This article focuses on some challenges and nuances of translating two early texts by the Italian thinker Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872) into Russian: the article Of a European Literature (1829) and open anonymous letter to King Charles Albert of Sardinia (1831). The author analyzes different translations for the existing ambiguous units and also presents possible interpretations of these works on philosophy of history, justifying each translation decision. The paper’s first part explores the meaning of the word “una” in the title of the article Of a European Literature (D’unaLetteratura Europea). Tracing the history of the “Goethean” epigraph to this Mazzini’s writing and examining its content, the author comes to the following conclusion. In this case, “una” can be perceived as either a numeral meaning “united” (in a moral sense) or an indefinite article, which indicates the unspecified and hypothetical nature of the concept of European literature. The article’s second part covers interpretations of the characteristic “Un Italiano” found at the beginning of the letter to Charles Albert. As the author shows, it can be applicable both to the Sardinian monarch, who is called to head a “united, free, and independent” Italian nation, and to Mazzini himself, who had already used the signature “An Italian” in several of his previous works. Furthermore, this part discusses the practical goals Mazzini may have had when distributing this letter among Italians in the summer of 1831. In the author’s opinion, following P. Ricœur, such parallelism of different but equally relevant interpretations should be viewed as “not a drawback or vice, but a virtue of understanding, which forms the essence of interpretation”.
The article is devoted to a philosophical analysis of social communications transformation in the context of universal digitalization, which means active integration of information technologies into all spheres of society. The relevance of the research is due to the significant changes that this process causes in social relations, identity structures, and the very nature of interpersonal interaction. The present study aims to identify changes in traditional social communications during the transition to their digital variations. Namely, how digital technologies have changed the ways of communication, including both advantages (speed, the ability to communicate remotely) and disadvantages (loss of non-verbal signals, superficiality, misunderstanding). A comparative analysis was chosen as the methodological basis of the study, which makes it possible to identify key differences between traditional and digital communication practices. The work uses a three-level strategy that includes theoretical-conceptual, structural-functional and critical-reflective dimensions, which ensures the depth and complexity of the approach. As a result of the research, the characteristics of modern digital communication practices have been identified, which include technological mediation, simulation, global connectivity, asynchrony, and algorithmic determination. Their features are the hybridization of language, the clipization of content, and multiplicity, which together generate a fundamentally ambivalent nature of social consequences. The key theoretical result is the thesis about the synergetic relationship of these characteristics forming a self-reinforcing system. It is this consistency that explains the stability and paradoxical nature of the new communicative reality, where empowerment is inseparable from new vulnerabilities. The obtained result allowed us to comprehend the evolutionary changes in social communications in the context of active digitalization of society. As a result, the study interprets this transformation as a transition from existential meeting communication to instrumental operation communication. Conclusions. The study not only demonstrates significant changes in social communications under the influence of digital technologies, but also reveals the urgent need for further study of the social effects and consequences of this transformation, as well as the development of philosophical and anthropological foundations for preserving the authenticity of dialogue in the digital environment.
The article continues the discussion of the concept of the cognitive turn previously presented in Ideas and Ideals (2025, vol. 17, no. 3, pt. 1, pp. 155–172). The publication attracted considerable attention and initiated a scholarly discussion in which philosophers A.V. Ivanov, A.S. Samarin, D.A. Sevostyanov, and the educator Z.A. Aksyutina took part. All participants supported the relevance of addressing the cognitive turn and the need to substantiate it in the context of crisis phenomena in science, philosophy, and intellectual culture as a whole. The discussion focused on several fundamental assumptions identified in the original article, including mono-ontologism, the desubjectivization of cognition, and the predominance of attention to the external world (nature), accompanied by a significant underestimation of the internal dimension of cognition, above all the human being. These positions were generally accepted by the discussants. In contrast to these outdated constructs, the article formulates several new propositions: the concept of a three-aspect reality integrating the physical, the psychic, and the cognitive; the reintegration of the subject into the process of knowledge; attention to both the external and the internal aspects of any action; and the understanding of the knowing subject as an extremely complex research instrument that requires careful adjustment. These ideas also received a positive assessment in the discussion. One of the most important outcomes of the debate is that it effectively reached the level of shaping a broader conception of the cognitive turn, within which each participant contributes from the perspective of his or her own research interests. A.V. Ivanov considers the state and prospects of knowledge within the framework of the metaphysics of all-unity, which corresponds to the orientation of the cognitive turn toward holism and synthesis. A.S. Samarin expands the discussion to the broader fi eld of cognitivism, largely through a metaphilosophical perspective. D.A. Sevostyanov analyzes the diversity of “turns” in contemporary intellectual culture and interprets the cognitive turn as the creation of cognitive constructs that can be understood as a form of systemic inversion. Z.A. Aksyutina, who applies categorical methodology in pedagogical research, confirms the relevance of the cognitive turn for the implementation of projects based on a new instrumental framework. The article concludes by presenting several additional ideas concerning the cognitive turn. It is interpreted as a shift in the direction of humanity’s development from the past and the present toward the future; as a transformation of the human being from a mere instrument of cognition into the primary goal of knowledge; and as a change in the understanding of intellectual activity – from a form of work to the highest form of leisure that brings intellectual fulfillment and joy.
This article addresses one of the key textual problems in Empedocles’ legacy: the localization of fragment B 115 D-K, which contains the doctrine of guilt, exile, and the reincarnation of daimon. Challenging the attribution of this fragment to the poem “Purifications,” which has been established since Diels, the study offers a new interpretation of it in the context of “Physics.” Based on the analysis of the internal argumentation of Empedocles’ verses, it is proven that the philosopher’s self-presentation as a suffering and guilty daimon in B 115 is logically and substantively incompatible with his image as a revered immortal god in fragment B 112, which traditionally opens the “Purifications.” This comparison is a decisive argument against their belonging to the same poem. An analysis of the evidence from ancient authors (Hippolytus, Simplicius, Plutarch) shows that they do not provide clear grounds for attributing B 115, while the data from the Strasbourg papyrus confirm the presence of the theme of personal guilt and suffering in the first book of Physics. On this basis, it is proposed to consider fragment B 115 as part of an extensive prologue to Physics, where the personal experience of the philosopher-daimon serves as a starting point for the exposition of universal cosmological principles.
The article analyzes science as a specific way of overcoming uncertainty, understood as a fundamental condition for the emergence of meaning, consciousness, and cognitive activity. Uncertainty is treated as a limiting state that precedes forms of distinction and structuring of experience and serves as a source of semantic structures and cognitive orientations. The methodological framework is based on the philosophy of orientation, which interprets cognition as a process of making distinctions within uncertainty, as well as on ideas from phenomenology, cybernetics, and systems theory that allow analysis of the relationship between individual experience and social forms of knowledge organization. It is shown that the act of distinction, described by George Spencer-Brown as a basic operation of thinking, underlies the formation of orientations structuring both individual consciousness and social reality. On this basis, a distinction is drawn between cognition and science: cognition is understood as an internal process of dealing with uncertainty, whereas science is interpreted as an institutionalized form of producing and verifying knowledge within society. Scientific knowledge is considered as a result of communicative processes that stabilize meanings. Particular attention is paid to the concept of the observer, the distinction between natural and transcendental attitudes, and the role of self-reference and autopoiesis in social systems. The relationship between individual experience and social structures of knowledge is examined, and the interaction of individual and communicative levels of cognition is analyzed. The article concludes that science represents the most systematically organized way of overcoming uncertainty, ensuring the production of knowledge within global society.
Transformations in public life and the rapid development of biotechnology have led to a redefinition of the boundaries between life and death. On the one hand, humanity has achieved unprecedented growth in biotechnological intervention in processes related to the beginning and end of human life. On the other hand, the metamorphoses of modern biomedicine face the need to understand the limits of tolerance in ethical, religious and legal discourses. Religious institutions traditionally conduct expertise and assess the new technological reality, including medical manipulations. Medicine has always been associated with religion, religion with healing. And this is not accidental, since both religion and medicine are at the origin of life and death. Christianity, in particular, the Orthodox tradition, throughout history has formed a confessional view of death and the processes associated with dying. Today, Christian churches continue to respond to social trends and the development of medicine both in official statements and at the level of individual representatives of religious organizations. The purpose of the article is to consider a set of issues related to death and dying in the optics of the Orthodox faith, combining the analysis of the texts of Holy Scripture and tradition with the experience of modern church practice. The objectives of this study are to describe the Orthodox view of death, identify doctrinal justifications, and identify official positions on palliative care, euthanasia, postmortem donation, and cremation. The scientific novelty consists in an attempt to derive a definition of the bioethical problem of death and dying, as well as an expanded overview of related topics in the context of Christian ethics. The work presents both ethical and theological positions and practical experience in resolving practical situations related to the subject of the study. This article may be useful for physicians, specialists in the field of applied ethics and theology, as well as anyone interested in bioethical issues.
The new wave of globalization, driven by technological and technical progress, has affected absolutely all areas: manufacturing, the labor market, financial and economic relations, and education. The equalization and unification of educational standards and the increasing availability of international higher education programs have contributed to an increase in the number of students who can study or continue their education not in their home country, but abroad. As a result, in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, international educational migration acquired new characteristics. The authors notes that over the past ten years, the education sector has been undergoing global changes. By these changes, the authors understands not only the migration of students and teachers in the classical sense, but also the digital migration of students from classrooms to digital educational and entertainment resources, platforms, and various internet portals. Globalization is currently one of the key trends in the development and expansion of the global economy. The authors of the article examines the concept of digital migration in education as a consequence of globalization. In addition, it examines the concept of digital mobility in education and provides a comparative analysis between traditional methods in education and new, predominantly digital methods in education.
The paper describes and discusses the phenomenon of imputed consciousness which manifests itself during a dialogue between a person and a large language model. The essence of the phenomenon lies in the fact that the electronic interlocutor is subjectively perceived as a ‘quasi-human’, and people’s emotional reactions during the dialogue with it do not differ from reactions to the responses of a living interlocutor. A possible scenario of the mass penetration of AI agents into everyday life, subjectively perceived by people as beings endowed with consciousness and emotional life, is discussed. Using literary works as examples, the author demonstrates that the phenomenon of imputed consciousness is primarily an ethical issue and raises the question of philosophical reconnaissance of a possible future, without which humanity will find itself unprepared for it.
Nowadays, audiovisual content can be manipulated quickly and convincingly using generative artificial intelligence. So-called deepfakes are created, i.e. images, videos, and audio tracks that look or sound as if people did or said something they never did or said. The author notes that deepfakes cause serious problems for political and public discourse, undermine trust in information content and political institutions, thereby contributing to the polarization of society and the weakening of social cohesion. At the same time, deepfake technologies offer exciting prospects for new forms of historical and political education and creative expression. The entertainment industry is experimenting with deepfakes to reduce production costs and create innovative effects. In the advertising industry, the use of deepfake technologies allows the creation of virtual influencers and opens up new possibilities for personalized, including socio-political, interaction. The author concludes that there is a need to respond to the challenges posed by deepfakes, but also to seize the opportunities they offer. Achieving a positive outcome requires the combined efforts of various social, political, and institutional actors. Policymakers can play an important role by developing appropriate regulatory proposals at the national and international levels, in particular to regulate the activities of large social media operators. However, the networks themselves, through self-regulation, can also take responsibility and help prevent the use of deepfakes for criminal or unethical purposes. Developers can improve deepfake detection and AI-generated content labeling technologies, and media outlets can use effective fact-checking tools. In addition, a literate civil society is needed that, given the media reality altered by deepfakes, is particularly critical of media content whose origin and veracity have not been verified by credible media organizations.
The authors propose to introduce into economic theory the category of a moderator, which is understood as a subject of economic activity whose activities have a positive impact on the actions of other market participants and on economic development in general. The article examines the functions and mechanisms of moderation both in past years and at present. Two main groups of moderation functions are distinguished: stimulating and stabilizing functions. It was also noted that the introduction of the categories “moderator” and “moderation” allows for a new interpretation of the role of the state in the economy as a special case of moderation. The state, in this regard, represents only one of the moderators operating in the economy, and its functions should be considered, first of all, in the context of the activities of other moderators performing similar functions. The article shows that within the framework of the development of economic theory, ideas about moderation were gradually formed. Researchers approached this from different sides. The authors refer to the works of A. Smith, J. Schumpeter, F. Hayek and other economists. In conclusion, the article explains the authors’ position on the practical usefulness of using the categories “moderator” and “moderation” using examples from innovation and consulting.
In modern practice, the basis for setting prices for housing and communal services is the cost set by the municipal authorities, which takes into account only a minimum set of works and services. However, this method does not fully reflect the impact of internal factors, such as the age of buildings and the degree of wear and tear of structural elements, as well as external factors, such as the natural and climatic conditions of the region. The focus is on the number of structural elements, which leads to a simplified and often underestimated calculation of the cost of services. This methodology reduces the competitiveness of management companies (MCs), which take into account all relevant factors and set more reasonable and higher prices. At the same time, MCs that seek to increase their competitiveness in the market by underestimating the cost of services face an imbalance between their revenues and expenses, which negatively affects their financial stability. Additionally, legal restrictions and difficulties in holding meetings of property owners complicate the process of adjusting prices. Therefore, there is a need to improve the pricing methodology by considering the complex impact of internal and external factors. The purpose of this study is to improve the pricing methodology in the housing sector by developing a two-stage approach that includes a theoretical analysis of factors and their mathematical modeling, as well as an expert assessment to enhance the objectivity and practical applicability of the results. The study implemented the second stage of the methodology, which involved the development of a questionnaire and an expert survey to assess the consistency of the theoretical concepts. Based on the obtained data, formulas were proposed for calculating the cost of current repairs in multiapartment buildings, taking into account the influence of internal (building age) and external factors (geological, hydrological, and climatic conditions) The implementation of the improved methodology allows the management company to identify discrepancies between the cost and frequency of repair work determined based on technical documentation and the data obtained from actual engineering surveys. The results of the study contribute to improving the accuracy of the management company’s financial planning and lay the foundation for sustainable housing development in the long term.
The phrase ‘new ethics’ has long gone beyond philosophy, and has been actively introduced into fi elds such as political science and sociology over the past decade. The article presents the author’s opinion and an attempt to give a comparative analysis of the ‘new ethics’ and the traditional ‘old’ ethics. The article examines the following historical periods characteristic of ethics in the framework of the study of this fi eld in philosophy: ancient ethics, Christian ethics, Enlightenment ethics, ethics of awareness, proposed in the XX century by thinkers such as K. Jung and E. Neumann, and finally, a ‘new ethics’ that came to the fore in the XXI century. In this work, the author has made an attempt to analyze the above-mentioned ethical trends, revealing the main content and differences in relation to the fundamental issues of ethics: the problem of criteria for evaluating actions, namely, about good and evil, about responsibility and free will, and finally, about the existence of absolute moral truth. In addition, the author analyzed the concept of new ethics as a stage in the development of normative regulation of established norms using the example of changes in some areas influenced by the new ethics. First of all, this applies to the social sphere of human interaction, namely, on the issue of understanding consent, equality, inclusivity. The author compared the new ethics with the ethical trends that preceded the ethics of the XXI century, considered the concept of human happiness and self-realization in the context of understanding ethics.
This article presents an analysis of the emergence and development of the concept of transgression in philosophy, particularly in relation to the formation of the subject. The author explores the main factors that contributed to the emergence of this concept. Drawing on the ideas of Georges Bataille and Michel Foucault, the author examines how transgression connects to notions of prohibition, limits, and the sacred. The article delineates the relationship between transgression and fundamental aspects of human existence, such as eroticism and death, suggesting that familiarity with these themes illuminates the discontinuities in human life. It highlights both the continuity and distinctions in the approaches of Bataille and Foucault regarding transgression: for Bataille, it is associated with a temporary lifting of prohibitions, whereas for Foucault, it signifies a definitive overcoming of limits. The author concludes that Bataille’s and Foucault’s approaches can be viewed as two different perspectives: the cultura lanthropological and the ontological. The article also discusses the ‘bestial’ aspect that Bataille describes as the ‘Other’ within the self, proposing that authenticity in existence may be achieved through acts of transgression. Additionally, the article reveals the connection between transgression and the phenomenon of ‘guilty pleasure,’ emphasizing the social significance of transgressive acts as violations of prohibitions in the presence of the Other. For the first time, the role of the unconscious in transgression is considered, with transgression being described as foundational to the development of the subject. The author proposes a novel way of conceptualizing the subject, suggesting that individuals can redefine their foundations through acts of transgression. The central role of metanoia – changes in consciousness – is elucidated as a crucial event in transgression and its enabling conditions. Furthermore, the potential application of the concept of transgression to human cognitive development theory is explored. Ultimately, the author concludes that the concept of transgression can be utilized in various ways, underscoring its complexity and heuristic potential within contemporary philosophical discourse.
It is generally accepted that Lucien Levy-Bruhl not only developed James Frazer’s idea of two laws of sympathetic magic by combining them into the law of participation, but also, in opposition to the evolutionary anthropological concept of phylogenetic intellectual development, formulated a sociological concept of a collective drive to seek animistic causality (mystical mentality), which determines the existence of the law of participation. In this article, we will demonstrate the fallacy of the main tenets of Lucien Levy-Bruhl’s concept of mystical mentality. The aim of the study: (1) to demonstrate the inconsistency of Lucien Levy-Bruhl’s sociological presupposition regarding the existence of the phenomenon of prelogical thinking; (2) to demonstrate the erroneousness of Lucien Levy-Bruhl’s interpretation of the contagious magical law. The objectives of the study are: (1) to demonstrate the inability of the mystical mentality to accommodate the mechanism of transition from the mystical to the logical mentality; (2) to demonstrate the incorrelativity of the tendency to search for animistic causality of the mystical mentality and the law of participation; (3) to demonstrate that the law of participation develops the principle of homeopathic magic, but is not capable of explaining the principle of contagious magic of James Frazer. The novelty of the study: (1) through the biological deconstruction of Charles Peirce’s semiotics, we will distinguish two modes of indexical association in the form of a motivated (linguistic index) and an unmotivated (epistemological Secondary) index, which will allow us to distinguish between the functions of the contagious aspect of Lucien Levy-Bruhl’s law of participation and the functions of James Frazer’s law of contagious magic; (2) we will present a new principle of the functioning of James Frazer’s contagious magic.
Not only in the world of physics-mechanics, and even not only in sports competitions, there are collisions-bounces-ricochets. The author found it useful to examine a generalized situation in which a moving object (which may be the subject itself) encounters a solid surface (or, more broadly, specific obstacles) and changes direction. Each of the components of a typical situation is briefly described: the SUBJECT (the author of the movement), the OBJECT (what is moving), the CONTEXT (the environment in which the events are taking place), the SURFACE (against which the Object is colliding), the CHANGED DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT, the RESULT, and the ATTITUDE (of the Subject and other participants in the situation) towards the Result. An ethical analysis and brief conclusions are presented in the proposed article.Not only in the world of physics-mechanics, and even not only in sports competitions, there are collisions-bounces-ricochets. The author found it useful to examine a generalized situation in which a moving object (which may be the subject itself) encounters a solid surface (or, more broadly, specific obstacles) and changes direction. Each of the components of a typical situation is briefly described: the SUBJECT (the author of the movement), the OBJECT (what is moving), the CONTEXT (the environment in which the events are taking place), the SURFACE (against which the Object is colliding), the CHANGED DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT, the RESULT, and the ATTITUDE (of the Subject and other participants in the situation) towards the Result. An ethical analysis and brief conclusions are presented in the proposed article.
By the nature of his scientific work, Stanislav Mikhailovich Menshikov occupies a unique place in the history of Russian economic thought. For several decades, he successfully researched the U.S. economy, lived there for many years, and collaborated with the leading American economists of that time. From the 1970s onward, alongside his research on the economies of capitalist countries, he also studied the economy of the USSR, identifying major defects within it. Unlike the vast majority of Soviet and Russian economists, Menshikov approached the issues of reforming the Soviet and Russian economy based on many years of experience researching capitalist economies. His economic views are presented in four books published between 1990 and 2008, a review of which is provided in this article. Menshikov proposed a program for the transition to a market economy based on his analysis of the inherent defects and crisis phenomena of the command system. His program envisioned the commercialization of the state sector and the creation of conditions for the development of the private sector. It also aimed to improve the structure of the economy by reducing the military and investment sectors while expanding the consumer sector and foreign economic activity. In the area of foreign economic relations, Menshikov considered it necessary to grant enterprises of various forms of ownership broad rights to engage in foreign economic activity in order to foster competition as a means of increasing economic efficiency and product quality. Menshikov’s program assumed that the population’s standard of living would be maintained during the transition to the market through reductions in productive investment, military spending, and shadow economy revenues.
This article is based on a discussion that took place at the conference “Russia’s Civilizational Identity: The Search for a New Model of Self-Description”. Organized by the Izborsk Club in December 2024, it focused on current issues in understanding Russia’s civilizational identity and its future. The author highlights the problematic issues of the topic under discussion, assesses the current situation in the sphere of civilizational discourse as a ‘passion for civilization’, as it often addresses scientific and political issues related to civilizational themes in a superficial and insufficiently rigorous manner, including the official proclamation of Russia as a civilizational state. He argues that equating Russian civilization (the Russian Federation) with Russian civilization (ethnicity), the Russian world, and the Russian canon is unjustified, as this could provoke xenophobia, exacerbate interethnic relations, and simultaneously fuel Russian chauvinism and nationalism among representatives of non-Russian peoples. This attitude is directed against the Russians themselves, as it essentially denies their own ethnocultural distinctiveness as a distinct people, alongside other peoples of the country. The author defends the position that Russia is not (or simply is not) a statecivilization, but a Eurasian civilization. He understands Eurasianism not only as a scientific concept or political doctrine, but also as a sociocultural type with a distinct system of ethnosocial interactions and value orientations of the peoples comprising it. He concludes that the success of the discussion and practical implementation of the officially declared shift in Russia’s civilizational choice will largely depend on the extent to which these changes are connected and correspond to the actual lifestyle, perceptions, interests, and values of the population. This shift can also be realized only if the entire political system is aligned with the fundamental sociocultural foundations of Russia’s development. Otherwise, the discursive civilizational shift proclaimed at the state level will remain empty words, a fantasy, a wishful thinking, or a political ploy.
The research of Veliky Novgorod cultural landscape in the context of urban representation in digital media reveals how the interaction between cultural and natural elements of the urban environment influences the urban image formation. The cultural landscape includes not only material, but also natural components, whose combination is a complex unity that is accessible to human perception. Each person creates his own cultural landscape image, but due to media representation or coverage of phenomena, reality events, created by media resources (photography), and broadcasted through digital media (the Internet), numerous created individual images are integrated into collective representation. During this process, a single person is both an observer who perceives the cultural landscape, and an active participant in its representations modeling. The main method of the study is visual data content analysis, which allows identifying the key components of the cultural landscape based on photographs that capture it. Photographic materials are classified according to representations types and forms developed by V. N. Kalutskov, taking into account additional factors introduced by the researcher, including seasons, time of day, and natural phenomena which allow revealing the key components of the cultural landscape. The author selected Veliky Novgorod as empirical material for the analysis, enabling the mechanisms demonstration for the urban representation formation through the visual aspect of its perception. The study’s findings confirm the hypothesis that Veliky Novgorod’s perception is based on its cultural landscape representation formed from visual components such as the city’s planning system, geographic location, natural features, architectural monuments, and buildings (churches, temples, and cathedrals). These composite elements of the cultural landscape form the basis for Veliky Novgorod’s cohesive and recognizable image, which is broadcast and perceived in the digital media sphere. Thus, the study demonstrates the importance of the cultural landscape’s visual components in urban image formation. The article contributes to the mechanisms study for representing the cultural landscape and emphasizes the role of visual means in this process.
Under the slogans of “enhancement” and “obvious” economic benefits, artificial intelligence is being introduced into all spheres of life. Legitimate questions arise about the impact of this process on humans and its risks. What happens to human thinking when we delegate thought to the opaque logic of AI? How is this process exploited by digital capital? Drawing on empirical research from 2023–2026, the author introduces the concept of “alienation of thinking” and identifies its mechanisms: statistical normalization, language unification, sycophancy, and cognitive rent. These mechanisms, in turn, form an algorithmic monoculture, making non-standard thinking statistically improbable. The proposed three-level model of alienation – at the symbolic, reflexive, and social levels – describes the process through which a person loses independent thought. In the economic dimension of the process, it is shown that the crisis of subjectivity is not a side effect of technological adoption, but a regular, systemic result of platform capitalism, which requires a predictable, manageable user. As a way to preserve subjectivity, the concept of co-autonomy is proposed: maintaining linguistic diversity, restoring reflexive control, and designing a dialogical environment.
The article problematizes various aspects of a possible methodology for studying cognitive a priori cultures. It substantiates the need to adhere to the holistic approach of the cognitive act: subject–perception–object. Epistemic cultures differ in their ranges of perception. The researcher of epistemic cultures from the point of view of the concept of “thinking-together-with-complexity” becomes a meta-observer in the supposed position of meta-perception. The differentiating multiplicity of cultures is determined by the universal law of development of an undifferentiated whole with a combination of invariance and variability. In cognitive evolution, a priori today is the result of the acquisition of experience and its transmutations both in phylogenesis and in ontogenesis, in other words, evolutionary a posteriori. The multiplicity of factors in the co-evolution of consciousness and various environments poses the problem of convergence between the natural and human sciences, Western technologically conditioned rationality and Asian epistemic cultures for researchers. The article provides examples of fruitful collaboration between Western science and esoteric philosophies on the issues of the quality of time and the nature of light. Modern scientific disciplines in the geographical cycle, studying the characteristics of ethnic mentalities, are reviving ideas of ancient knowledge about the influence of terrain and natural and cosmic factors on perception and cognitive abilities. Features of the structure of the brain and the development of the nervous system can be considered as cognitive a priori of cultures. Modern logic, especially the logical methodologies of abstraction and idealization, contribute to the study of language and the ways of forming abstractions at the philosophical level. What is relevant today in cognitive evolution can be understood in terms of the future development of already emerging trends towards the assimilation of cultural diversity while revealing one’s own potential.
