Streptomyces producing antibiotics is considered as one of most prevalent bacteria in the soil. Therefore, in this study, we dealt with the effectiveness of some Streptomyces species in producing bioactive materials. From different soils, 42 samples were collected randomly from different areas of Nineveh governorate, and after conducting laboratory examination, 18 isolates of Streptomyces that obtained showed distinguish in colonies' color and shape. Upon microscopic examination were shown filamentous forms and variation in the forms of spores. These isolates also varied in biochemical diagnostic tests' results, the production of many enzymes and secondary metabolic substances, which are important to compete with other bacterial species on the nutritional requirements. These metabolites are diseases-resisting antibiotics, so further research is essential to find for new antibiotics produced by these bacteria. In this study, three isolates showed inhibition of most pathogenic bacterial isolates and yeasts, while rest of the isolates varied in their inhibition rate. This ability is one of the important features of these bacteria. The diagnosis of bacterial isolates was confirmed by special amplification chain reaction (PCR) use for a special piece of the 16SrRNA gene by using a pair of primers strep B and strep F. After the electrophoreses of the amplified DNA pieces was carried out and examined with ultraviolet light. All bands travelled along the same distance on the agarose gel, which confirms the positive result of having all isolates of the same size 1000 bp for primers special to genus Streptomyces..
Nigella sativa L. (N. sativa) is a medicinal plant recognized for its therapeutic potential, primarily attributed to its bioactive compounds such as thymoquinone (THQ). This study investigated the phytochemical composition of N. sativa seeds cultivated in Northern Jordan, with a focus on THQ quantification and secondary metabolite profiling. Soxhlet extraction using hexane and methanol revealed solvent-dependent differences, with hexane extracts yielding higher concentrations of THQ and terpenes, while flavonoids were predominantly found in methanol extracts. Hexane extracts were further purified using flash chromatography with a gradual gradient of hexane and ethyl acetate. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was validated for accurate THQ quantification, achieving a high correlation coefficient (R² = 0.9996). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified THQ, p-cymene, and carvacrol as the major bioactive constituents, supporting their pharmacological relevance. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) confirmed the presence of alkaloids, terpenes, and flavonoids, whereas cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones were not detected. These findings demonstrate the efficiency of hexane as an extraction solvent for THQ and terpenes and the diverse phytochemical profile of N. sativa. This study provides validated methodologies for standardization of N. sativa, offering a reliable framework for its pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. The findings highlight the plant’s therapeutic potential and support further research into its bioavailability, clinical efficacy, and regional phytochemical variations.
Edamame (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a good source for developing as an antioxidant agent due to the phenolic and flavonoid compounds. This study investigated the efficacy of Ultrasound-assisted Extraction (UAE) of edamame peel using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) toward the Total Phenolic Content (TFC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and antioxidant activity. Three variables were evaluated by Box-Behnken design: time (15,30,45 minutes), temperature (30,45,60 ℃), and solvent concentration (50,70,90 % v/v). The optimal conditions were 15 minutes of extraction, temperature extraction at 45 ℃ and a solvent concentration of 90 % (v/v) ethanol. The result showed that the TPC, TFC, and IC50 values representing the antioxidant activity of edamame peel extract were 51.98±0.51 mgGA/gE, 30.46±0.72 mQE/gE, and 112.91±0.12 ppm, respectively. Based on the results, the observed variables show conformity with the values predicted by RSM-BBD and confirm that the model is suitable and optimized for the extraction conditions of edamame.
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer case in Indonesia and it causes 20.4% of female deaths. HER2-positive breast cancer is less common but more aggressive, leading patients to seek alternative treatments due to side effects from standard therapies. The Bajakah plant (Spatholobus suberectus) is traditionally used by the Dayak people for treating various healthy treatment. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate compounds from Bajakah plant against HER2 protein. Ten compounds were analyzed for biological activity using PASS Online, toxicity level was identified with Protox-3, and drug-likeness was analyzed by using SWISS ADME. Moreover, molecular docking simulation with Pyrx software and SwissDock using attracting cavities 2.0 (AC 2.0) assessed interaction of compounds toward HER2 (PDB ID: 3PP0) with Lapatinib as control. Cavityplus and Discovery Studio software identified potential binding sites and amino acid residues in the compound-protein complex, while PerMM webserver analyzed membrane permeability. Results indicated that most compounds are safe, exhibited anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, antimetastatic, and antioxidant activities, also fulfilled the Lipinski’s rule of five. Furthermore, butin and cajanin compound demonstrated binding affinity score with -9.9 and -9.8 kCal/mol, respectively, which also closely approximated to control and futher proven its binding confomation and potential by AC 2.0. Those compounds also shared similar amino acid residue as control. In conclusion, control had stronger interaction toward HER2 protein as compared to butin and cajanin compound. Hence, further in vitro analysis with MTT-assay using breast cancer cell line MCF-7 is needed for confirmation and in vivo studies to validate and assess their therapeutic efficacy.
Background. Medicinal species are excellent sources of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. The therapeutic ability is enhanced by combining many bioactive components from different natural products due to the synergism. Aim and objectives. The current study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of four mixtures based on medicinal plants and spices (B. dioica, A. longa, T. imperati, and E. prunastri) highlighting their synergistic effect on both activities. Materials and Methods. In addition to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening, synergistic antioxidant properties were evaluated by in vitro methods (DPPH, FRAP, H2O2). Moreover, synergistic anti-inflammatory activities were estimated using HRBC membrane stabilization, protein anti-denaturation, and proteinase inhibition assays. The response additivity method was used to evaluate the synergistic effects of the four mixtures. Results. Our results showed that the four mixtures contained phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, coumarins, and tannins, whereas iridoid and steroids were detected only in the mixture based on the four species. On the other hand, some mixtures showed the best antioxidant activity when compared with the reference drug, in particular BEE (B. dioica and E. prunastri Extracts) with IC50 values of 217±0.036 μg/mL and300±0.007 μg/mL for DPPH and H2O2 assays.Moreover, the BETAE mixture (B. dioica, E. prunastri, T. imperati, and A. longa Extracts) exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity with lowest HRBC membrane stabilization IC50 (83.5±13 µg/mL). Interestingly, the synergy results showed that both E. prunastri and T. imperati played an important role to promote the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of BEE and BTE mixtures with CI values of 0.95 and 0.98, respectively. Conclusions. These findings revealed the involvement of the extract combinations in improving the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of studied mixtures. The findings of this study may lead future drug development research to focus on the mechanism of intermolecular synergistic systems.
This study aimed to assess the beneficial influence of the ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus emblica (EEPE) fruit on spatial memory performance and hippocampal oxidative stress in colchicine induced memory impaired male Long-Evans rats. Thirty male rats were distributed into five groups having six rats in each group. On the basis of treatments, all rats were grouped into normal control (NC), sham control (SC), colchicine control (ColC), pre-colchicine Phyllanthus emblica treatment (Pre PE Exp) and post-colchicine Phyllanthus emblica treatment (Post PE Exp). Colchicine was administered intrahippocampally (15 µg, single dose) to induce memory impairment and observed for behavioral changes in Morris water maze (MWM) test in all rats. All rats were thereafter sacrificed for estimation of hippocampal oxidative stress parameters: malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Results showed that there was a significant decrease (p≤0.001) in mean escape latency in Pre PE Exp, Post PE Exp groups compared to memory impaired ColC group for working memory. Moreover, rats in the Phyllanthus emblica groups had significant decrease (p≤0.01) in MDA as well as increase (p≤0.05) in GPx compared to ColC group. However, after trial by trial breakdown reference memory escape latency (EL) revealed that PE treatment following hippocampal damage had the potential to aid in the recovery of reference memory compared to pre-PE treated rats. The study’s findings demonstrate that Phyllanthus emblica (Amloki) is capable of minimizing and preventing intrahippocampal colchicine-induced spatial working memory dysfunction and oxidative stress in male Long-Evans rats, respectively. However, it had no preventative effects and was only found to be effective when spatial reference memory impairment was evident.
The rare plant Canarium odontophyllum Miq., locally known as "dabai," is found in Sarawak, Malaysia. The fruit is often consumed for its purported health benefits, but it remains underutilized due to its short shelf life, particularly in rural areas. Despite being a seasonal fruit, dabai is recognized for its nutritional value, and some studies have explored Canarium odontophyllum's biological properties to support its use as a nutraceutical and health supplement. The pulp, peel, and kernel of the dabai fruit are all nutrient-dense, bioactive components, rich in dietary fiber. The fruit contains flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. Furthermore, crude extracts from Canarium odontophyllum have shown a variety of therapeutic benefits, including antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antifungal effects. Dabai is particularly notable for its high nutritional content, which includes significant amounts of protein, fat, and carbohydrates. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from 1980 through November 2023 to identify relevant publications.
Numerous synthetic polymers have been investigated to be used in nanomedicine over the past few decades, particularly in drug delivery systems. Necessitating properties including non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible. Among these, polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) which stands out due to its complete biodegradability and ability to self-assemble into nanometric micelles. However, their large diameter (150–200 nm), poor stability in aqueous media, and their removal from the bloodstream by the liver and spleen hindering the in vivo treatments. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is the most widely used polymer in drug delivery systems, and the first PEGylated product has been on the market for over 20 years. PEG has a stealth behavior; therefore, it will not be recognized by the immune system. Further, PEG is hydrophilic polymer that could stabilize nanoparticles through steric rather than ionic effects. In this review article, the important of utilizing PLGA-PEG nanoparticles as polymeric drug carriers has been revised and the advantages of employing PLGA-PEG copolymer to form stable and well-defined, nanoparticles for drug delivery applications have been summarized. Moreover, the review aimed to shed light on the various methods employed in their preparation. Additionally, recent advancements in PLGA-PEG copolymer preparations for anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory therapies, are discussed in detail. The other applications of PGA-PEG have been extensively reviewed in other publications. Therefore, it was not addressed in this review.
Electrospinning is a promising technique for wound healing applications, as it enables the fabrication of nanostructures that closely mimic the natural extracellular matrix. This review highlights the potential of electrospun nanofiber composites loaded with herbal extracts and metal nanoparticles as effective wound healing agents. Herbal extracts, known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties, contribute significantly to therapeutic outcomes. The incorporation of metal nanoparticles further enhances antimicrobial activity and accelerates the healing process. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fabrication methods, efficacy, and safety of electrospun herbal extract-loaded metallized nanofiber composites in wound healing applications.
Microneedle technology has emerged as a promising approach for drug delivery, vaccination, diagnostics, and cosmetic treatments. This review provides an overview of microneedle technology, covering the various types of microneedles, fabrication techniques, applications, advantages, challenges, safety considerations, clinical translation, and future perspectives. Solid, hollow, dissolving, coated, and hydrogel-forming microneedles are discussed, along with their structures, materials, and fabrication methods. Applications in drug delivery, vaccination, diagnostics, and cosmetic treatments are explored, with an emphasis on emerging and novel uses. The review highlights the advantages of microneedle technology, including enhanced patient compliance, improved drug absorption, and reduced pain, as well as challenges such as manufacturing scalability and regulatory approval. Fabrication techniques, biocompatibility, safety issues, clinical translation, and commercialization aspects are examined, along with future directions and emerging trends such as multifunctional microneedles and personalized medicine. Overall, microneedle technology holds tremendous promise for revolutionizing healthcare and biomedical engineering, but further research and development are required to address current challenges and realize its full potential.
Background: Montelukast is one of the main therapeutic agents used for asthma management. Its therapeutic effectiveness is greatly influenced by the expression of metabolic enzymes and/or transporters involved in its disposition. Objectives: To assess the effect of smoking on montelukast pharmacokinetics in four bioequivalence studies against the reference drug Singulair®. Methodology: Data were extracted from bioequivalence studies to compare 10 mg generic Montelukast to Singulair® the originator. Primary pharmacokinetic parameters, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC0-inf and AUC0-t) were calculated using Kinetica®. Analysis of Variance was performed to compare montelukast pharmacokinetics between smokers and non-smokers. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: Mean± SD montelukast Cmax (ng/mL) was 397.1 ± 125.7 in non-smokers compared to 352.8± 133.9 in smokers. Significant alterations in montelukast Cmax (P= 0.0206), AUC 0-t (ng. h/L) 2335 ± 111, P= 0.0016, and AUC 0-inf (ng. h/L) 2509 ± 1163, P= 0.0015 were observed in the study participants who are smokers. Conclusion: Despite the minimal fold-decrease in montelukast pharmacokinetic parameters in smokers compared to non-smokers, this might have a profound clinical impact on the therapeutic effectiveness of montelukast in patients.
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of caraway seed aqueous extract on milk production in female rats and elucidate its bioactive components. We used three groups of six virgin rats and three groups of six lactating rats. We kept each mother rat and her six pups apart. From the third to the seventeenth day of breastfeeding, these groups of animals received distilled water, metoclopramide (5 mg/kg), and aqueous extracts of caraway seed (200 mg/kg) daily by mouth. We used the indirect method, which established a link between the amount of milk nursing rats produced and the weight gain of pups who received no food. We also measure the prolactin levels of female rats who have never been pregnant on specific days. On Day 14, the groups that received caraway seed fluid extracts (200 mg/kg) or metoclopramide (5 mg/kg) showed significantly higher prolactin levels (P > 0.01 and P > 0.001, respectively). Studies have shown that caraway seed significantly increases prolactin levels (P> 0.05) as early as Day 7. Only with (5 mg/kg) of metoclopramide did milk production and pup weight gain go up significantly (P > 0.05). An extract of caraway seed affects prolactin levels in rats, but it does not affect milk production. Further research is necessary to explore the potential therapeutic benefits of caraway seed.
Background: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a disease that requires extensive treatment with medication that targets the brain and minimizes systemic adverse effects, preferably with a single daily medication. Nimodipine [NID] offers these properties to be used for this purpose. Objective: The goal of the study was to accomplish a comparison in the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral nimodipine suspension and transdermal Polymeric Nanoparticles loaded bilayer dissolving microneedles to improve lower oral bioavailability. Methods: Nimodipine was previously formulated as polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) characterized by a particle size of 81.78 ± 0.6 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.046 ± 0.01, and a zeta potential of -18.96 mV. These nanoparticles were incorporated into bilayer dissolving microneedle patches (bDMNs) utilizing a casting technique, employing a 10% w/v polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer matrix and 5% glycerin. A total of twelve male white albino rabbits, each weighing approximately 1500 ± 175 g, were randomly allocated into two groups of six animals. One group received an oral dose of nimodipine suspension via oral gavage, while the other group was administered the nimodipine-loaded transdermal bDMNs applied to the skin. The plasma concentration of nimodipine was quantified using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), following the establishment of a spiked calibration curve with plasma samples with the internal standard cilnidipine. Results: The results displayed mean value of time and concentration needed to achieve the maximum effect were (Cmax= 42.54 ±3.4 ng/ml, Tmax= 1 ±0.02 h) for oral and (Cmax=64.66 ±2.9 ng/ml, Tmax=0.5±0.01h) for bDMN, respectively approving that the optimized transdermal bDMN exhibited higher plasma concentration with Tmax lower than oral route, achieving (1.9) fold rise in the calculated relative bioavailability. Conclusions: The transdermal bDMNs could offer a promising and effective method for NID delivery to improved lower oral bioavailability by enhancing the delivery through skin.
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose etiology is still unknown and without clinical biomarkers. Recent studies have highlighted the potential role of oxidative stress and metabolic changes in ASD. However, little is known about these changes in the Jordanian ASD population. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate oxidative stress biomarkers in Jordanian children with ASD and to investigate the potential correlations with the disorder's clinical features. Methodology: This cross-sectional study involved 80 Jordanian children divided into two groups: the patients’ group (diagnosed with ASD, n=40) and the control group (healthy, n=40). The study examined the distribution of ASD among the participants and assessed the prevalence of comorbid conditions. It also evaluated oxidative stress biomarkers, including Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Malondialdehyde (MDA). Results: ASD was more common in males (65% in the ASD group) and in people with a family history of the disorder (55%). Common comorbid conditions included ADHD (42.5%), anxiety (25%), and epilepsy (15%). Children with ASD had significantly lower levels of GPX (2.72 ± 0.9 pmol/mL vs. 7.74 ± 2.5 pmol/mL in controls, p<0.005) and SOD (1.74 ± 0.75 ng/mL vs. 2.93 ± 0.98 ng/mL in controls, p<0.005) and higher levels of MDA (16 ± 1.95 nmol/mL vs. 5.46 ± 1.57 nmol/mL in controls, p<0.005). Conclusion: This study suggests a potential association between ASD and oxidative stress. While further research is required, these findings contribute to our understanding of ASD pathogenesis and may guide future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Pearson correlation coefficients imply that increased oxidative stress, as measured by lower GPX and SOD levels and higher MDA levels, may be linked to the severity and presence of clinical features in ASD.
In the central Algerian steppe, digestive system disorders are a common affliction that the majority of the population treats using medicinal plants. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the medicinal plants used for treating four common disorders: colopathy, gastric ulcers, acute diarrhea, and chronic constipation. To achieve this, a survey was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire, involving a total of 75 traditional phytotherapy practitioners. The questionnaire comprised two sections: socio-demographic information about the practitioners and details regarding the cited plants. Data were collected through field survey forms, categorizing participants by gender, age, education level, and professional experience. Detailed botanical information about the identified plants was carefully collected and analyzed. The diversity of medicinal plants used for digestive disorders was inventoried and assessed using adequate statistics. The survey identified 57 plant species across 32 botanical families, with a predominance of Lamiaceae (9 species) and Asteraceae (7 species). Infusion was the most common preparation method (44%) followed by decoction (38%). These findings emphasize the importance of medicinal plants in traditional treatment of gastric disorders in the region and provide a foundation for future studies on their biological and chemical potentials. The study identified a wide variety of medicinal plants used to treat conditions such as colopathy, gastric ulcers, acute diarrhea, and chronic constipation, with key plants like Cuminum cyminum, Teucrium polium, Artemisia campestris, and Senna alexandrina noted for their high efficacy. The use of single plants (8 species) for multiple disorders was observed, reflecting the interconnected nature of these conditions and the broad medicinal properties of the plants. This investigation underscores the extensive traditional knowledge and rich diversity of medicinal plants used in the central Algerian steppe for treating digestive disorders. The findings highlight the importance of these plants and suggest potential areas for further pharmacological research to validate their efficacy and safety.
The objective of the current study was to determine the chemical constituents, total phenols, antioxidant activity, and hypocholesterol effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Styrax officinalis fruits.The chemical composition of the extracts was assessed by (GC) and (GC-MS). The extract contained various compounds, with styracitol (90.8-97.4%) being the major compound in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively. The total phenolic content was quantitatively determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, with gallic acid as the standard. Antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring the scavenging of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH). The total phenolic content of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts was found to be 19.2 ± 0.75 mg GAE/g and 9.16 ± 0.23 mg GAE/g, respectively, in terms of gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The antioxidant activity has an IC50 of 1.076-2.49 mg/mL, respectively. The anti-cholesterol activity was determined using the CHOD-PAP method. The aqueous extract was more effective than the ethanolic extract at lowering cholesterol. The IC50 for the ethanolic extract was 6.4 mg/ml, while the IC50 for the aqueous extract was 0.54 mg/ml.
So far, dietary fibers such as lignin, cellulose, pectin, guar gum, and psyllium have been well-studied for their preventive and therapeutical potential using animal and human models, especially for their beneficial effects on chronic metabolic conditions like dyslipidemia and related disorders. Dyslipidemia is a dangerous metabolic disorder related to hypercholesterolemia, coronary artery disease, and coronary heart disease. Earlier research has demonstrated that these dietary fibers can lower high serum lipid levels through different mechanisms. One of the most important mechanisms is the modification of gut microbiota. Increasing the abundance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which can metabolize different dietary fibers like lignin, may potentially reduce the cholesterol level. This review aims to provide useful insights and comprehensive discussions about current knowledge related to the properties, and the effects of dietary fibers mainly lignin in controlling hyperlipidemia and their effects on gut microbiota. Google Scholar, Research Gate, and Scopus are the search engines exploited to collect data by using lignin, biopolymers, gut microbiota, and hyperlipidemia as search terms.
The strong correlation between traditional practices and the pharmacological properties of these plants supports their continued use in treating various health conditions. This study evaluated and predicted the active compound in the ethanolic extract of Swietenia mahagoni leaves and their potency for inhibiting cancer cell growth. The analysis included measuring DPPH free radical inhibition, total phenolic and flavonoid content, drug-likeness evaluation, and molecular docking studies. Findings suggest that the ethanolic extract of S. mahagoni leaves ethanolic extract exhibits antioxidant properties due to its content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds such as Quercitrin, (+)-ar-Turmerone, and Hyperoside, which also meet Lipinski's criteria. Additionally, these compounds might act as inhibitors of MDM2 or AKT-1, potentially blocking MDM2 and AKT-1 and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Further research should be conducted in vitro to validate the activity of the studied compounds.
Polyphenolic compounds are a big class of chemicals employed in numerous biomedical applications. However, these compounds are susceptible to degradations, especially in the varied gastrointestinal pH, which hinders their use in oral administrations. Thus, this work developed fibroin nanoparticles (FNP) and polyethylenimine-modified FNP (PEI-FNP) to orally protect and deliver quercetin (QC), a model polyphenol. The particles were formulated using two distinct methods: adsorption and co-condensation. Both formulas showed appropriate physicochemical properties for oral administrations, including nano-sizes (~700 nm for FNP-QC and ~200 nm for PEI-FNP-QC), narrow size distribution (polydispersity index < 0.3), adjustable zeta potentials (~-20 mV for FNP-QC and ~+25 mV for PEI-FNP-QC), enhanced QC aqueous solubility to 2-3 times, and observable chemical interactions (hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions) between QC and fibroin/PEI. Moreover, depending on the formulation process and particle compositions, the particles possessed moderate QC entrapment efficiency (35-75%), smooth/rough surfaces, and rapid drug adsorption followed models including Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms, as well as pseudo-second-order kinetics. Interestingly, in the mimicked oral condition, the particles can protect QC from the gastric condition at pH 1.2, with less than 20% QC release, while sustaining its release in the intestine at pH 6.8, with the release rates that could be favorably controlled by varying the formulation methods and/or PEI functionalization. In summary, the FNP and PEI-FNP demonstrated much potential as release-controllable delivery systems for oral administrations of polyphenolic compounds.
The Problem: The rising prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes presents a significant global health burden and economic strain, driving interest in herbal medicine as a potentially cost-effective alternative or supplement to conventional treatments. Experimental Approach: This literature review included peer-reviewed studies published between 2018 and 2024. A comprehensive search of databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted using terms related to diabetes, herbal medicine, and cost-effectiveness. The included studies originated from various countries, including India, China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, and several African nations. Studies targeting adult participants with diabetes and assessing the effectiveness, cost, or user experiences of herbal remedies were included. In contrast, studies involving children, non-peer-reviewed articles, and those not directly related to herbal medicine were excluded. Data extraction was performed independently by two researchers using a standardized form to collect information on study characteristics, sample size, herbal remedies, glycemic control outcomes, and side effects. Major Findings: A total of 45 studies were included, comprising randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies. The findings indicated that specific herbal remedies can significantly enhance glycemic control, with an average reduction in HbA1c ranging from 0.5% to 1.5%. Additionally, the economic impact of these remedies showed potential cost advantages compared to conventional treatments, although their safety profiles revealed some associated side effects. Conclusions: This review highlights the potential benefits of herbal remedies in managing Type 2 Diabetes but underscores the need for further research. Future studies should specifically address optimal dosages, interactions with conventional medications, cost-effectiveness, and long-term safety and efficacy, particularly through RCTs with larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods.
