Mtera reservoirs play an important role in Tanzania's local economy because of their reliance on hydropower. However, human activities have been reported to pose a challenge to its sustainability by altering storage capacity. Hence, the objective of this paper was to assess the change in water spread area due to sedimentation in Mtera Dam in Mtera Reservoir at Iringa, Tanzania using appropriate standard procedures, including remote sensing techniques. Data obtained show that for the period of ten years (2014-2024), the water spread area declined by 226.675 km², which corresponds to a 34.34% decline from 2014 as a baseline. Similarly, the reservoir storage capacity decreased by 1.25 km³, corresponding to a loss of 39.06%. The annual rate of storage capacity and water spread area loss was observed to be 0.125 km³ year⁻¹ and 22.67 km² year⁻¹, respectively. The largest loss was observed in the upstream zones of the reservoir (western and northwestern), where much of the sediment has been deposited. The rate of reduction of storage capacity is higher compared to internationally accepted levels of change. The study concludes that the sedimentation has significantly reduced the storage capacity of the reservoir to the extent that it can affect its functioning, such as hydropower generation. The study recommends emphasizing conservation measures, especially in the upstream zones, and routine monitoring of sediment to improve the functioning and sustainability of Mtera Reservoir.
The rapid digitalization of healthcare has accelerated the adoption of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) to improve clinical efficiency, continuity of care, and data-driven decision-making. Hence the objective of this study was to design, implement, and evaluate a Blockchain Technology-Based Electronic Health Records System for secure data sharing among healthcare providers. Using the Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM). Results showed transaction confirmation times between 1.9 and 3.4 seconds and a peak throughput of 42 transactions per second. Compared with a traditional centralized EHR model, the system achieved a 34% reduction in data validation time and a 28% improvement in cross-institutional data retrieval efficiency. Security testing recorded a 98.7% detection rate of simulated tampering attempts, while usability assessment produced a System Usability Scale score of 82%. The findings demonstrate that blockchain technology can significantly enhance security, transparency, interoperability, and trust in distributed healthcare ecosystems through an experimentally validated architecture
Groundwater remains a major source of domestic water supply in many rapidly urbanizing communities; however, indiscriminate solid waste disposal through open dumping and poor waste management practices poses serious threats to groundwater quality and public health. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to assess the physicochemical characteristics, heavy metal levels, microbiological quality and public health risks in groundwater from Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures including structured questionnaires. The results revealed significant contamination in water sources located closer to the dumpsite, particularly JIK, JAK 1, Well Water 1, and Well Water 2. Lead, chromium, and cadmium concentrations reached 0.163, 0.700, and 0.055 mg/L, respectively, exceeding WHO guideline limits (p < 0.001). These sources recorded WQI values ranging from 400 to 493, indicating that the water was unsuitable for drinking, while HI values (7.95–9.22) suggested severe potential health risks. Microbiological assessment showed elevated total coliform counts up to 1.2 × 10⁵ CFU/mL, with Escherichia coli detected in contaminated wells. Exponential decay modelling predicted minimum safe distances of 575 m, 729 m, and 789 m for lead, chromium, and cadmium migration, respectively. Groundwater sources near solid waste disposal sites in Malete are highly vulnerable to heavy metal and microbial contamination, presenting significant public health concerns. Improved solid waste management practices, routine groundwater quality surveillance, enforcement of environmental regulations, and restriction of borehole and well construction near dumpsites are recommended to minimize contamination risks.
Access to safe drinking water especially in rural Ghana has remained a challenge for decades with attendant health implications. Hence, this paper assessed the suitability of solar disinfection of water (SODIS) treatment option in Mion District, Northern Ghana using standard methods to analyze the physicochemical and microbial parameters of raw water from Sang Dam. According to the findings, 49% of households depended on river or dam water for drinking. More than 60% of households reported regular water shortages. Only 47.9% treated water before drinking; the most common treatment methods being boiling and filtering. Sanitation in the study area was poor, with most households lacking toilets and over 60% practicing open defecation, increasing the risk of fecal contamination of water sources. Water quality testing showed that water from the Sang Dam did not meet the WHO Standards for microbial safety and some physicochemical parameters. Turbidity, total and fecal coliforms levels of 1310 NTU,153 cfu/100 ml and 55 cfu/100 ml respectively were recorded, far above the permissible limits. The SODIS experiment established that when exposed to sufficient sunlight, microbes were effectively eliminated in transparent and light-colored plastic containers (TPB and CPB), with fecal coliforms initially at 30 cfu/100 ml (32.0°C) declining after 8 hours to <1 in TPB (43.3°C) and CPB (45.8°C), confirming them as the most effective containers. The study recommends raising community awareness about sanitation and adoption of SODIS, while entreating the District Assembly to support SDG 6 by providing safe, transparent containers for household use.
Heavy metal contamination of drinking water poses significant environmental and public health concerns due to the persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation of these pollutants. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the Concentrations, Human Health Risks, Household Knowledge and Awareness of Heavy Metal Contamination in Ogbanokwute Spring Water, Enugu State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods including structured questionnaire administered to 360 households. Chromium, lead, arsenic, and silver were not detected, while cadmium, aluminium, and zinc concentrations were within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) values (19.80 and 58.92), Metal Index (MI) values (0.658 and 1.537), and Degree of Contamination (Cd) values (−6.342 and −5.463) indicated low levels of contamination. Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Total Hazard Index (THI) values were below 1, indicating negligible non-carcinogenic health risks. Respondents demonstrated low-to-moderate knowledge and low awareness of the health effects of heavy metal contamination despite their heavy reliance on untreated spring water. Although the spring water is currently safe for consumption, inadequate public awareness may increase future vulnerability should contamination occur. Overall, Ogbanokwute Spring Water is presently safe for drinking with respect to heavy metal contamination. However, continuous water quality monitoring and community-based environmental health education are recommended. By integrating water quality assessment, human health risk evaluation, and community perception, this study provides evidence to support informed drinking water management and public health interventions.
Coconut husk waste can be utilized to generate carbon-rich charcoal clean up contaminated soil. Consequently, the objective of this paper was to assess the Physiochemical and Structural Characteristics, Effect of Temperature and Plant Phytoavailability of Coconut Husk Biochar (CHB) Immobilization of Chromium in Different Soil Types using appropriate standard procedures. Data obtained show that the phytoavailable Cr fraction in the soil varied between 20 and 35 percent. At lower temperatures, CHB proved appropriate for immobilizing Cr in acidic soil. However, the point of zero charge measurements (pHpZC≈7.5, 7.8, 8.2, and 9.0) indicated CHB could effectively bind positively charged Cr hydroxo complexes at the pH of the calcareous soil; hence, the application of CHB is unnecessary due to the low solubility of these species. The These findings demonstrated that CHB had a higher sorption capacity with a lower pyrolytic temperature because it had more chemical groups on its surface than high-temperature CHBs. Moreover, CHB's restricted solubility is eliminated because it efficiently binds Cr hydroxo complexes with a positive charge at the pH of calcareous soil. While CHB makes Cr more immobile, Cr is mobilized in acidic soil.
In many semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa, safe drinking water is unavailable because borehole water is often highly saline. In Chamwino District, central Tanzania, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) in borehole water frequently exceed World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water guidelines. This study evaluated the synthesis and characterisation of a coconut husk biochar–chitosan (CC-CH) composite adsorbent and its efficacy for salinity removal from borehole drinking water using appropriate standard methods. Biochar was produced by slow pyrolysis at 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C and combined with chitosan at mass ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. Composites were characterised by BET surface area analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis. Batch adsorption experiments optimised adsorbent dose, solution pH, and contact time. The 2:1 biochar-to-chitosan ratio pyrolysed at 600°C exhibited the best physicochemical properties (surface area 318.88 m²/g; pore volume 0.375 cc/g; BET C = 17.424 ± 0.00) and achieved a maximum salinity removal of 22% ± 0.00 at a dose of 5.0 g, with optimal performance at pH 6–7 and a contact time of 45 minutes. Post-treatment TDS of approximately 1,100 mg/L still exceeded the WHO guideline of 1,000 mg/L, indicating that integration with complementary technologies is necessary. The Freundlich isotherm model best described adsorption equilibrium, confirming heterogeneous multilayer adsorption. This low-cost composite from locally sourced materials offers significant potential for integrated salinity remediation in rural semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa.
This study explored whether it's possible to recover valuable resources from five operational Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to help build a stronger urban sanitation economy. We gathered data on biogas, biosolids, treated effluent, and household tariff revenues through laboratory analyses and interviews between December 2025 and April 2026, then ran a 20-year cost-benefit analysis using three discount rates. Two sites, Kigamboni-Tungi (131% OPEX cost coverage) and Tuangoma (115%), are already paying for themselves through resource recovery. However, across all sites, there’s still a combined annual revenue gap of 5,025 USD. Our findings show that better management, rather than new technology, is the key to success: benefit-cost ratios improved by 44–109% under more optimistic scenarios. The biggest challenges were institutional, not technical. For example, formalizing biosolid sales, adding disinfection to the effluent at three sites, and starting household tariffs at Mlalakuwa could help each site cover its costs with minimal additional investment. We encourage the Ministry of Water and Sanitation to recognize DEWATS as productive infrastructure in national water sector funding. Our study offers the first verified, multi-site financial dataset linking effluent quality, resource-recovery revenues, and lifecycle cost-benefit analysis for DEWATS in sub-Saharan Africa, providing practical evidence to inform sanitation-economy policy in low-income urban areas. To improve DEWATS sustainability, we recommend formalizing biosolid and effluent sales and investing in low-cost disinfection upgrades to unlock higher-value resource recovery. Strengthening CBWSO management capacity and incentives will further support long-term financial viability and effective operation.
This paper aimed to investigate the morphological diversity of Terminalia catappa L. fruits in an urban university ecosystem in Benin City, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. The results reveal that there was significant differences between the stability of external fruit dimensions (CV: 11.20%–15.57%) and the extreme plasticity of internal nut dry weight (CV: 68.21%).The Brown/Umber phenotype represented the developmental peak for weight and volume, while a "yield dilemma" was found in specimens where fruit length did not correlate with nut biomass. PCA and CA effectively determined distinct sub-groups within the campus, they also identified high-productivity "heavyweight" trees and unique phenotypes like the lateral-dominant "Elon Blue" outlier. The results/findings when compared to previous documented GPS and GIS-based studies of campus flora, suggest that the different micro-environments and urban land-use patterns are primary drivers of resource partitioning. This experiment further infers that selective domestication should be done by the preferential selection of trees with lateral width and mature pigmentation over fruit length. Additional studies integrating GIS mapping and soil mineral profiling is highly recommended for standardizing harvest indices that can generate consistent biomass yield in tropical almond production.
The increasing threat of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms has driven the search for alternative therapeutic agents. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate the Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Potential, and Antimicrobial Activity of Psidium guajava Leaf Extracts against Bacteria Isolate from domestic Contaminated Water at Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the aqueous extract contained the highest phenol concentration (98.95±19.52 mg/ml), while the methanol extract exhibited the greatest levels of flavonoids (37.97±0.389 mg/ml), steroids (30.38±1.004 mg/ml), cardiac glycosides (35.35±1.612 mg/ml), and terpenoids (18.08±0.184 mg/ml). Antibacterial assays using the disc diffusion method showed inhibition zones ranging from 12 to 42 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 0.1 and 0.4 mg/ml. Antioxidant evaluation demonstrated that the methanol extract had the strongest ABTS radical scavenging activity (94.92±0.976 mg/ml), while the aqueous extract showed the highest DPPH (82.46±1.626 mg/ml) and FRAPS (1111.09±29.373 mg/ml) values. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified several bioactive compounds in both methanol and ethyl acetate extracts, with retention times ranging from 9.085 to 20.915 minutes. Notably, compounds such as phytol, undecanal, and di-n-octyl phthalate were detected. The findings indicate that P. guajava leaves contain potent bioactive molecules with significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, suggesting their potential use as natural alternatives to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs.
The objective of this paper was to evaluate the performance of African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla) shell powders as additives in water-based drilling mud using appropriate standard methods. The plastic viscosity (PV) of the mud sample containing 5g was found to decrease by 9% whereas the addition of 10g, 15g and 20g increased the PV by 8.3%, 15.4% and 20% respectively. The results showed that African oil bean shell powder increased the rheological properties of the drilling fluid with a corresponding increase in concentration. However, the filtrate volume from African oil bean mud samples increased proportionally with the concentrations of the shell powder, resulting in filter cake thicknesses ranging between 2.2 and 3.8 mm. Overall, the results indicate that African oil bean shell powder is effective in enhancing the rheological properties of the fluid but ineffective in controlling fluid loss. The shell powder is therefore recommended as a cheap and eco-friendly rheological additive for water-based drilling mud.
Fertilization management can influence plant oxidative balance and antioxidant defense systems, and it has a close relationship with stress tolerance and crop quality. This study evaluated the effects of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes activities in (Sesamum indicum L.) Sesame plants obtained from Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria using various standard methods. The results suggested that a moderate application of organic manure could decrease the lipid peroxidation level but enhance the antioxidant enzyme activity, and therefore improving redox balance, but at higher concentrations increased stress-related enzyme responses. Inorganic fertilizer exhibited the same pattern, where moderate levels decreased oxidative damage and high levels elevated stress markers. These results suggest that a balanced fertilizer use can maintain redox stability in sesame and may be helpful for nutrient and functional qualities by antioxidant regulation.
Land is a fundamental resource that supports agriculture and rural development. This study assessed the suitability of soils for oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cultivation in Ugborodo Community, Warri South Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria, using the parametric index of productivity approach. Six soil pedons were sampled at two depths (0–15 cm and 15–30 cm) and analyzed for key physical and chemical properties, while climatic and topographic conditions were evaluated against established oil palm requirements. The soils are predominantly loamy sand. Soil pH ranges from 3.5 to 6.2, available phosphorus from 15.0 to 43.5 mg kg⁻¹, total nitrogen from 0.06 to 1.10 g kg⁻¹, exchangeable calcium from 3.20 to 5.55 cmol⁺ kg⁻¹, exchangeable magnesium from 1.25 to 2.85 cmol⁺ kg⁻¹, and effective cation exchange capacity from 7.4 to 13.2 cmol⁺ kg⁻¹. The computed index of productivity values ranges from approximately 48 to 57% for Pedons 1, 2, 4, and 6, classifying them as marginally suitable, while Pedons 3 and 5 record values below 35% and are classified as not suitable due to severe nitrogen deficiency and strong soil acidity, respectively. The study concludes that although climatic and topographic conditions are highly favourable, soil fertility constraints significantly limit oil palm productivity, underscoring the need for targeted soil fertility management to improve marginal soils.
Cancer mortality remains a major public health concern in West Africa and has sent many to untimely deaths globally in the 21st century. The objective of this paper was to investigate the temporal patterns and interrelationships of reported mortality rates of nine different types of cancer from five selected West African countries using appropriate standard procedures by acquiring data from Kaggle.com covering the period of 1990 – 2019. The results show that gallbladder cancer mean mortality rates ranged between 0.48 (Nigeria) and 0.89 (Cote d’Ivoire), kidney cancer from 0.24 (Nigeria) to 0.53 (Ghana), cancer of the bladder ranged between 0.29 (Nigeria) and 1.24 (Senegal) and cancer of the brain and central nervous system between 0.98 (Nigeria) and 1.98 (Ghana), Oesophageal from 0.60 (Cote d’Ivoire) to 1.52 (Liberia and Senegal), cancer of the liver from 5.68 (Cote d’Ivoire) to 10.68 (Liberia), colon and rectum from 2.11 (Cote d’Ivoire) to 2.91 (Senegal), stomach from 1.55 (Nigeria) to 5.60 (Senegal) and TBL from 1.78 (Nigeria) to 3.96 (Senegal). The results show that while four of the cancer variants' mortality rates studied decreased with time, five of them were on the increase over the study period. The study also found a significantly positive and strong (weak) linear relationship between the various cancer-variant mortality rates for the five countries (p < 0.05). It is therefore, concluded that cancer-variant mortality rates in West African countries, as low-income countries, are still moderate and that efforts and interventions need to be implemented to reverse the rise observed in certain variants while improving policies to keep those declining on the drop.
Medicinal plants have long been explored for their therapeutic potential, particularly in addressing the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance. Murraya koenigii (curry leaf) is recognized for its diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial properties. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial efficacy of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Murraya koenigii (curry tree leaf) procured from a market in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of major bioactive compounds - alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, and steroids. While most compounds were detected in both extracts, steroids were absent in the aqueous extract. The ethanolic extract demonstrated stronger antibacterial activity, producing inhibition zones ranging from 12.0 mm to 16.0 mm, particularly against E. coli and K. pneumoniae. The aqueous extract showed lower efficacy, with inhibition zones not exceeding 13.0 mm. Minimum inhibitory concentrations tests confirmed the higher potency of the ethanolic extract, with E. coli showing the highest sensitivity (25 mg/mL) compared to the aqueous extract (50 mg/mL). Minimum bactericidal concentration analysis revealed that only E. coli was susceptible to bactericidal effects from the ethanolic extract, while all other isolates exhibited bacteriostatic responses to both extracts. These findings highlight the promising antimicrobial potential of Murraya koenigii, particularly its ethanolic leaf extract, for developing natural antibacterial agents.
Downdraft evaporative coolers (DECs) represent a sustainable alternative to vapour compression systems in hot climates. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to design, evaluate, and predict the model of a façade-mounted Downdraft evaporative coolers (DECs) installed in a Tertiary Institution Office at Kano, Nigeria. Experimental data were collected for 24 days between September and November, measuring outdoor condition, cooler supply air, and indoor thermal parameters. Regression models were developed to predict supply outlet temperature, relative humidity, velocity, and corresponding indoor conditions. Validation against experimental data yielded high predictive accuracy. Using Kano‟s climatic data, the models were applied to estimate year-round performance (January – December). Results indicate that indoor temperature remain within 24oC – 29oC, aligning with adaptive comfort limits, while relative humidity stabilizes at 74% - 80%. The models reliably capture seasonal dynamics, demonstrating that DECs can provide energy-efficient comfort in hot-dry climates. The findings offer a practical modelling framework for evaluating evaporative cooling in sub-Saharan African context.
ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper was to evaluate the Prevalence, Antibiotic Resistant and Biofilm Production of Gram-negative Bacteria from Boreholes and Sachet water sold in a Higher Institution and its Environs in Odeda, Ogun State, Nigeria using microbiological and biochemical standard methods. From the results, E. coli (44; 40.7%), Klebsiella spp. (18; 16.7%), Salmonella spp. (15; 13.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13; 12.0%), Enterobacter spp. (10; 9.3%), and Acinetobacter spp. (8; 7.4%). The antibiotic resistance profile revealed 100% resistant to ampicillin. Similarly, all (100%) the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. showed resistant to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, gentamicin, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol. High and variable resistant ranges were observed for other antibiotics with least resistance ranges to imipenem (6.7-38.5%), meropenem (6.7-46.2%), amikacin (13.3-37.5%), and ceftolozane (11.1-46.2%). The curing results showed that some of the isolates harbor plasmid while others do not have plasmid. Biofilm produced was recorded for all (100%) the isolates with Escherichia coli (36; 81.8%), Klebsiella spp. (15; 83.3%), Salmonella spp. (9; 60.0), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12; 92.3%), Enterobacter spp. (8; 80.0%), and Acinetobacter spp. (7; 87.5%). The data obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS software version 23. Our finding calls for urgent regulatory intervention to stem potential outbreak of waterborne disease in the environment.
The objective of this paper was to assess selected factors influencing gathering of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) among rural dwellers in Edo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods including a structured. Findings reveal that, non-timber forest products gathering in Edo State was male dominated (73.3%), 96% were married and 41% had formal education. Major non-timber forest products gathered in the area were Fuel wood (86.7%), vegetables (86.3%) and medicinal plants (58.1%). Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) represent significant aspect of human existence and how they contribute to rural dwellers living standard should be explored. Results shows that in the three zones accessed, the major non-timber forest products the gatherers collected in the forest are fuel-wood 86.7%, 75.9% and 92.6% for Edo South, Central and North respectively. Vegetables records 86.3%, 83.9 and 97.9% respectively. While Medicinal plants records 58%, 42.5% and 73.4% respectively. The study concludes that the zones investigated had good perception of the forests and the forest produce which are non-timber in nature.
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) represents an environmental concern in oil-producing regions, characterised by high organic loads, heavy metal contamination, and physicochemical parameters exceeding regulatory discharge limits. Biological remediation using indigenous bacterial species offers a sustainable and cost-effective treatment alternative. Hence the objective of this paper was to evaluate the biodegradative potentials of Pseudomonas and Bacillus species on physicochemical properties and heavy metal levels in palm oil mill effluent (POME) collected from Mabolaje, Oyo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Indigenous bacterial isolates were characterised using morphological and biochemical methods. Biodegradation was monitored at 24 h, 72 h, and 144 h by measuring Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD₅), and heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn). Fifty bacterial isolates were recovered, dominated by Bacillus spp. (56%) and Pseudomonas spp. (30%). Both genera demonstrated significant pollutant reduction. TDS and EC each decreased by up to 61.3% at 72 h. pH increased progressively from 4.46 to 5.34, indicating alkalinization during degradation. Copper removal reached 100% by Pseudomonas sp., while zinc was reduced by up to 77.1%. Lead declined initially but showed partial re-mobilisation at 144 h. Viable bacterial counts declined from 10⁶ to 10⁵ CFU/mL, with Bacillus maintaining consistently higher populations. Pseudomonas and Bacillus species demonstrated substantial biodegradative capacity against POME pollutants, with Pseudomonas showing superior heavy metal removal and Bacillus exhibiting greater biomass resilience, supporting consortium-based bioremediation strategies for POME treatment.
Tiger nut drink, produced from Cyperus esculentus L., sugar, and water, is widely consumed across Nigeria for its nutritional and health benefits. However, contamination during processing and handling may compromise its safety, thus necessitating microbiological evaluation. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to characterize and evaluate the antibiotics resistance of bacterial isolates from locally produced tiger nut drinks commonly sold in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria using standard microbiological analysis. The bacterial counts varied among locations, with the lowest (2.4 × 10⁴ CFU/ml) recorded in Adebayo market and the highest (8.1 × 10⁴ CFU/ml) in Ijigbo market. Biochemical characterization identified several bacterial species including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Bacillus spp., Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella spp., Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Lactobacillus spp. In addition, fungal contaminants such as Fusarium spp., Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger were detected. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed high resistance rates to Tetracycline (61.54%), Cotrimoxazole (61.54%), Gentamicin (63.46%), Ampicillin (48.08%), and Erythromycin (40.39%), while lower resistance was observed against Amikacin (23.08%), Ciprofloxacin (36.54%), and Augmentin (36.54%). The presence of pathogenic bacteria and fungi highlights significant safety concerns, as these organisms are associated with foodborne infections that may compromise consumer health and reduce the nutritional quality of the drink. The contamination likely arises from poor hygiene practices, poor production processes, or exposure of raw materials to unsafe environments. To safeguard public health enforcement of strict hygienic measures are recommended. Such interventions will help reduce microbial loads and improve the safety of tiger nut drinks consumed in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
