).Methods: This observational study included 50 adult patients undergoing complex aortic surgery. Baseline cerebral rSO₂ values were recorded using NIRS before induction and monitored throughout the intraoperative period. Cognitive function was assessed using the Standard Mini-Mental State Examination (SMMSE) before surgery and again in the postoperative period. Intraoperative changes in NIRS values were compared with postoperative SMMSE scores to evaluate cognitive decline and delirium. Additional clinical outcomes, including duration of mechanical ventilation and length of intensive care unit stay, were also analyzed.Results: A fall in intraoperative cerebral rSO₂ was associated with a reduction in postoperative SMMSE scores, indicating postoperative cognitive decline in a subset of patients. Patients with lower intraoperative NIRS values also showed a tendency toward prolonged ventilation and longer intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction was observed in approximately 10% of the study population.Conclusion: Intraoperative NIRS monitoring may be a useful adjunct in complex aortic surgeries for detecting cerebral desaturation and identifying patients at risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Reduced rSO₂ values were associated with poorer neurological recovery, prolonged ventilation, and increased ICU stay.
Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for AKI during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) are poorly understood. Our aim in this study is to identify the relationship between perioperative parameters and AKI following OPCAB.Method: This prospective observational study was conducted in a single tertiary cardiac center. A total of 175 patients undergoing elective isolated CABG were included in this study over a 2-year period (March 2021 – February 2023). Out of 175 patients, 34 developed acute kidney injury after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Their preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative findings were compared to identify the independent risk factors for developing postoperative acute kidney injury.Result: The study was conducted on 175 patients: 113 males (64.5%) and 62 females (35.5%). Their age ranged from 61.81±8.30 years. In the AKI group patients, independent risk factors for developing postoperative AKI consisted of age>70 years (P<0.0001), BMI>30kg/m2 (P=0.015), diabetes, high HbA1c level (>6.5%) (P=<0.001), hypertension (P<0.001), no intake of calcium channel blockers for hypertension (P=<0.001), EF<30%, and timing of angiography before surgery (< 14days) (P=0.005).Conclusion: Independent risk factors for developing postoperative AKI consist of age>70 years, BMI>30kg/m2, diabetes, high HbA1c level (>6.5%), hypertension, no intake of calcium channel blockers for hypertension, EF<30%, timing of angiography before surgery (<14 days), Acute MI (<30 days), High serum lactate level at 12 hours post-ICU admission, high vasoactive inotropic score, and requirement of blood transfusion due to various reasons. Among all these variables, mortality was found as a strong predictor in AKI group patients (p=0.016, OR=14.95, 95%CI 1.64-136.08).
Elephantiasis, characterized by chronic lymphatic obstruction and massive limb swelling, poses significant challenges in surgical management due to altered anatomy, difficulty in vein harvesting, impaired wound healing, and an increased risk of infection and fluid imbalance. These complications become especially critical when major procedures like coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are required. In such patients, standard surgical approaches may be compromised, demanding tailored strategies to minimize risk and optimize outcomes. We present a rare case of CABG using total arterial revascularization (TAR) in a patient with elephantiasis, illustrating the complexities of operative planning and execution in the presence of severe lymphatic disease. This case emphasizes the importance of preoperative assessment, multidisciplinary collaboration, and meticulous intraoperative technique. Careful postoperative monitoring is also essential to prevent complications and ensure successful recovery. Our report highlights that individualized approaches can lead to favorable outcomes even in technically demanding situations, demonstrating the viability of arterial grafting in anatomically and physiologically demanding scenarios.
Introduction: Minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) has redefined mitral valve replacement (MVR), but its adoption in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited by resource constraints and cost-effectiveness concerns. This study evaluates single-incision right mini-thoracotomy with central cannulation as a feasible and economical alternative to sternotomy.Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 250 patients who underwent MVR via right mini-thoracotomy with central cannulation between January 2014 and June 2017 at a high-volume tertiary center in Western India. Demographics, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, valve pathology, operative data, complications, hospital stay, and early outcomes were reviewed. Economic benefit was assessed in terms of hospital stay, recovery, and avoidance of groin-related vascular interventions.Results: The mean age was 32.5 years, with most patients in the 3rd–4th decades. Rheumatic disease accounted for 89% of cases, degenerative disease 10%, and infective endocarditis 1%. Mean incision length was 7.2 cm. Cardiopulmonary bypass and operative times were comparable to sternotomy, with prolongation in 10% of cases. Drainage was <100 mL in 60% of patients. Most (85%) were discharged by postoperative day 5, with average stay 4–7 days. At two months, 94% of survivors were in NYHA class I–II. Mortality was 0.5%. Cost savings were achieved by shorter hospitalization, faster recovery, and avoidance of groin complications.Conclusion: Right mini-thoracotomy MVR with central cannulation is safe, reproducible, and cost-effective. It reduces trauma, accelerates recovery, improves cosmesis, and avoids vascular complications, making it a practical minimally invasive option in LMICs.
Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic has had significant acute and long-term health impacts. Persistent pulmonary and systemic complications after recovery remain inadequately studied. This cohort study aimed to assess chronic respiratory and systemic abnormalities in patients three months post-COVID-19 recovery.Methods: We evaluated 100 patients more than three months after recovery. Assessments included spirometry, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis, and laboratory tests of inflammatory and hematologic parameters. Patients with preexisting lung disease or those to perform spirometry were excluded. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27.Results: The cohort consisted of 100 patients (mean age 49.8 ± 15.1 years; 50 males, 50 females). While clinical symptoms significantly decreased after three months, cough and dyspnea persisted in a notable proportion. Of the patients, 59.8% were managed as outpatients, 18.5% were hospitalized in general wards, and 21.7% required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Spirometry revealed ongoing pulmonary dysfunction across obstructive, restrictive, and mixed patterns, with significantly reduced predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). The FEV₁/FVC ratio was notably decreased in obstructive and mixed groups, indicating persistent airflow limitation. Lung Computed Tomography (CT) scan showed significant resolution of ground-glass opacities (80.9% to 18.8%) and consolidation (19.1% to 3.5%). However, fibrotic-like changes, including septal thickening, persisted or slightly increased (21.3% to 32.9%). Other structural abnormalities were uncommon and largely unchanged.Conclusion: Most patients showed symptomatic improvement by three months, but a significant subset continued to exhibit respiratory dysfunction and structural lung alterations. These findings highlight the importance of long-term clinical and radiological monitoring of post-COVID-19 patients and suggest broader implications for managing post-viral respiratory sequelae.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an immune-mediated interstitial lung disease (ILD) caused by repeated inhalation of environmental antigens. Clinically, it varies widely from temporary, reversible inflammation to long-term, progressive fibrosis. The primary approach in managing HP remains identifying and removing exposure to the causative antigens, and treatment often requires corticosteroids in acute or severe cases. However, many patients, especially those with chronic or fibrotic HP (cHP/fHP), may progress despite corticosteroid treatment, highlighting the urgent need for other effective and tolerable immunomodulatory and antifibrotic therapies. This review discusses the current and emerging treatments for HP, focusing on the rationale, clinical data, and practical aspects of traditional immunosuppressants such as corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil, and azathioprine, as well as new biologics and antifibrotic drugs that are transforming the treatment landscape for this complex disease.
Introduction: Polymorphisms in the genetic variations of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) and Cytochrome P450 subfamily IIC polypeptide 9 (CYP2C9) have been shown to cause variability in anticoagulant response across various ethnic groups. In the Mestizo-Mexican population, with their Amerindian-European and African-Asiatic ancestral origins, the response is expected to differ as well. This study aims to evaluate the anticoagulant response to coumarin in Mestizo-Mexican patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses.Method: DNA was extracted from blood samples using a commercial genomic DNA purification kit. The polymorphisms rs1799853 CT in the CYP2C9*2 gene and rs9923231VKORC1-G1639A gene were determined using real-time PCR. All patients initially received a dose of 8 mg/day of coumarin, which was adjusted on the second day based on international normalized ratio (INR) levels until reaching a result of 2.5-3.5.Results : Seventy-six patients with an average age of 58±11 years were undergoing mitral (n=44) and aortic (n=32) valve replacement. Patients carrying GG haplotypes in the rs9923231VKORC1-G1639A gene variant required a significantly higher coumarin dose to reach the therapeutic range compared to those with GA and AA haplotypes (p=0.001). The rs1799853 polymorphism of the CYP2C9*2 A/C gene showed no significant differences between AA, AC, and CC haplotypes (p>0.05).Conclusion : In the Mestizo-Mexican population, individuals carrying the rs9923231 VKORC1 gene with GG haplotypes exhibited a hyporeactive anticoagulant response compared to those with GA and AA haplotypes, which showed normal and hyperreactive responses, respectively. There were no significant differences in the response of the CYP2C9*2 haplotypes AC carriers.
Introduction & objective : The objective of this retrospective observational study was to investigate the role of forced oscillometry in detecting airway obstruction in asthma and to compare its sensitivity to that of spirometry in detecting airway obstruction.Method: The retrospective observational study was conducted in the Pulmonary Medicine Department of a secondary hospital in South India. Data from diagnosed cases of asthma from October 1, 2024, to March 31, 2025, were collected and analyzed to determine the effectiveness of forced oscillometry in detecting airway obstruction in asthma compared to spirometry. Diagnosis of asthma was made by the treating pulmonologist based on history, examination, and investigations. The cohort included patients over eighteen years of age who underwent both oscillometry and spirometry. Patients who only had one of the tests done were excluded from the study. Asthma-COPD overlap syndromes were also excluded.Results: The total number of patients in the cohort was 182 with a mean age of 48.5 years. Spirometry showed obstruction in 36.8% of diagnosed asthma cases, while forced oscillometry detected obstruction in 69.7% of cases (p < 0.0001, 95% CI 20%–46%, RR-1.89). When both spirometry and oscillometry were combined, the sensitivity for detecting underlying airway obstruction increased to 80.8% (n = 147). Isolated increase in R5-R20 (II R5-R20) was observed in 36.81% of the cohort, whit this phenomenon seen in 52.5% of cases where oscillometry was more successful than spirometry.Conclusion: Oscillometry is more sensitive than spirometry in detecting airway obstruction in asthmatics. Using both methodsIt for evaluation increases sensitivity. ‘II R5-R20’ is defined as an increase in R5-R20 with a normal R5 and is the most sensitive parameter for detecting airway disease in asthmatics. It may detect the early changes in airway resistance, making it useful for identifying airway obstruction at an earlier stage.
Introduction: In neonatal cardiac surgery, the choice of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) priming fluid is crucial. Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) provides essential coagulation factors that can help reduce bleeding, while albumin helps maintain oncotic pressure and may protect renal function. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of FFP- based priming versus albumin-based priming.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted from June 2022 to October 2024 and involved 100 neonates (weighing ≤5 kg) undergoing CPB. Patients were alternately assigned to receive 10 mL/kg of FFP (n = 50) or 5% albumin (n = 50) in the priming fluid. Outcomes included bleeding, transfusion requirements, hemodynamic stability, renal function, mechanical ventilation duration, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, hospital stay, and mortality. Data were analyzed using t tests and chi-square tests.Results: Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. Chest drain output and total blood product use were comparable (p > 0.05), except the FFP group required more albumin transfusion at 24 hours (p = 0.031). Hemodynamics were mostly similar, although mean arterial pressure was slightly higher in the albumin group at 48 hours (p = 0.040). Serum creatinine was significantly higher in the FFP group preoperatively and at 24–48 hours postoperatively (p ≈ 0.02–0.03), while urine output was similar. Duration of ventilation, ICU stay, hospital stay, and mortality showed no difference.Conclusion: Albumin priming may offer modest renal protection and reduce donor exposure. FFP remains an acceptable alternative. Larger randomized trials are required.
Introduction: Del Nido Cardioplegia (DNC) offers prolonged myocardial protection through a single-dose approach.Methods: This retrospective study involved 175 adult patients from five surgical groups (DVR, MIS‑MVR, MVR via sternotomy, AVR, congenital repairs). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS v25. Quantitative variables were assessed using t‑tests /Mann–Whitney U tests, while categorical variables were analyzed using chi‑square/Fisher’s exact tests. Significant differences (p<0.05) in ACC and CPB durations were observed across the groups.Results: The return to spontaneous sinus rhythm ranged from 90% to 100% among the groups. Significant variations in ACC and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) times were noted (p<0.05). Single‑dose DNC proved to be effective in all cases.Conclusion: DNC demonstrates safety and efficiency in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) settings.
Introduction: Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is an abnormal dilation of coronary arteries that can contribute to ischemia and adverse cardiac outcomes. Reported prevalence varies widely, and there is limited data available from western Iran. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CAE and assess its association with conventional cardiovascular risk factors.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 170 patients aged ≥18 years undergoing coronary angiography at Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Ilam (May 2024–May 2025), were evaluated. CAE was defined as a coronary segment ≥1.5 times the diameter of an adjacent normal segment. Demographic characteristics, clinical risk factors, and lipid profiles were compared between patients with and without CAE using t-tests, Chi-square tests, and logistic regression.Results: The mean age was 60.6 ± 11.6 years, and 62.4% were male. CAE was observed in 21.8% of patients. The left anterior descending artery was most frequently affected (62.2%), followed by the circumflex (54.1%), right coronary (40.5%), and left main arteries (10.8%). No significant associations were found between CAE and diabetes, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, or opium use.Conclusion: The prevalence of CAE in this population was higher than that reported internationally. The absence of significant links with traditional cardiovascular risk factors suggests distinct mechanisms, possibly inflammatory or genetic. Larger multicenter studies are needed to clarify the etiology and guide management strategies.
Introduction: Thymectomy is a crucial aspect of managing myasthenia gravis (MG). Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) offers a less invasive option compared to traditional open transsternal thymectomy. However, there is limited data on perioperative outcomes in Iran remain limited.Methods: This cross-sectional study included 66 MG patients who underwent thymectomy at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences between 2005 to 2024. Patients underwent either open surgery (n=44) or VATS (n=22). Perioperative outcomes, such as operative time, blood loss, postoperative drainage, ICU and hospital stay, transfusion requirements, cardiovascular complications, and conversion to open surgery, were compared using Mann–Whitney U and chi-square tests.Results: VATS thymectomy had longer operative times (124.9±9.6 vs. 88.2±6.5 min, P<0.001) but was associated with lower blood loss (252±52 vs. 323±55 mL, P<0.001), reduced postoperative drainage (273±61 vs. 308±53 mL, P=0.006), shorter ICU stay (1.0±0.0 vs. 1.7±0.5 days, P<0.001), shorter total hospital stay (3.0±0.8 vs. 5.9±0.8 days, P<0.001), and fewer patients requiring transfusion (13.6% vs. 20.0%, P=0.23). Cardiovascular complications were rare and comparable (9.1% vs. 8.9%, P>0.999). Two patients (9.1%) in the VATS group required conversion to open surgery.Conclusions: VATS thymectomy is a safe and effective minimally invasive alternative to open surgery for MG, providing superior short-term perioperative outcomes without increasing complications. These findings support the adoption of VATS in centers with adequate surgical expertise. Multicenter prospective studies are needed to confirm long-term outcomes and cost-effectiveness.
Total arterial, anaortic off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) is a refined surgical approach that minimizes the risks of cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic manipulation. This case report describes a 44-year-old male with triple vessel coronary artery disease who underwent successful total arterial anaortic OPCABG using in-situ bilateral internal mammary arteries. The left internal mammary artery (LIMA) was used for sequential grafting to obtuse marginal branches (OM1 and OM2), and the right internal mammary artery (RIMA) was grafted to the distal right coronary artery (DRCA). The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 3. This case highlights the safety and efficacy of total arterial anaortic OPCABG in high-risk individuals.
Introduction: The aim of our study was to compare complete blood count (CBC) parameters between two populations to determine if there is a need for intervention to improve the health status of workers in the work place.Methods: This study utilized a comparative cross-sectional studydesign. A total of 654 male workers aged 20-69 years at the Shahid Hasheminejad Gas Processing Company (S.G.P.C) were included. Additionally, a control group of employees in Mashhad city (N=681), matched for age and sex, were enrolled in the study. Fasting blood samples were collected from both groups and blood parameters for all participants were analyzed.Results: Employees exposed to gas in S.G.P.C had higher white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts compared to the control group (P-value<0.05). Furthermore, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were significantly higher in the control group (P-value<0.01). However, there was no significant difference in hemoglobin (Hb) levels between the two groups (P-value>0. 05).Conclusion: Occupational status and working environment may contribute to higher RBC and WBC counts in exposed workers.
Introduction: Atrial septal defect (ASD) with concurrent pulmonary stenosis (PS) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly that presents functional and cosmetic challenges, especially in young female patients. Traditional surgical approaches via median sternotomy, while effective, may result in significant scarring and longer recovery times. Minimally invasive techniques have emerged as a preferred alternative, offering reduced morbidity and improved aesthetic outcomes.Case Presentation: A 20-year-old female presented with a large secundum ASD and severe valvular pulmonary stenosis. Due to her age and cosmetic concerns, she underwent surgical repair via a right anterolateral mini-thoracotomy using a 3-inch submammary incision. Cardiopulmonary bypass was established through conventional central aorto-caval cannulation, avoiding femoral access. The ASD was closed with a Dacron patch, and pulmonary valvotomy was performed through the right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary artery. The procedure was completed without complications, and the patient had an uneventful recovery with excellent cosmetic and functional outcomes.Conclusion: This case highlights the feasibility, safety, and advantages of combining central cannulation with a minimally invasive mini-thoracotomy approach in the surgical correction of complex congenital heart defects. It offers a resource-efficient, cosmetically superior alternative to sternotomy, especially suited for young female patients and low-resource settings.
Introduction: Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) triggers a robust systemic inflammatory response, marked by elevated serum levels of inflammatory interleukins, which negatively affect endothelial function and target organs. In response to this inflammatory insult, the body activates TregFoxP3 lymphocytes, which regulate inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory interleukins and promoting restorative macrophage activity. Despite this regulatory mechanism, CPB-related inflammation in cardiac surgery is often associated with hemodynamic disturbances. The impact of TregFoxP3 cell levels—whether increased or depleted—on this relationship remains unclear and was therefore evaluated.Method: This study aimed to assess the effect of CPB on the relationship between TregFoxP3 cells and inflammatory interleukins in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Blood samples were collected before and after the CPB procedure to measure levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α using chemiluminescence, and TregFoxP3 lymphocytes were quantified via flow cytometry.Results: A total of 32 patients (mean age 65 ± 5 years), primarily undergoing cardiac valve replacement (80%), were included in the analysis. The average CPB duration was 80 ± 20 minutes, with aortic clamping lasting 60 ± 15 minutes. Following CPB, serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TregFoxP3 significantly increased, while IL-2 levels significantly decreased (p = 0.001). Baseline TregFoxP3 levels showed no correlation with inflammatory interleukins; however, post-CPB levels demonstrated a strong and significant positive correlation (r > 0.50, p = 0.001), except for IL-2, which showed a negative association.Conclusion: The TregFoxP3 lymphocyte response is strongly and significantly correlated with inflammatory interleukin levels following cardiac surgery involving Cardiopulmonary Bypass, highlighting its potential role in modulating postoperative inflammation.
Cardiac myxoma (CM) is the most common primary cardiac tumor, often benign but potentially life-threatening due to embolic events and intra-cardiac obstruction. Recent advances suggest a significant role for microRNAs (miRNAs) in CM pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. This review aims to synthesize current evidence regarding the diagnostic implications of miRNAs in cardiac myxoma. Several miRNAs, including miR-217, miR-218, miR-335, miR-320a, miR-122, and miR-634, have been implicated in regulating proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and differentiation in CM. Notably, miR-217 and miR-218 act as tumor suppressors, while dysregulated pathways involving Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2D (MEF2D) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) further elucidate the molecular basis of tumor progression. Circulating miRNA profiles also offer potential as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers. miRNAs offer promising avenues for both early detection and targeted therapy in cardiac myxoma. Further research into miRNA-based diagnostics and therapeutics may enhance personalized treatment and reduce recurrence risk in affected patients.
Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the Serum Urea-to-Albumin Ratio (UAR) as a predictor of prolonged Length of Stay (LOS) in patients admitted with Myocardial Infarction (MI).Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data from 195 patients admitted with MI. LOS was recorded and categorized as Short Stay (≤6 days) or long stay (>6 days). Statistical analyses included comparative tests, correlation, linear and binary logistic regression, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The mean age of patients was 51 years, with 67.7% being male. UAR was significantly higher in the long stay group (median 7) compared to the short stay group (median 5.4) (p<0.001). Spearman correlation showed a significant positive correlation between UAR and LOS (r=0.37, p<0.001). In binary logistic regression, UAR was a significant predictor of long stay (OR 1.2077, 95% CI 1.0947-1.3323, p<0.001). ROC analysis for UAR predicting long stay yielded an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.6648, with an optimal cut-off of 6.4848 (Sensitivity 55.10%, Specificity 72.16%).Conclusions: The Serum UAR demonstrates a significant association with LOS in MI patients and can be a useful, easily calculated adjunct tool for early risk stratification of MI patients for prolonged LOS.
