The domesticated species Oryza sativa or Asian rice evolved starting approximately 9,000 years ago and from its centers of origin in China and India has subsequently spread throughout the Old World (and in historical times in the New World as well). This species is one of the key domesticated crop plants in the world and has emerged as a model for studying the origins and spread of domesticated taxa as well as in investigating the genetic basis for plant variation under domestication. Archaeological data has been critical in dissecting the origins and spread of rice throughout Asia, but molecular information has also provided a complementary approach to examining the evolutionary dynamics of this species. The evolutionary history of a species can leave its footprints within its genome. Moreover, genetic studies allow us to study the history of traits that do not leave an archaeological record—for example, grain stickiness or flowering time—which can provide insights into how crop species are adopted by different cultures. In this review, several molecular studies into the origin and spread of Asian rice are discussed and we explore the advances these genetic studies offer in our understanding of the evolution of domesticated species. We also explore how archaeological data can provide critical insights that can help refine genetic models of the origin and spread of domesticated species.
农具与兵器都是先秦时期重要的器类,二者在发展初期关系紧密,农具是兵器的源头之一.但进入青铜和铁器时代后,农具和兵器在锻造原材料的选择上出现了明显区别.青铜在兵器上的使用远超农具,而铁农具在战国时期是铁器中的主要器类.两种新贵金属在农、兵器上应用程度的差异,既有客观因素,也有社会变迁的影响.
2017年至2019年,南京博物院考古研究所联合扬州市文物考古研究所、仪征市博物馆对联营区域家族墓地进行了考古勘探与发掘.共发掘汉代墓葬121座,祭祀坑19座,出土陶器、铜器、玉器、漆木器等各类文物2300余件.初步确定该区域为西汉家族墓地,有自己家族的规划埋葬区域,时代由西汉早期延续至西汉晚期.本文分析的植物材料来自本次发掘过程中的M77,时代为西汉早中期,绝对年代为公元前130年左右.经过采样、提取和鉴定工作,发现植物大遗存种类主要为水稻、粟、黍、大麻、豆科等,另绝大多数植物遗存仍然鲜亮,表明汉代联营地区墓中随葬农作物符合当时葬仪的最高规格,同时使用八种不同的农作物,即黍、粟、麦、粱、稻、麻、大豆和小豆,为研究联营汉墓随葬粮食种类及方式、认识汉代丧葬观念和社会生活等问题提供了珍贵的实物资料.
青铜器上的兔形纹饰在商周时期所代表的意象呈现三个不同阶段.商代晚期,兔形纹饰与其他动物纹组合,在祭祀仪礼中充当与祖先神灵沟通的媒介.西周时期,兔形青铜器的种类增多,兔形纹饰单独出现且更加立体,使用者由殷人变为周人.从晋侯墓出土兔尊的位置和数量以及周人重视子孙繁衍的角度来看,兔尊可能表达了晋侯希冀子孙兴旺、晋国宗庙祭祀绵延的美好愿望.东周时期北方游牧民族将兔形装饰在日常生活用品和马车上,反映了游牧族群的生活场景,兔的意象再次发生改变.
学界现有的有关贵州食用菌研究成果,它们主要偏向于生物学、经济学、园艺及农业科学等方面,而缺乏历史学方向的研究.故本文以明清以来现存方志为基础,结合其他相关史料记载,对贵州地区历史上的食用菌食用情况和商品化问题进行分析与考证,并藉此丰富和补充历史时期贵州经济发展史的相关史料.
党的二十大报告在全面推进乡村振兴的时代主题中,明确提出"建设宜居宜业和美乡村"等重大任务.乡村治理有效是乡村振兴的重要保障,处理好入乡工商资本与乡村治理的关系,是建设宜居宜业和美乡村的重要内容.伴随城乡融合发展的不断深化,越来越多的工商资本参与乡村振兴,这不仅对农业结构、农村面貌产生影响,还给乡村治理的稳定性和有序性带来影响.本文梳理了工商资本入乡在乡村治理中的再组织化效应、规则嵌入效应、阶层分化效应和替代断裂效应,探索了地方政府、村组织、村民与工商资本间的互动所遵循的政治、经济、实践与熟人逻辑,在此基础上,提出应完善经济利益联结政策保障机制、城市要素协同入乡政治反哺机制、乡村治理现代化转型机制、农村社会力量培育壮大机制,以推动乡村治理有效、助力和美乡村建设.
In the early and middle periods of the tea trade between China and Britain, the British East India Trading Company not only had to ensure that the quantity of tea trafficked could meet the needs of UK, Europe and the New World with a series of purchasing rules, but also needed to ensure the stable, standard and unified tea quality. To this end, the British East India Trading Company gradually formed a quality control system covering the whole process of the tea trade in trading and negotiating with tea shops. Specifically, a contract would be signed before the tea level was confirmed. After the tea arrived in Canton, a professional tea inspectors would check the tea sample so as to determine the final price. When the tea arrived in the UK, if waste tea was found, it would be shipped back to China, and the commercial houses or tea merchants would compensate for the loss.During the Shisan Commercial House trading period, these measures could ensure the quality and standard of the tea purchased by the British East India Trading Company. The quality control system provided practical experience for the establishment of cross-border trade order and promoted the formation of the quality evaluation system both in China and abroad.
Grinding tea is closely related to the southward migration of the ancient Chinese. The custom of grinding tea was brought to Fengcheng along with the southward migration of the northern population. Some of the Hongzhou kiln celadon objects unearthed so far are related to the grinding tea of Fengcheng. To a certain extent, it can be said that these unearthed Hongzhou kiln celadons are physical evidence of the existence of the grinding tea of Fengcheng. The unearthed Hongzhou kiln celadon tea sets show that the northern porridge tea was very popular in Fengcheng during the Western Jin Dynasty, indicating that the northern grinding tea had been spread to Fengcheng no later than the Western Jin Dynasty, and the porridge tea gradually transformed into grinding tea brew in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The grinding tea of Fengcheng has undergone the transformation from northern porridge tea to medicinal tea, which was formed on the basis of improving the northern grinding tea. With the development of the times and the immigrants’ increasing adaptability to the local environment, the grinding tea of Fengcheng also changed gradually from medicinal tea to a daily drink, becoming an important way for social communication. The grinding tea of Fengcheng is an integral part of Chinese tea culture whose evolution is the epitome of the grinding tea development in southern China, or the transformation from porridge tea, medicinal tea to grinding tea now.
Tea is the national drink of the Chinese nation, and the source of tea in the world is Yunnan. Yunnan’s tea historical and cultural heritage has a long history, profound and rich connotation. It not only includes the material and cultural aspects such as the ancient tea mountains, but also includes non-material cultural aspects such as tea making skills, tea drinking customs,and so on. The formation of Yunnan tea historical and cultural heritage presents the relationship of sharing resources and sharing weal and woe with the common interests of the Chinese nation. Yunnan tea historical and cultural heritage reflects the continuous recognition of tea culture with the Chinese nation, which is also the process of building the awareness of the Chinese national community. At present, in the process of inheriting the historical and cultural heritage of Yunnan tea, through the heritage protection,development and utilization related to the identification of tea culture, the state and local authorities carry out authoritative packaging for cultural processes such as memory behavior and commemoration activities, so as to produce continuous collective memory and identification of tea culture, further building the Chinese nation’s sense of community.
Tea is common in American and British literature though the two countries have different tea culture. In recent years, literature-inspired tea creative products have gained popularity in America and Britain. Writers and their works provide insights for tea products in terms of tea ingredients and tea accessories. By analyzing the characteristics, advantages and tendency of literature-inspired tea creative products, this study tries to shed light on Chinese tea creative products. It maintains that literature-inspired tea creative products can improve the dissemination of both Chinese tea culture and Chinese literature.
He Yuanbing, a native of Leping of Jiangxi Province in the Qing Dynasty, once wrote eight Tea-Picking Poems.After textual research, it is found that the Tea-Picking Poems were written when He Yuanbing traveled to the Mengshan Mountain in Xinyu County, Jiangxi Province and before he worked in Anhui Province. Therefore, the content of the poems had nothing to do with Anhui Province. Therefore, He Yuanbin’s Tea-Picking Poems cannot be used to prove whether there was the Teapicking Opera in Huangmei County in the Qing Dynasty and whether the Tea-picking Opera were spread to other provinces.
There are numerous ancient tea trees in China. Wild tea plants are native to Asia and tea cultivation is originated in China. The story of tea is not only about nature but also a key component of the humanities. Tea culture spreads throughout China and finally worldwide. Besides, the ancient tea tree is a precious wealth of all human beings, which contributes ecologically to the nature, and also acts as a culture symbol to the society. It discusses tea planting in the Yangtze River Basin, which may provide academic values for exploring the politics, economy and culture of the Yangtze River basin in the Tang Dynasty, and may have important historical and practical significance for the creative transformation and development of Chinese excellent traditional culture, as well as further promoting the study of "tea technology, tea industry and tea culture".
The Song Huiyao Repertory-Food and Goods-Miscellaneous Record of Tea Methods records a large number of documents on the history of tea in the Song Dynasty. Those documents are only available in this book, one of the most important documents for the study of the history of tea in the Song Dynasty. However, the extant Song Huiyao Repertory is not the original Huiyao, and it had been copied many times, with many omissions, additions, errors, and reversals. This paper, taking the collated version of the Song Huiyao Repertory by Liu Lin and other scholars, which was published by the Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in 2014, as a base, corrects the Miscellaneous Record of Tea Methods I one by one, points out and revises seventeen errors and mistakes.
Chinese tea production technology was backward compared with that of foreign tea such as India tea and Srilanka tea, which was one of the important factors for the decline of foreign trade in the late Qing Dynasty. Machine-made tea was regarded as the key to the revival of Chinese tea in the late Qing Dynasty. After many years’ bumpy practice, although there were a few short-term successful cases, spontaneous experiments of machine-made tea failed due to the lack of industry groups and effective organization. Consequently, the long-cherished wish of the people and authorities to seek the revival of Chinese tea through machine-made tea finally was shattered, being unable to promote industrial upgrading of Chinese tea from manual production to mechanical production. However, these attempts objectively promoted the development of Chinese tea production technology during the period of the Republic of China.
Milk tea is a popular drink all over the world, which integrates two major materials of milk and tea, prevailing among young customers by constantly adding new color and taste materials and innovating in flavor and emotional expressions.However, the academic circle has paid less attention to the historical development and evolution of milk tea. Through a longitudinal review of the historical development of milk tea in China, this paper discusses the relationship between milk tea, ethnic integration and cultural exchanges, hoping to provide reference for the development of new tea drink related to milk tea in the modern times.
Chinese tea culture has a long history and is an important carrier of Chinese excellent traditional culture. Chinese traditional tea making techniques and related customs have been included in the representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity, highlighting the significant achievements of the development of Chinese tea culture and tea industry. According to investigation, there are still some problems in the development of tea culture, such as insufficient popularization, unbalanced regional development, inadequate influence as a whole. It suggests that we focus on the inheritance and protection of tea intangible cultural heritage, optimize the tea culture supervision and service system, deepen the connotation of tea culture research, and promote the integration of all elements of tea tourism. Besides, we need to strengthen the digital communication of tea culture, and promote the high-quality development of tea culture, thus enhancing the international influence of Chinese tea culture.
China is the birthplace of tea culture with a long history, having a profound influence on the tea culture in East Asia and even the world. The Japanese tea ceremony originated from China, and the tea utensils from China are collectively called "Karamono Utensils". In the Middle Ages of Japan, the Karamono Utensils were introduced to Japan together with tea-whisking method of the Song Dynasty. This paper examines the influence of Karamono Utensils in the formation and development of tea drinking spatial structure, style classification, tea people’s appreciation ability and Japanese utensils, thus maintaining that Karamono Utensils played the following roles in promoting the innovation of tea drinking spatial structure, providing the basis for various classifications of the Japanese tea ceremony, cultivating the aesthetic ability of Japanese tea people, and providing specifications and models for Japanese tea utensils. The crucial role played by Karamono Utensils in the formation of the Japanese tea ceremony profoundly proves the fact that the Japanese tea ceremony is formed by learning from the Chinese tea ceremony, which is another example of the unique charm of Chinese tea culture.
By exploring the historical and cultural data of tea cultivation in Shandong and Mount Tai since the Tang and Song Dynasties, this paper speculates that the Jin Dynasty may be the earliest period of tea cultivation in Shandong and Mount Tai, and maintains that the tea recorded in most of the historical documents should be Mount Tai plant substitute tea. The introduction and cultivation of tea trees in Mount Tai was clearly recorded during the Republic of China. After the successful introduction of south tea, Mount Tai tea in the 1990s has achieved rapid development, forming a well-known regional brand.
Su Shi is a great master of Chinese traditional culture, who kept his enthusiasm for the real life, forming his unique aesthetic view of daily life. In daily tea drinking, Su Shi kept an aesthetic attitude of appreciating everything, advocating the elegance of daily tea drinking and combining tea with Zen, incense and the four treasures of the study（brush, ink, paper and ink stone） to manifest the temperament of educated people and his pursuit of leisure life. Su Shi experienced huge survival difficulties after being relegated in his life. However, he always kept enthusiasm and love for the world thanks to his poetic attitudes towards life.
The early spread of Chinese tea in Europe was mainly carried out through tea activities in the exploration of the East by multiple subjects such as navigators, missionaries, businessmen, doctors, botanists and nobles. In general, it showed the historical route of smelling, drinking and recognizing tea, of which people’s impression of tea mainly originated from the literature transmission of various travel notes and the imagination of oral transmission. There was once a cognitive bias and misreading of the sanctification and stigmatization of tea, and tea became the symbolic intention for the imagination of the East and collective memory. With the introduction of tea products into Europe, the elite class played a leading role in forming the fashion of tea consumption and the public demand for tea based on physical concerns was growing. As foreign countries have deepened their cognitive needs of Chinese tea, the misreading of tea as a type of foreign culture has gradually been clarified, and has been localized in tea botany, medicine, chemistry and other aspects.
