Park green space is an important part of the urban natural ecosystem and public service facilities. The accessibility index of park green space can characterize the difficulty of using park green space for residents. In addition, it is an important index that reflects the rational layout and fair use of park green spaces. With the rapid development of urbanization, the unrestrained expansion of construction land, and the continuously increasing demands of the population have led to a gradual imbalance between the supply and demand of park green spaces. In this study, the spatialtemporal differentiation characteristics of accessibility of multi-scale park green spaces in Shenzhen under multiple travel modes from 2013 to 2020 were analyzed using the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area (Ga2SFCA) method, which comprehensively considers both supply and demand. The influencing degree of each factor on the accessibility of park green space was studied with a geographical detector from the global scale, through which the dominant factors were screened. The spatial differentiation of the action intensity of each dominant factor on the local scale was investigated using the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. Results showed that from 2013 to 2020: 1) Within the scope of construction land, the number and area of green parks in Shenzhen increased continuously. The number of community parks increased the greatest amount, and the area of comprehensive parks expanded the greatest amount. There was an imbalanced distribution pattern, which is characteristic of “more in the west and less in the east”,“from the inner areas to the outer areas”, and expansion from south to north. 2) The demand of residents for park green space was positively correlated with population density. The population density in the western region of Shenzhen was increasing gradually, and the population density in the eastern region was always low. The high-value area of green space demand extended gradually from the inner areas to the outer areas. 3) The accessibility of park green space generally presented a rising trend. The proportion of high-value residential areas was increasing gradually. The accessibility of the outside area became gradually higher than that of the inside area. The average accessibility of community parks achieved the highest growth rate, while the accessibility of comprehensive parks was basically stable. The standard deviation of special parks increased the most, and the spatial differentiation was intensified. 4) In 2013, the p-value of all influencing factors was 0, which passed the 0.01 significance test. In 2020, only the three factors of park area proportion, park entrance and exit density, and road density passed the 0.01 significance test, indicating that the spatial distribution of park accessibility from 2013 to 2020 was closely related to green space factors and road factors. The correlations of park accessibility with location, economy, and natural factors presented a downward trend with the development of science and economy. 5) According to the determination power (q-value) of the dominant factor, the q-values of the proportion of park area, park entrance and exit density, and road density all showed a downward trend on the dynamic level. The factors can be ranked road density > proportion of park area > park entrance and exit density in terms of action intensity. This revealed that road density was a dominant factor in park accessibility, with an explanatory power of as high as 10% , which was much larger than that of other factors. The park entrance and exit density and the proportion of park area were important factors for park accessibility. 6) The influences of different factors on the accessibility index of park green space have significant spatial differences. Road density (X4) and proportion of park area (X1) had a greater impact in the eastern study area, while park entrance and exit density (X2) had a greater impact in the western study area. The research enriches perspectives on green space accessibility. The method of exploring the spatial-temporal differentiation characteristics and influencing mechanism of green space accessibility not only can be applied to the layout and planning of urban park green spaces, but also provides a reference to analyze other forms of geographical accessibility.
社区环境与居民健康日益成为研究的焦点.但在城中村改造语境下,社区环境的重构对居民健康的影响尚不清晰.以广州猎德村和石牌村作为案例进行对比,通过路径分析初步探索城中村不同改造模式下建成环境特征、社会资本水平及其对身心健康影响机制.结果表明,经过整体改造后的猎德村,居民的建成环境感知和社会资本水平较高,建成环境感知仅通过社会资本对居民心理健康起促进作用;而逐步更新的石牌村,其建成环境质量仍有损于身心健康,但其社会资本是促进居民身心健康的关键要素.认为城中村不同改造模式下呈现不同的健康收益和风险模式,在改造策略选择上应注重建成环境质量和包容性提升、重视社区社会资本的维护与重塑.
佛山是广府文化和岭南文化的发源地,遗产资源丰富,但鲜有对其不可移动文物和非物质文化遗产进行特征分析与遗产资源整合的研究.运用GIS技术对佛山的413条市级及以上不可移动文物和131条市级及以上非物质文化遗产进行分析,结果表明:(1)佛山不可移动文物在结构类型上以古建筑为主,占比约66%,在分布特征上整体呈现"东密西疏、北稀南聚"聚集分布格局;(2)佛山非物质文化遗产在结构特征上传统技艺类型突出,传统戏剧资源匮乏,在分布特征上与不可移动文物相似;(3)佛山遗产资源丰富,不可移动文物较多分布在西江、北江沿岸,但没有较好整合.因此提出遗产廊道体系构建的保护建议,通过河流遗产廊道的形式跨区域协同保护与利用遗产.
城市化快速推进背景下,农村居民点在空间布局、土地利用等方面的问题日益凸显,明晰农村居民点的时空演变特征并进一步分析其影响因素与机制,有助于把握未来农村地区现代化转型的发展方向.以广州中新镇为例,利用第二次土地利用变更调查、历年社会经济统计、实地调研等多种数据源,运用GIS空间分析法、核密度分析法等方法分析镇域2009-2018年农村居民点的时空演变特征,并结合实地调研和资料分析进一步探究其影响因素和基本机制.研究指出:(1)农村居民点用地规模在十年间不断扩张,呈现"人增地增"演变趋势,且向中南部转移、向镇区及其周边地区集聚的趋势明显;(2)镇域农村居民点斑块数量呈现细小化、破碎化增加的演变趋势,在空间上表现为集聚程度上升且地域差异显著,总体呈现"南密北疏"和"两核多团"的分布格局;(3)镇域农村居民点用地时空演变受自然环境资源、经济发展提升、综合区位条件、政府用地政策多种因素综合作用影响,其中,自然环境资源奠定了农村居民点基本的空间格局,经济发展提升的直接驱动力、综合区位条件的外部扩展力、政府用地政策的严格管控力三者共同作用影响了农村居民点的时空演变特征.
平海所城作为广东首批省级历史文化名城,其六百多年的演变过程为了解明清时期军事建制、渔盐贸易影响下所城聚落空间形态发展规律提供了良好的样本.以明清时期平海所城空间形态为研究对象,借助地方志、军事史、盐业史等文史资料中记载的相关信息,结合现场调查中的实体空间样本和现场访谈,重点关注其从明初的军事防御形态向清朝时期商贸形态的转变过程.从历时性的角度,以明清时期的主导功能为线索对所城空间形态演变进行时段划分,通过空间特征分析和演变规律总结,分析以明代军事防御体系、清代盐业与商贸发展作为主导机制对所城形态的影响,并总结其营城思想和智慧,对海岸带的城市发展、海洋型遗产保护和振兴提供科学依据.
自由曲面建筑相比标准形体更具几何复杂性,其设计结果与建造系统的脱节问题尤为突出,导致成本高、修改多和效率低的情况.从建筑学视角出发,借鉴并引入其他领域的离散建模与几何迭代技术,整合提出一套面向自由曲面建造的方案阶段建筑曲面重构形体设计方法.以自由曲面的四边形平面化重构形体实现为例,对所提方法中关键环节的几何算法进行具体阐述,并通过与常用方法的对比实验,证明上述方法具有重构效率高、通用性广、形体质量好等优势,由此归纳得到其建筑适用范围,为实现复杂建筑的设计高效率和建造低成本提供方法参考.
通过文献研究和地图分析,梳理近代澳门滨水空间形态的演变历程,并深入阐释社会变迁对其的深刻影响.1850～1936年间,澳葡政府为了改善澳门港口条件、重塑澳门国际重要商港地位,开展了大规模填海工程和滨水街区的建设及整序,使得这一时期澳门滨水空间形态发生嬗变,维护资本利益的经济诉求是其根本动因.与此同时,崛起的华商掌握着城市经济命脉,形成与澳葡管治权力相制衡的重要力量,并以雄厚资本助推了城市建设.近代澳门滨水空间形态演变是澳门城市现代化的历史缩影,对于全面研究澳门城市史有不可或缺的作用和重要价值.
唐代长安城佛寺在我国佛教寺院建设过程中处在突出地位,目前对于其内部空间的了解并非十分清晰.在语义网络的视角下,试图探究唐长安城佛寺空间的基本形制特点.从260首相关古诗中挖掘提取出32种物态要素,以各要素之间的共词关系探讨其语义关系,并将结果对应于空间网络中.运用社会网络分析法计算相关数据指标,分别从整体、局部、个体三方面得出唐长安城佛寺空间形制特点.基于以上研究结果,为未来设计实践提出相应建议,结果证明了社会网络分析方法可以验证并补充历史建筑空间形制特点,有利于提升建筑内部空间研究的科学性.同时,通过探究唐长安城佛寺空间中各个体要素之间的关系,从而在唐长安城佛寺空间尺度特点、使用者空间体验等研究领域有所扩展,对唐长安城佛寺空间的研究产生积极影响.
近现代以来的重庆地域建筑发展进入了地方建筑史的辉煌时代,重庆的"院"作为贯穿近现代地域建筑发展的一种空间模式,其演变发展对于重庆现代地域建筑研究及创作有重要意义.以重庆地域建筑院落空间为主要研究对象,以其中的传统民居院落基底研究为开端,利用类型学和形式分析方法对近、现代两个重要时期院落空间实践进行分析,继而厘清近现代院落空间模式的演变历程,明晰在演变过程中院落空间模式发展的动力机制与影响因素.旨在以长续发展的视角对重庆地域建筑的院落空间模式进行系统性探究,以期对未来重庆地域建筑建设实践与理论研究提供一定的参考和借鉴.
围绕夏热冬暖地区高大中庭的能耗与室内环境等问题,通过分析高大中庭的空间特征,挖掘其气候适应性设计的关键点,从中庭开启界面设计和季节性调控两方面入手,归纳该气候区高大中庭的气候适应性设计策略.研究在广州新华学院图书馆中庭中应用气候适应性设计策略,分析不同风速下室内热舒适度随时间变化的关系,采用CFD数字软件对不同中庭开启界面的方案进行自然通风模拟,确定高大中庭通风口布置方案与自然通风调控方式.最终使广州新华学院图书馆中庭充分利用过渡季的自然适宜气候,从而大幅降低了运行能耗,并营造出更为健康的室内环境.
以公共性为视角,探讨商业综合体外部空间布局效能的评价方法.基于类型学分析,将商业综合体外部空间分成三类:周边型、中心辐射型和街区型,并从上海中心区选取12个典型案例进行外部空间的使用情况的实证研究与分析.发现在公共性视角下,不同布局类型的商业地块其外部空间布局效能评价结果也不同,其中周边型布局的评价结果较差,中心辐射型和街区型则相对较好,并提出了应根据地块条件的不同而采用不同的外部空间布局模式.
全球化的当代生活导致文化趋同现象日益凸显,也对岭南建筑产生了重要影响,如何在现代岭南建筑中体现地域特色一直是岭南建筑界面临的重要课题.从文化层面研究岭南建筑的演变过程,得出岭南建筑文化特征的若干原则,据此总结出传承与创新之方法,并在南汉二陵博物馆的创作中进行实践.岭南建筑的创作过程要摆脱过分关注外部形式的创作倾向,回归建筑创作的本体与核心,形成岭南建筑创作的基本理念,重新认识岭南建筑的自然、文化和时代属性,兼顾不同的历史、文化以及社会背景进行创作并创新,相关总结和创新实践将建筑价值立足于本土生活,从而有利于创造出真正具有竞争力的作品.
场地尺度下城市绿地通过改善风、热、声、水等环境提供生态系统调节服务,对提升人居环境生态质量具有重要意义.梳理并凝练了场地尺度下调节服务的多层级生态系统适配技术,提出了基于适配技术的山地公园设计方法,包括地形格局规划、地形适配调整和场景生态设计策略.以南京江北新区山地公园为例,运用ArcGIS、Fluent、Cadna/A等数字技术进行场地评估,优化场地结构,通过地形适配与空间适配构建生态空间格局.系统探索了场地尺度生态系统服务理念下的山地公园设计实践,初步构建了方法体系,为提升景观环境生态效益和建设高质量城市公园提供了新思路.
具有恢复性的各类城市绿地空间可以对老年人心理健康起到促进作用,对于住区绿地空间,老年人主观感知的恢复性特征及其对心理健康的促进路径与效应还未得到充分探索.运用主成分分析法提取老年人主观感知的空间恢复性特征;选取心理恢复得分作为因变量,使用结构方程模型解析不同维度主观感知的空间恢复性特征对老年人心理健康促进路径与路径效应.研究发现:(1)老年人主观感知的住区绿地空间恢复性特征包括景色优美、微气候舒适、设施易用、安全可达与熟悉依恋;(2)住区绿地空间微气候舒适特征对老年人心理健康的促进路径效应最强;(3)健康行为强度发挥重要中介效应,其中,相比较于社交活动强度,体力活动强度的正向作用效应也更为显著.最后,对提升住区绿地空间适老健康品质提出有针对性的优化设计策略.
Traditional settlements represent typical rural landscapes that have emerged from specific historical and cultural backgrounds. They are also important spatial carriers for the transmission of regional cultural heritage. As the historical source of traditional Chinese culture, traditional settlements exhibit stable and harmonious development, with unique features. The Loess Plateau in China nurtures the unique cave dwelling culture of northern Shaanxi. It is characterised by distinct architectural features such as traditional cave dwellings. However, the cave settlements in northern Shaanxi, which exhibit Chinese culture, face a habitat crisis due to rapid urbanisation. Based on the kernel density distribution of traditional settlements in Shaanxi Province, one of the core distribution zones centred at Suide County and Mizhi County appear in the Southeast region of Yulin City and the eastern region of Yan’an City. It is a major distribution zone involving cave settlements and their characteristic landscapes. Settlements mainly extend along river valleys and gullies, accompanied by water and soil loss as well as harsh ecological environment. However, it is marked by a severe shortage of construction land and narrow space for development. Over the years, the hills and gullies of the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi constrained the development of settlements in the region. Therefore, the traditional settlements in the Loess hills and gullies of northern Shaanxi were selected for further investigation. Landscape genetics and construction mapping were studied by combining with local settlement status. Appropriate protection and inheritance mechanisms of traditional settlements in Shaanxi Province were analysed. Based on the theory of landscape genetics, 46 national traditional settlements in northern Shaanxi were selected. First, the typology of traditional settlement was used to establish landscape gene information codes in northern Shaanxi. The numerical codes of "Shaanxi E-M1/2XXXX " were acquired using the combination of "area code + gene category code + Class-1 element + Class-2 element + Class-3 element + landscape gene element". Second, further analysis revealed that the traditional settlements in northern Shaanxi were mainly based on family inheritance and small-scale peasant economy, and depicted in terms of location layout, clansman and residential buildings. Hence, the genetic pedigree of traditional settlements in the region can be built by combining internal and external environmental elements, information associated with traditional residential and subjective public buildings as well as landscape genes with similar cultural significance, that is, the "A+ B+C+D " mode. Third, this study presents the material landscape map of cave settlements in northern Shaanxi symbolically and provides a twoand three-dimensional graphical expression of landscape elements including site selection pattern, spatial layout, street layout and architectural form of cave settlements in northern Shaanxi. The abstract symbols have been extracted based on morphological features and cultural connotation of elements, and abstract internal connotations based on graphical expression. Finally, a landscape gene map of 15 typical settlements in northern Shaanxi was built by combining with landscape gene code structure and extraction of landscape gene prototype. Based on the results of landscape genetic analysis of traditional settlements in northern Shaanxi, this study explored the landscape gene code and established a landscape gene map. Results have practical implications for sustainable development of different types of traditional settlement and ecological restoration of traditional dwellings. Although the landscape genetic map of traditional settlements provides a practical basis for their historical and cultural transmission, genetic "mutations" and functional transformations within the settlements as well as new demands of local residents for modern living space after development over a long period have been identified. The hierarchy of regional characteristics and the delineation of settlement zones in the landscapes provides further direction for subsequent research. The findings provide a comprehensive insight into the natural and human characteristics of traditional settlements in a particular landscape and the construction of a regional landscape map eventually. This system provides a layer-by-layer analysis of specific areas using a set of maps. The hierarchical regional map corresponds to large areas, sub-areas, subsub-areas and even individual settlements in the traditional landscape systems. It not only facilitates a comprehensive, scientific and accurate understanding and representation of the unique characteristics of traditional settlement landscapes from a macroscopic to a microscopic perspective, but also enhances the analysis of traditional settlement landscapes in China.
岭南独特的自然条件、人文历史和社会环境塑造了岭南古典园林"繁复"与"绚丽"的建筑装饰风格,通过研究中国传统哲学审美体系中"出水芙蓉"和"错彩镂金"两种审美取向,解析岭南古典园林的审美内核,进而总结出岭南古典园林建筑装饰风格的审美属性是以其自然适应性为基础,以社会适应性为内容规范和以人文适应性为指向,并通过色彩装饰、塑形装饰表现出来.最后在岭南传统园林酒家——泮溪酒家的保护更新中进一步论证岭南古典园林的建筑装饰风格,以期抛砖引玉为后续岭南古典园林的研究提供参考线索.
渝东南是我国传统村落分布最为集中的地区之一,其丰富多样的山地传统村落景观是地理民族双重影响下形成的重要历史文化遗产.面对该地区传统村落集中连片保护示范工作开展的现实要求,亟需对其区域性的传统村落景观形成背景、集群模式及保护利用体系进行探讨.利用历史地理、GIS空间分析及空间规划的研究方法,从村落历史景观形成的影响机制入手,解析渝东南传统村落景观集群模式的集聚性、关联性、系统性和特质性,并从区域、流域和聚落三个尺度提出传统村落景观集群式保护利用体系和实施策略,探索现阶段传统村落集中连片保护工作与区域可持续发展的有效路径.
梳理了"基于案例设计"的发展历程,针对最新的与人工智能结合的基于案例设计系统,数据标注困难,操作难度大,且大多数城市生成的研究仅关注于整体式生成,对于同一城市不同的肌理并未进行细致区分等问题,提出了一个与Grasshopper平台结合的人工智能辅助设计系统DeepCity.该系统从设计认知、设计生成、设计评估三个方面,为设计师提供基于图像聚类的城市形态类型学分析、基于生成对抗网络的指定城市形态自动织补与室外热环境的快速评估.最后,讨论总结了人工智能辅助基于案例设计的应用潜力与不足.
针对高铁廊道桥下空间关键节点进行生态价值优化与提升,有助于提高城市景观连通性、优化城市生态格局.以成都市建成区高铁廊道为例,基于生态网络分析方法,通过识别景观类型与生态源地、筛选重要潜在廊道、分层叠置分析等关键步骤,构建高铁廊道桥下空间关键生态节点识别模型.最终识别出高铁廊道桥下空间关键生态节点共计91个,包括斑块类38个、廊道类35个、边缘类18个,并根据生态节点类型及特征,从提升生境质量、改善连通性等方面提出优化策略.研究结果可为城市交通廊道桥下空间生态价值提升及城市生态安全建设提供参考.
针对养老设施与老年人口空间分布不匹配问题,从社会阶层分异视角出发的养老设施供需匹配研究具有现实意义.以天津市中心城区为例,从养老设施差异化需求、养老设施综合供给能力和出行成本三个方面对高斯两步移动搜索法模型进行改进,测度了社会阶层分异下三类养老院的空间可达性.结果表明,天津市养老设施供需匹配度呈现"中心高-边缘低"与"南高北低"的特点;养老设施供需匹配度在社会阶层之间存在明显差异;天津市中心城区存在养老设施种类与不同阶层居民需求差距较大地区.研究结果可为天津市养老设施规划的完善提供参考.
