Innovareef is an innovative design concept to make the world's marine conservation approach balanced, harmonious, and sustainable. The coral reef degradation problem does not just happen in Thailand but around the world; it is intensified and widespread. If such a situation continues without correction or solution, corals will be depleted from the sea. In the past, several agencies have attempted to fix this problem by restoring coral reefs in different ways. Accordingly, one of the common solutions is to use discontinued materials, such as motorcycles, tanks, tires, PVC pipes, or square cement bars, as artificial corals. However, these materials have become visual pollution and may contain environmental toxins. With such a problem, design and traditional materials need an innovation to increase their efficiency and have good visuals. Leading to the development of Innovareef, a new model of artificial coral reef and product creation was designed based on new product developments and in-depth interview data collection from specialists. This model aims to guide product developments with natural beauty to fix visual pollution and reduce the burden of coral reefs in marine tourism.
Plastic production is continuously increasing worldwide, and so is plastic waste. Therefore, plastic pollution control became a global concern, especially United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) Resolution leading to a global instrument involving many countries to revisit their plastic waste management systems and address the leakages across the value chain. Pakistan also joined the initiative of the World Economic Forum to combat plastic pollution and is on the way to developing its first National Plastic Action Plan (NPAP). One of the easiest ways to fight against the plastic waste issue is recycling already existing plastics. Japan is also working to fight against plastic waste issues. This paper evaluates various aspects of plastic generation and its recycling in Pakistan and compares the results with Japan. The data for this research was collected through various sources such as plastic recyclers, solid waste management experts, existing online databases, consultants, engineers, academic experts, etc., through interviews, questionnaires, and field visits. Through this assessment, the paper identifies the potential challenges and drivers in both countries as some of the drivers in one country may help other countries overcome their challenges, improve plastic waste management/recycling situation, and support a circular economy.
An essential method for assessing the effectiveness of microgrid (MG) operations and sizing is economic analysis. The most cost-effective operation and sizing of an MG necessitate the use of optimization techniques. MGs are optimized using a variety of methodologies, including gradient based and non-gradient-based algorithms. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a non-gradient-based evolutionary algorithm used for cost optimization due to its high performance and ease of implementation. Regarding microgrid operations and sizing, the effectiveness of several economic models based on PSO is discussed in this paper. A 10-kW generator system is a part of this system. It is divided into two generation units: one that produces PV power and the other that produces wind power. There are 5 kW in each generation system. These are coupled to the DC micro grid. The cost function and the constraints of the microgrid are described and its performance is analyzed using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The convergence graph for the cost optimization of microgrid using PSO algorithm is presented in this paper. The simulation results of the system shows that the loss of load probability (LSPS) is around 1 % and the cost of energy (COE) is 6.03 $. The computation time required to run the algorithm is 0.30 seconds.
In this work, an all-inorganic lead-free Cs 2 SnI 6 -based perovskite PV cell (structure FTO/TiO 2 /Cs 2 SnI 6 /SrCu 2 O 2 ) has been optimized by varying the layer thickness, defect densities, doping profiles using SCAPS 1D simulator. A synergic optimization of the device is also performed by changing materials for Electron-Transport-Layer (ETL) and Hole-Transport-Layer (HTL) to investigate the role of device interface on the carrier dynamics. In our proposed cell structure the light illuminates through the Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) layer of Fluorine doped Tin Oxide (Sn2O:F), which acts as the window layer. The p-type Perovskite (Cs 2 SnI 6 ) is chosen as the key absorber layer for its distinct properties. Finally, before the back-contact, SrCu 2 O 2 as HTL is included for abrupt separation of hole from absorber owing to its greater hole conductivity with suitable offsets of valance and conduction band distribution. Moreover, SrCu 2 O 2 based device shows enhanced efficiency than commonly used Spiro-OMeTAD based devices. According to our simulation outcomes, the optimized structure offers an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 32.72%, open-circuit voltage (V oc ) of 1.012 V, short-circuit current density (J sc ) of 36.7 mA/cm 2 and Fill-Factor (FF) of 88.15%. The entire thickness of our optimized proposed cell is realized only 360 nm, which is extremely thin and would be very cost effective.
This paper quantifies and analyses the impacts of climate change on water availability for hydro generation and land suitability for key crops in three least developed countries in the Greater Mekong Sub-region, namely, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar. The method used for the climate study is supported by the inter-sectoral model inter-comparison project (ISIMIP database). The recent ISIMIP input dataset, ISIMIP2b, outlines simulation scenarios divided into different emissions pathways (or “Representative Concentration Pathways” known as RCPs). This paper focuses on the two extreme RCPs, specifically RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, which would result in global average temperature increases of approximately 1.6 and 4.3°C respectively. Th analysis concentrates on the difference between the historic period and the end of the century (toward 2100) for the climate conditions for the future. The fuzzy logic global land suitability model has been used to calculate the suitability of the land to support growing crops as well as to investigate how the climate changing could impact this. The analysis shows that quite significant changes in hydro-generation potential can occur depending on the region: Laos and Cambodia show decrease when Myanmar shows increase in output potential between present and RCP2.5 and RCP8.5 respectively. Quite significant increases or decreases in land suitability can occur depending on the region and the crop.
The Saint Martin is a popular tourist destination and only the coral island in Bangladesh. A huge number of travelers visit from home and abroad. However, severe electricity shortages are hindering its transformation towards a smart city. The existing ground mounted solar PV and diesel generator is insufficient to meet the rising load demand, causing visitor dissatisfaction. The ocean wave converter can extract a significant portion of energy from the surrounding Bay of Bengal that has not yet been analyzed. This study proposes a grid independent microgrid energy management planning addressing Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7). The energy demand is estimated under smart city context. The HOMER software optimizes four distinct microgrid topologies, comprising of ground PV (GPV), floating PV (FPV), wind turbine generator (WTG), bio-diesel generator (BDG), eco wave power (EWP), bidirectional converter (BDC), first life battery (FLB) and second life battery (SLB). The results shows that the GPV/FPV/WTG/EWP/BDG/BDC/SLB hybrid architecture is most favorable configuration achieving SDG 7. This topology is affordable, reliable and sustainable for the remote area. The sensitivity analysis is also performed. Overall, the work provides policymakers the multidisciplinary expertise needed to transform a small island towards a tourist-intensive smart city using local energy resources while also ensuring decent lifestyle for islanders.
The advancement in nanorefrigerants has been remarkably expanded to improve the productivity of refrigeration systems. Nanorefrigerants represent outstanding thermal, rheological, and heat transfer properties. This conference paper describes the theoretical analysis of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) nanoparticles for volume concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 vol. % in R134a and R152a refrigerants to determine thermal conductivity, viscosity, Coefficient of Performance (COP), and energy savings. This paper concludes that the Coefficient of Performance is enhanced for both nanorefrigerants due to the remarkable thermal conductivity of nanoparticles. The R152a-based nanorefrigerants have shown a maximum coefficient of performance values than R134a-based nanorefrigerants. The maximum increment in Coefficient of Performance was reported about 1.43%for R152a-based nanorefrigerant as compared to the base refrigerant R152a. The results show an increment in thermal conductivity with increasing volume concentration with the maximum enhancement of 1.94% for 3 vol. %. The viscosity of nanorefrigerants increased with increasing volume concentration. The R152a-based nanorefrigerant reported minimal viscosity values than R134a-nanorefrigerant. The maximum annual energy savings with nanorefrigerants is reported for about 4819.08 kWh/year, which aids in achieving lower global warming emissions. To summarize, R152a-based nanorefrigerants in refrigeration applications are more promising to increase the performance and reduce the energy consumption than R134a due to their higher COP value and environmentally friendly nature.
Sustainable development has become a key challenge for urban analysts and policy planners to achieve sustainable development. Energy and carbon emission issues from urban metabolism could be undermined towards the urban environmental quality which causes an incremental impact on society. Predicting the slow-onset impacts of environmental degradation requires several urban datasets which has been challenging in the practical analytical process due to data availability and analysis methodology. However, the emergence of open data in the current situation can leverage data users to access, explore the urban situation and apply for multi-scenario analyses. Therefore, this study aims to estimate carbon emissions in suburban areas (Pathumthani province, Thailand) based on open-source-spatial-related data. There are three objectives of this study which include: (1) to collect and construct a spatial database that is necessitate in calculating carbon emission per capita, (2) to quantify spatial carbon emission based on spatial population database by using trend analysis, and (3) to state future challenges of carbon emission in suburban area. Pathum Thani was selected as an extension area of the Bangkok Metropolitan Area with diverse types of land use planning (e.g., residential, industrial, and educational areas). Toward the data gathering process, this study applies secondary data and satellite data incorporated with a parameter of carbon emission for the determination procedure. Spatial trend analysis based on Geographic Information System (GIS) was applied in this study. After the spatial calculation step, the validation process was performed by checking satellite land-use changes based on the analytical time frame. The crucial result showed that the quantity of carbon emission in Pathum Thani province is gradually increasing due to demography changes and the varying land classification. The contribution of this study can be represented as an effort to construct an urban database based on the open-data source, which can draw attention among all stakeholders of urban development to propose the proper urban planning to reach the successfulness of sustainable urban development.
The building sector represents high potential to address the energy use and occupants' comfort and well-being. This paper aims to proposed a methodological framework to assess energy and thermal comfort performance in buildings. The research framework was applied in an educational building using a library of Dhurakij Pundit University (DPU), Thailand as a case study. A representative building was modeled using SketchUp plugin with OpenStudio platform and EnergyPlus simulation engine for energy simulation. Thermal comfort parameters were measured in each floor of DPU's library and calculation of thermal comfort indices based on the PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied) using the CBE Thermal Comfort Tool. It was found that the simulated energy is in line with the measured data with differences between -0.26% to 3.87%, depending on the floor. The energy intensity of DPU's library is 66.53 kWh/m2/year. Based on the measurements, the PMV and PPD of a reference building are -0.57 and 12%. Ten measures were simulated to assess the energy performance as well as thermal comfort conditions. It was found that seven measures can address both energy performance and thermal comfort in a case study building.
The need to expand is paramount to an increasing population and improving economy. The said expansion however is challenged with the increasing threat of climate change. Every solution produces another set of issues that contributes to the climate change it ought to respond. A mountain-top development is currently on its way in Catbalogan City, Philippines packaged as a climate-change adaptation project. Using and a narrative literature review and interview of key informants, the case of Catbalogan Sky City Mega Project (CSCMP) was presented. It identifies several issues that must be considered in the designing of the project. At least six operational concerns were identified as well as the environmental issues that it carries. The CSCMP will definitely avoid sea level rise and storm surge but is expected to face water supply production challenges, stronger typhoon winds due to its location, slope instability, and mobility issues and will produce more carbon footprint. On the other hand, the old city is expected to receive more runoff water and excessive soil erosion specifically during development phase increasing flood risk in the old city. The issues identified are interrelated which requires holistic and science-based approaches to address or manage the problems.
Due to the fossil fuel depreciation and the intensive growth of energy demand, the research on alternative energy resources is attractive, including hydropower. The emergence of GVWT is a promising technology for low-head hydroelectric power generation. The energy extraction of GVWT depends on the formation of eddies in the basin. The study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of the eddies in the GVWT basin through CFD simulations and validated by experimental results. The impact of basin design on the vortex heigh, the air-core diameter, and the water velocity is presented as the basic consideration in determining the GVWT design. Due to the small basin cross-section near the outlet, the tangential and axial velocities increase with increasing depth. The increase in tangential velocity varies with a value of 8 - 26% for every 10% increase in depth. The conical basin without deflectors produces asymmetrical eddies and secondary flow. The deflector is used to improve the eddies structure in conical basins since it contributes to generating axisymmetric eddies and secondary flows. The highest tangential velocity is obtained at a notch angle of 19°. Therefore, the use of a basin with a deflector in the GVWT is recommended to improve its performance.
Local governments require new techniques and innovative approaches to assess initiatives to support the transition towards carbon neutrality. This paper presents a methodological approach for integrated building energy modeling and analysis of the impacts of energy conservation measures (ECMs) and energy-related CO 2 emissions in urban areas. To accomplish this goal, the proposed methodology follows four steps: (1) developing a building stock model for urban databases using a geographic information system (GIS) and QGIS software; (2) creating a detailed archetype-based building stock model using OpenStudio and EnergyPlus; (3) carrying out a scenario analysis of possible ECMs and pathways to achieve carbon neutrality; and (4) analyzing energy savings and energy-related CO 2 emissions. The developed methodology was applied to a tourism urban area, using Pattaya city as a case study. Based on the GIS building model, six archetypes were identified from all residential buildings, including hotels located in the study area. Prototypes of representative building energy models were simulated for a reference case with four ECMs. The results indicated that the building stock in the reference case used 497,669.05 TJ annually and emitted 80,470.32 ktC02eq. Of the four ECMs, a change to double glazing with low-E coating gave the highest energy savings and reductions in CO 2 emissions. This measure led to energy savings of 9,342.82 TJ and emission reductions of 356.23 ktC02eq compared to the reference case. Local governments and stakeholders can benefit from the proposed methodological approach for decision making related to energy and carbon neutrality pathways.
The world's population, energy demands and waste generation are increasing year by year. In many countries, sewage sludge is disposed of in landfills, but 96.5% of the total sludge produced in Tokyo, Japan, is incinerated. GHG emissions from the Bureau of Sewerage accounted for approximately 37% of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government's activities and more than half of CO2 emissions are from sludge incineration. Therefore, a process is needed to replace or reduce the incineration of sewage sludge in Tokyo. This study proposes how to mitigate sludge handling, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and produce sustainable energy based on initial fieldwork. Samples were collected to measure sewage sludge's potential for biodiesel production from urban and suburban wastewater treatment plants in Tokyo. Results showed the average 30 wt. % dry basis organics in sludge with high concentrations of free fatty acids and triglycerides in urban sludge and high ester content in suburban sludge and 97 % - 99% biodiesel yield was achieved through acid/base transesterification. Scale-up of the organics extraction and biodiesel production from sewage sludge can reduce fossil fuel dependency, and greenhouse gas emissions (approximately 19% from the incineration process) and contribute to achieving carbon neutrality in wastewater treatment.
Globally, most of the world's population lives in cities (3.5 billion people) and tend to increase to 5 billion by 2030. With rapid pace of urbanization, it leads our society to face countless challenges, including the impact of quality education for all. Thus, Learning City promotes lifelong learning that offers the foundation for sustainable development and enhances equality of education. One of a key approach for establishment of a learning city was "public participation". Since it can sustain the process of building a learning city which requires enthusiasm, involvement, participation and commitment. Therefore, this research aims to study the relationship between the participation of citizens and activities engagement for building a learning city. Data was employed based on a face-to-face questionnaire survey with 400 sets and was performed from December 2021 to February 2022 by distributing questionnaires among people in Thanyaburi district, Pathum Thani province. Chi-squares analysis was applied to analyze the relationship between citizens' participation and their experience in joining local activities within the study area. The result presented that the importance of promoting the process of public participation. With more participation processes, it can help in promoting social learning among citizens, thereby underlining the creating perception through mutual learning and improve sense of community to a sustainability transformation.
Hydrokinetic turbine is used to harness the kinetic energy of water stream and can be employed for rivers and canals applications. A hybrid hydrokinetic turbine works on the basis of hybrid force (lift force and drag force). It can be Different configurations of hybrid hydrokinetic turbine rotor having straight-bladed Darrieus rotor and helical-bladed Savonius rotor have been modelled under the present study. An experimental study has been carried out to determine the torque developed by different configurations of hybrid hydrokinetic rotors and presented in this paper. The study was carried out for different Reynolds numbers of 1.35x10 5 , 2.24x10 5 and 3.14x10 5 corresponding to different water velocities. Based on the experimental study, it is found that the hybrid hydrokinetic turbine rotor having a Savonius helical blade angle of 0°, performed better in comparison to other configurations. The maximum average torque is observed as 0.36 for a hybrid water turbine rotor having Savonius helical angle of 0° corresponding to TSR value of 0.61 and Reynolds number of 1.35x10 5 . The results of this study may be useful to develop a prototype for field study.
The amorphous cellulose (AC) and amorphous cellulose-graphene oxide hybrid structure (ACGO) bead was successfully fabricated via aqueous sulfuric acid solvent system. The methodology was compared to previous solvent systems in two perspectives including practical and economic perspectives to emphasize the advantages of the methodology. Two bead series were obtained: white AC bead and light brown ACGO bead. The light brown colour suggested that GO was successfully embedded in AC bead. In both perspectives, the proposed methodology was the most practical and efficient comparing to the other methodologies used in this study. Hence, the ACGO bead can be considered as one of the alternative “Green” materials for various applications.
Urban services, such as water and energy resources, are usually consumed more in a tourism city, than in other city types. The water-energy nexus also contributes to the CO 2 emissions from urban areas. The purpose of this research is to investigate the link between water distribution systems, electricity consumption, and energy-related CO 2 emissions from water networks in Pattaya city, Thailand. These networks operate under the Provincial Waterworks Authority (PWA). The water distribution system was modeled in EPANET software, to simulate and examine the water supply capacity in the service pipes, to ensure that it meets the requirement set by PWA. Data were collected from PWA, in terms of the pressure and flow rate of the water supply and the amount of electricity consumption. The current water distribution system consists of 18 junctions, a with flow rate of 1,000 m 3 /hour and pressure at 45 m. The electricity consumption is 720 kWh/day and energy-related CO 2 emissions are 419.11 kgCO 2 eq/day. The water distribution system was modeled and analyzed to find the optimum flow rate and pressure for the least electricity consumption. The results show that the optimum solution is the flow rate of 1,500 m 3 /hour and a pressure at 50 m. Consequently, the electricity consumption is 300 kWh/day, while CO 2 emissions are reduced to 174.63 kgCO 2 eq/day. The findings from this study would benefit the PWA by reducing the electricity consumption and CO 2 emissions equivalent to 109 MWh/year and 63.73 tCO 2 eq, respectively.
The world is moving towards an era of data driven analytics and decision making. Concurrently, the electrical power industry is moving towards a data driven analytical environment from a model driven analytical environment. Electrical power industry utilizes different types of data. Synchrophasor data is one of the main data types associated with many of the power system applications. However, with the expansion of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) networks, the synchrophasor data is becoming a Big Data (BD) issue. Therefore, many researchers have drawn their attention on synchrophasor big data handling and utilization. This paper briefly discusses power system BD architectures and standard architectures available in real-world applications. The goals of this paper are to make a review of existing BD architectures and commercially available platforms for synchrophasor applications; to do a comparative analysis of existing BD architectures; and to do a review of the existing applications and the compatibility these applications with the existing BD platforms.
Thailand still faces problems with municipal solid waste (MSW) management. No law enforcement about waste sorting from waste generators affects the contamination of contrary objects in the waste stream. Due to a high proportion of organic waste, mixed waste has high moisture and chloride content, considerable obstacles in the recycling and waste-to-energy businesses. Although refuse-derived fuel (RDF) production to use as a source of fuel for heat and electricity generations is one of the best-available solutions to handle this waste crisis, many factors still disrupt the operation. That is why landfilling is ordinarily used as a waste disposal method. The total RDF usage volume in the cement industry in Thailand is approximately 0.4 million tons per year. The substitution rate is less than 20%. It is quite a few compared with MSW volume and the substitution rate in other cement plants in foreign countries. This study compiled documents and focus group interviews on reviewing the current situation in the MSW supply chain. The results illustrate the problems which need to be solved through the chain. People, as the waste generator, have to sort the waste. The government should impel a policy about waste-to-energy, primarily supporting the private sector to play a more significant role. Moreover, with cost-effectiveness, RDF production and quality improvement technology must be developed to meet cement plants' RDF quality standards. The new RDF products with higher quality, such as low chloride and small size RDF, should be developed to consume RDF in larger quantities. Finally, cement plants as the user need to invest in supporting technology to increase usage volumes, such as chloride by-pass and mechanical feeding systems. In addition, using RDF at other burning points in cement kilns is one of the most exciting issues that cement plants should not be overlooked.
Urbanization has become a phenomenon that affects numerous significant social and environmental problems in several megacities. The cause of the pain varies according to spatial context, especially in developing countries, Thailand. Many studies have focused on urban growth issues to identify the expansion situation among distinct typologies of the metropolitan area resulting in subsequent problems, e.g., environmental, social and economic problems. This study attempted to apply an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to perform the geospatial analysis and tackle the growth pattern of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, BMR, by assessing the city's quality and setting goals to achieve the objectives of future sustainable development. The sustainability assessment of the city is based on three pillars economic, social, and environmental aspects. Finally, the impacts on urban development can be identified to enhance the quality of the city in conjunction with a sustainable plan for future urban development.
