Nickel-based superalloys(Ni-based superalloys)have attracted extensive attention in laser additive manufacturing(LAM)due to their capability to directly fabricate complex and high-performance structural components.However,the rapid melting and solidification inherent to LAM result in intense thermal cycling,which induces high residual stresses and microstructural heterogeneity within the fabricated parts.Among them,cracks,as the most destructive defects,can have a typical crack density of over five per mm2 without optimized processes.Moreover,the sudden failures of components caused by cracks account for more than 40％of the total failures of additively manufactured nickel-based superalloy components.They can rapidly expand along grain boundaries or brittle phases,significantly weakening the mechanical properties of components and causing sudden failures.To achieve highly reliable additive manufacturing components,it is essential to conduct in-depth research on the types,formation mechanisms of cracks in Ni-based superalloys,and their relationships with microstructure,residual stress,etc.This paper systematically reviews the crack characteristics and formation mechanisms of Ni-based superalloys during the laser additive manufacturing process,post-manufacturing,and service stages and comprehensively summarizes the current main-stream crack suppression strategies,specifically including process parameter optimization,residual stress regulation,alloy composition design,and subsequent post-treatment technologies,as well as incorporating emerging machine learning-assisted methods.The review aims to provide theoretical insights and technical guidance toward the development of crack-free Ni-based superalloy components fabricated by laser additive manufacturing.
Biomimetic metallopeptidases,as an emerging class of artificial enzyme systems,have demonstrated tremendous application potential in the biomedical field in recent years.Their core design principle is to rationally control amino acid composition and three-dimensional conformation so that programmable peptide sequences can efficiently coordinate metal ions and thereby drive hierarchical self-assembly into supramolecular architectures.The incorporation of rare metal elements can further confer distinctive advantages in catalytic activity,resistance to inactivation,and functional diversity that are difficult to achieve with conventional enzymes.This review summarizes current principles of sequence design,synthetic strategies,metal coordination chemistry,and multiscale assembly mechanisms.It further highlights the distinctions between in vitro and in vivo self-assembly,along with their respective advantages.Concurrently,we further discuss their therapeutic and diagnostic poten-tials in cancer therapy,immune modulation,antimicrobial protection,wound healing,and early disease detection.Looking forward,convergence with AI-guided sequence optimization,bio-orthogonal metal-linking strategies,and multimodal syner-gistic interventions,together with the development of biodegradable and biocompatible platforms,holds promise for acceler-ating translation.Overall,bioinspired metallopeptidases provide a versatile and programmable nanomedicine framework that unites catalytic functionality with spatiotemporal control,charting a compelling path toward precision diagnostics and personalized therapy.
Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to multi-carbon products(e.g.,C2+,ethene,ethanol,etc.)not only effectively decreases the CO2 concentration in atmosphere but also shows great potential economic benefits due to these exploitable value-added products.The Cu-based catalysts have caught much attention in CO2 electroreduction due to the good selectivity to hydro-carbons products.However,designing appropriate Cu-based catalysts is desirable to further improve the energy efficiency and selectivity of specific C2+product.In this review,primary pathways of CO2 electroreduction to C2+products are first discussed to summarize the key elementary steps of C2+products formation.Subsequently,various strategies of catalytic activity regu-lation of Cu-based catalysts are classified into geometric and electronic structures modification based on the inner correlation between these strategies and the mechanism of C2+products formation.The review ends with a cross-scale perspective that links the selectivity enhancement of a specific C2+product and the target design of Cu-based catalysts.
Water pollution is becoming increasingly severe,posing a serious hazard to human health and ecological security.Therefore,it is necessary to develop rapid,sensitive,and universal analytical methods to detect residual pollutants in actual water.Elec-trochemiluminescence(ECL)is a highly promising analytical technology for monitoring pollutants due to its inherent ad-vantages,such as zero background and ultrahigh sensitivity.Rare metals(rare earth metals,precious metals,and refractory rare metals)with unique electronic structures,significant catalytic activity,stable optical properties,and perfect conductivity can significantly enhance the performance of ECL sensors by regulating luminescence efficiency,signal amplification,and specific recognition.Regarding the different functional roles of rare metals in the construction of ECL sensors,their applications are divided into signal amplification materials,ECL nanoemitters,and resonance energy transfer receptors or donors.Focusing on key pollutants(high toxicity,strong bioaccumulation potential,and wide-ranging impacts)in aqueous environments as ana-lytes,this review classifies rare metal-based ECL sensors and emphasizes their recent advances.It analyzes the intrinsic pathways through which rare metals enhance ECL efficiency when employed as electrode modification materials,with particular emphasis on the structure-activity relationships between rare metal-based materials and ECL performance,clarifying the enormous potential of rare metal-based ECL sensors in breaking through the limitations of existing detection methods.This review also discusses the design methodologies meeting the application requirements of ECL sensors,such as diverse signal amplification strategies and innovative sensing modes in rare metal-integrated ECL sensors.Finally,it analyzes the current problems of rare metal-based ECL sensors in water pollutant detection and proposes potential optimization pathways for the future.
Environmental pollution across water,air,and soil systems poses escalating threats to human health and ecosystem stability,driven by heavy metals,persistent organic pollutants,particulate matter(PM),bioaerosols,and toxic gases.Conventional reme-diation technologies often suffer from limited selectivity,insufficient efficiency,and the risk of secondary pollution.In this context,nanocellulose-based materials,including cellulose nanofibrils(CNFs),cellulose nanocrystals(CNCs),and bacterial cellulose(BC),have emerged as sustainable and versatile platforms for environmental remediation.Benefiting from their nanoscale architectures,high specific surface area,tunable porosity,and abundant surface functional groups,these materials enable multiple pollutant removal pathways,such as physical interception,electrostatic adsorption,chemical complexation,catalytic degradation,and antimicrobial inactivation.This review systematically summarizes the structural features and surface chemistries of nanocellulose and critically assesses their performance across key remediation domains,including water purification,air filtration,and soil decontamination.The underlying mechanisms for removing PM,colloids,dissolved organic and inorganic contaminants,mi-croorganisms,and gaseous pollutants are discussed with an emphasis on structure-property-performance relationships.Finally,we highlight major challenges in scalability,long-term operational stability,selective remediation under complex environmental conditions,and system-level integration,and outline future directions toward sustainable,multifunctional,and practically deployable nanocellulose-enabled remediation technologies.
Hydrogen(H2)plays a crucial part in the building of clean and sustainable energy systems due to its advantages of being renewable,clean,and pollution-free.Nevertheless,the secure and effective production-storage-transportation of H2 presents critical challenges.Carbon-based(e.g.,HCOOH),boron-based(e.g.,NaBH4,NH3BH3,and N2H4BH3),and nitrogen-based(e.g.,N2H4·H2O and NH3)chemical hydrides are considered to be prospective chemical hydrogen storage materials that effectively avoid the problems of storage and transportation of H2.The exploration of advanced catalysts with specific selectivity,satisfactory activity,and excellent chemical stability is essential for H2 production from the abovementioned chemical hydrides.Cu-based catalysts are broadly applied in the dehydrogenation of chemical hydrides for H2 production owing to their properties of cost-effectiveness,unique filled electronic configuration,and appropriate surface adsorption energy.Here,we review and highlight advanced Cu-based heterogeneous catalysts(e.g.,monometallic,bimetallic,and multimetallic catalysts,single-atom catalysts,and photocatalysts)for efficient H2 production from the dehydrogenation of carbon-based,boron-based,and nitrogen-based chemical hydrides.Finally,primary challenges and future prospects of Cu-based heterogeneous catalysts for efficient H2 production from the dehydrogenation of chemical hydrides are also discussed.
The cathode materials from spent batteries are expected to become a resource stream rich in critical metals,drawing increasing attention to the disposal and recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,due to current technological limitations,the recycling efficiency and environmental sustainability of LIBs still face significant challenges.Thus,a comprehensive review of the failure mechanism,advanced recycling technology and prospect of recycling spent cathode in LIBs is provided.It firstly analyzed failure mechanism of various cathode materials,which is the cornerstone of customizing recycling process.This is followed by a comprehensive examination of recent advances in recycling technology,which includes both conventional ap-proaches and novel direct recycling methodologies.A series of forward-looking recommendations aimed at optimizing recycling processes are underscored in conclusion,with the ultimate goal of guiding future recycling technology toward large-scale industrialization,contributing to green and sustainable development in battery technology.
Metal-doped carbon-based nanomaterials(M-CNM)play a strategically significant role in next-generation precision antibac-terial and antitumor therapies,as they integrate synergistic photothermal ablation,catalytic reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation,and multimodal imaging capabilities.However,their clinical translation is hindered by unclear in vivo metabolic pathways,uncontrollable metal-ion leakage,suboptimal photothermal conversion efficiency in deep tissues,and the lack of dopant-specific efficacy-toxicity guidelines.This review elaborates the in vivo metabolic pathways and photothermal conversion mechanisms of carbon-based nanomaterials(CNM)with intrinsic photothermal properties in detail.It systematically analyzes how doping different metallic elements regulates their photothermal performance,delves into their antibacterial and antitumor efficacy,and discusses their potential applications and existing limitations in relevant therapeutic fields.This work provides unique insights into the design and construction of M-CNM in diverse biological applications,offering theoretical support for advancing their development and clinical translation in precision antibacterial and antitumor treatments,while also empha-sizing the direction of future optimization to address key challenges for clinical application.
Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have emerged as promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their cost-effectiveness and resource abundance.However,challenges such as sluggish ion diffusion kinetics,structural degradation,and interfacial instability hinder their practical applications.This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in multi-dimensional characterization techniques for SIBs,covering atomic-scale crystal structure evolution,compositional distribu-tion,microstructural dynamics,and chemical state changes.We highlight the critical role of in situ and ex situ techniques(e.g.,X-ray diffraction[XRD],transmission electron microscopy[TEM],X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy[XPS],X-ray ab-sorption spectroscopy[XAS])in elucidating structure-property relationships,particularly in multi-element doping,composite materials,and novel electrolyte systems.Key findings include:(1)multi-element doping strategies mitigate phase transition stresses as revealed by in situ XRD and atomic-scale strain mapping;(2)interface engineering(e.g.,SEI/CEI optimization)enhances cycling stability characterized by XPS and TEM;and(3)synchrotron-based methods(e.g.,XAS)reveal dynamic redox mechanisms.Finally,we discuss future opportunities in ultra-resolution imaging,AI-driven analysis,and extreme-condition characterization to accelerate the development of high-performance SIBs.
Cobalt-based spinel oxides(Co3O4 and derivatives)are among the most promising transition metal oxides for electrochemical energy conversion and environmental catalysis due to their abundant active sites,structural tunability,and robust redox flexibility.However,their catalytic efficiency is often limited by ambiguities in active-site identification and insufficient control of electronic structures.This review systematically elucidates the interplay between geometric site configurations,electronic states,and catalytic performance in Co-based spinels,highlighting three key descriptors,that is,eg/t2 orbital occupancy,d-band center position,and Co-O covalency,as fundamental metrics for activity prediction.Based on these activity descriptors,we examine geometric-site engineering strategies including site inversion,cation substitution,defect modulation,and facet control,which precisely regulate orbital filling,spin polarization,and covalency competition to optimize catalytic activity and selectivity.Additionally,controversial results by employing these engineering strategies are critically discussed.Despite advances,chal-lenges remain in disentangling site contributions under dynamic reaction conditions and integrating theoretical and operando insights.We conclude with an outlook on rational atomic-level design,emphasizing multidimensional descriptors as predictive tools to transition Co-based spinels from empirical optimization toward systematic catalyst development for sustainable energy and environmental technologies.
Additive manufacturing,commonly referred to as three-dimensional(3D)printing,provides the geometric freedom and multi-material integration needed to build soft medical robots for minimally invasive interventions,prosthetics,and rehabilitation.By directly fabricating internal fluidic channels,graded architectures,and patient-specific geometries,3D printing bypasses the limits of molding and assembly to enable true personalization.The toolbox spans extrusion-based printing for elastomers and hydrogels,vat photopolymerization for high-resolution microdevices,material jetting for voxel-level property control,and 4D printing that encodes time-dependent shape change.In parallel,advances in printable functional materials expand actuation,sensing,and durability:liquid crystal elastomers,hydrogels,silicones,conductive and stimuli-responsive polymer composites,liquid metals,and metal particle reinforced composites now offer stimuli-responsiveness,self-healing,and biodegradability that support closed-loop control and biocompatibility.These capabilities drive applications from wearable rehabilitation devices to minimally invasive surgical tools,implantable systems,and untethered ingestible robots,illustrating how each design choice(fabrication method or material)maps to a specific clinical function.We integrate recent progress into a unified framework and map key challenges:robust embedded sensor networks for multi-DOF control;printed materials that retain function under physiological stress and sterilization;and safe on-board or wireless power for untethered operation.We also highlight needs in scalable manufacturing,intuitive interfaces,and regulatory pathways tailored to soft robotic devices.Looking ahead,tighter integration of multi-material printing with tissue-like,stimuli-responsive chemistries could yield monolithic soft systems that co-integrate actuation,sensing,and on-board or wirelessly replenished power,reducing assembly and accelerating translation from prototypes to clinical devices.
Hafnium oxide(HfO2)nanoparticles(NPs),derived from a rare-metal element,have gained increasing attention as a versatile class of functional nanostructures with unique optical,dielectric,and surface properties that enable diverse biomedical ap-plications.As a representative rare-metal oxide,HfO2 NPs with well-defined architectures offer advantageous features such as a high atomic number,chemical inertness,tunable morphology,biocompatibility,and exceptional stability for integration with other functional materials.Significant advances have been achieved in controlling crystalline phases,improving scalability,and tailoring optoelectronic and surface characteristics.However,their exploration in biomedical fields remains limited and frag-mented.This review discusses the key principles of controlled synthesis,interfacial functionalization,and toxicity evaluation of HfO2 NPs.Emphasis is placed on their emerging biomedical applications,including bioimaging,radiosensitization,drug de-livery,and multimodal theranostic integration.Attention is also given to hybrid systems combining HfO2 NPs with polymers,metal oxides,metal-organic frameworks,and two-dimensional nanomaterials,where interfacial synergies underpin enhanced therapeutic efficacy,diagnostic contrast,and safety.Finally,this review concludes with challenges,opportunities,and future directions,proposing strategies to establish reproducible,scalable,and high-performance rare-metal oxide platforms for next-generation biomedical and functional technologies.It aims to provide a comprehensive roadmap linking the synthesis,prop-erties,and applications of HfO2 nanomaterials,positioning them as a model rare-metal oxide system to bridge the gap between nanomaterial design and clinical translation in nanomedicine.
Alkali metal-chalcogen batteries(AMCBs)are one of the most promising next-generation energy storage systems because of their high energy density and reasonably low cost.However,the practical application of AMCBs is severely hindered by the volume expansion of the chalcogen cathode,the shuttle effect of polychalcogenides,and unstable alkali metal anodes during cycling.Owing to MXene's remarkable chemical stability,rich surface functional groups,outstanding electrical conductivity,and superior mechanical flexibility,MXene(transition metal carbides or nitrides)and its composites have been extensively used in different battery components of AMCBs to resolve these issues.Herein,we summarize the recent advances in the design,fabrication,and application of MXene and its composites for high-performance AMCBs.The advantages and issues of AMCBs and several typical solutions are first introduced.Subsequently,we describe the classification and synthetic methods of MXene,with a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.Moreover,the relationships between nano/micro-structures,synthetic methods of MXene-based materials,and the electrochemical performance of MXene-based AMCBs are systematically summarized and discussed.In addition,technologies for the advanced characterization of the reaction mecha-nisms of MXene-based materials in AMCBs are also reviewed.Finally,the remaining challenges and future research directions are proposed and discussed.
Biomass valorization is a central pillar of sustainable chemical manufacturing because it provides renewable carbon for pro-ducing fuels,commodity chemicals,and polymer building blocks,thereby reducing reliance on fossil resources and enabling lower-carbon materials value chains[1,2].In particular,fully oxidizing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA)provides access to a flagship diacid monomer for furan-based polyesters and other sustainable polymer architectures,offering a credible route to displace petrochemical aromatic building blocks in plastics manufacturing[3,4].Efficient con-version of HMF to FDCA demonstrates that oxygen-rich biomass intermediates can be upgraded selectively into durable polymer building blocks with minimal carbon loss,strengthening the case for biomass valorization as a practical pathway to low-carbon chemical supply chains.Despite its promise,HMF-to-FDCA conversion poses a stringent catalytic challenge:It requires guiding HMF through multiple consecutive aerobic oxidation steps while simultaneously suppressing polymerization and overoxidation,making it one of the most demanding benchmarks for heterogeneous aerobic oxidation catalysts[5].
The rapid expansion of data-intensive applications has highlighted the fundamental limitations of traditional CMOS-based von Neumann architectures,particularly in terms of power efficiency,latency,and flexibility.Spin logic devices utilizing spin-orbit torque(SOT)present a promising pathway for nonvolatile,low-power,and in-memory computing.By manipulating electric current inputs,SOT can alter the magnetization states or domains,enabling programmable logic functions.When combined with flexible electronics fabrication techniques,these spin logic devices can be adapted into flexible forms to cater to a wide range of applications,such as wearable electronics and human-machine interfaces.In this review,we first trace the evolution of spin logic devices and then explore the operational mechanisms behind various SOT-based devices.We systematically discuss both magnetic-field-assisted and all-electric-driven logic schemes.Additionally,we review recent advancements in flexible SOT logic devices focusing on fabrication methods,thermally assisted low-power switching,and the integration of logic functions on flexible substrates.Finally,we address the current challenges and prospects for SOT-based spin logic devices,emphasizing their potential for low-power,highly integrated,and flexible spintronic computing systems.
The development of high-performance and stable electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),oxygen evolution re-action(OER),and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)plays a critical role in advancing clean energy technologies,including metal-air batteries and hydrogen production through overall water splitting.Carbon nanofibers prepared by electrospinning have received extensive research attention due to their adjustable microstructures,diverse morphological characteristics,and flexible chemical compositions.In this review,the latest developments and future perspectives of electrospun carbon nanofiber-based transition metal single atoms,metal alloy composites,transition metal compounds,and carbon-based metal-free catalysts for ORR,OER,and HER in zinc-air batteries(ZABs)and proton/anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers(PEMWEs/AEMWEs)are systematically summarized.Specifically,the possible catalytic mechanisms of these catalysts toward ORR,OER,and HER are elucidated initially;the rational design principles and synthetic strategies of electrospun carbon nanofiber-based catalysts are systematically introduced;and the representative applications are discussed in detail.Finally,key challenges and perspectives regarding the future development of ORR,OER,and HER catalysts with excellent catalytic activity and stability toward ZABs and PEMWEs/AEMWEs are also summarized.
With the rapid development of technology such as the Internet and electronic devices,electromagnetic radiation pollution has become an increasingly prominent issue,which negatively impacts both human health and the normal operation of equipment.Especially with the rise of wearable and portable electronic devices,flexible and efficient electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials are increasingly demanded.Flexible carbon-based films,with their unique characteristics of high con-ductivity,good chemical stability,and excellent bending property,ensure stable EMI shielding effectiveness for equipment even under frequent bending and other conditions.In recent years,carbon-based films have been studied in the field of EMI shielding with significant progress,particularly through the elegant design of various structures,such as the construction of porous structures,layered structures,and nanocomposite structures.This review primarily explores the importance of structural design in carbon material films and provides an explanation of the principles of EMI shielding,including the types of carbon-based films,their fabrication methods,and the critical role of internal structural design.In addition,this review also analyzes the advantages of various carbon materials and their suitable structural forms,and based on the current state of research,discusses the future development directions and challenges of flexible carbon material films.
Rare earth elements(REEs)play an irreplaceable role in modern technology and industry.However,due to the highly similar physicochemical properties among REEs,their separation remains a significant challenge.Additionally,REEs often exist in low-concentration solutions,making efficient REE recovery an urgent task.This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest research advances in adsorbents for REE adsorption from aqueous solutions.It systematically examines the performance characteristics of organic,inorganic,biological,and composite adsorbents,with a focus on innovative design,synthesis stra-tegies,and practical applications of various adsorbents,particularly highlighting their excellent adsorption performance and diverse mechanisms.Notably,composite and hybrid materials significantly enhance adsorption selectivity and stability through synergistic effects.Future research should focus on machine learning(ML)-driven adsorbent intelligent design using quanti-tative structure-activity/property relationship(QSAR/QSPR)models,green synthesis pathways,adsorption-desorption per-formance enhancement,and industrial process optimization via interdisciplinary collaboration.This review aims to provide a systematic reference for research on adsorption and separation of REEs,thereby promoting the development and application of high-efficiency and eco-friendly adsorbents.
CsPbI3 quantum dots(QDs)have attracted considerable attention as promising candidates for light-emitting diode(LED)ap-plications.However,their intrinsic tendency to undergo a spontaneous phase transition to a nonperovskite structure signifi-cantly hampers their practical deployment.Considerable efforts have been devoted to stabilizing the perovskite phase of CsPbI3 and improving the efficiency of LEDs.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental factors governing CsPbI3 instability,encompassing both intrinsic structural characteristics and external environmental influences,and critically evaluates recent strategies developed to improve phase stability and device performance.Approaches discussed include(1)size confinement,(2)ionic doping,(3)surface passivation and termination,and(4)encapsulation.Finally,we provide a brief outlook on the ongoing challenges,and outline potential avenues for future advancement of CsPbI3 QDs in optoelectronic applications.
MXenes exhibit considerable potential for developing high-performance electromagnetic(EM)shielding and absorption ma-terials operating across microwave and terahertz frequencies,due to their tunable surface chemistry and exceptional charge carrier transport properties.Nevertheless,a profound understanding and precise manipulation of their broadband attenuation mechanisms remain challenging.In this review,we first examine Ti3C2Tx MXene as a representative system to explore EM attenuation mechanisms through polarization and conductive loss models across microwave and terahertz bands.We then discuss tuning strategies,including component tailoring,interlayer regulation,film architecture,and dynamic modulation,which are supported by both classic and emerging studies,and evaluate their impact on attenuation performance.Finally,we outline future research priorities and development directions for MXene-based EM attenuation materials.By synthesizing recent advances,this review aims to establish the structure-property relationships in MXenes and to provide forward-looking insights for the field.
