Autumn freshtea leaves were used as raw materials,and the optimal extraction process of instant black tea was determined by single factor and orthogonal test.The effects of ultrasonic extraction power,extraction temperature and extraction time on the quality and extraction rate of instant black tea were investigated.The results showed that the extraction power was 300 W,the extraction temperature was 50℃,and the extraction time was 20 min.The instant black tea soup was bright orange red in color,free of sediment,pure in aroma,mellow and pure in taste,fast and uniform in dissolution.The content of tea polyphenols was 19.06%,the content of caffeine was 9.46%,the content of free amino acids was 6.55%,the content of soluble sugar was 5.59%,and theaflavins content was 1.64%.The optimized ultrasonic extraction process of instant black tea is reasonable,stable,feasible and reproducible,and the quality of instant black tea is better,which can provide technical supports for the intensive processing and utilization of summer and autumn tea resources.
Pengze County of Jiangxi Province was taken as an example,based on the identification and classification of the elements of production-living-ecological space,this paper studied the suitability of development and construction of the territorial space,comprehensively evaluated the suitability of the land for the construction of production-living-ecological space,and deeply discussed the suitability and spatial distribution model of the county spatial development and construction based on production-living-ecological space coordination.The results show that the area of production-living-ecological space in the region is 375.93,1071.11 and 85.24 km2 respectively,accounting for 24.53%,69.90%and 5.57%of the total area respectively.Production space is mainly concentrated in the west and north,and living space is mainly located in the central part of the country,including the towns and urban periphery,while the ecological space is mainly distributed in the south and east,and is widely distributed along the hills and mountains as well as the waters.Overall,Pengze County has a wide range of highly and moderately suitable areas in the county space,accounting for about 42.31%of the county's land area.The focus is on waters,rural living and leisure space and agricultural production space.The most suitable areas account for about 43.91%of the countryside area,mainly including ecological spaces such as basic farmland and water system woodland.The low and unsuitable areas,account for more than 13.78%of the total area of the township,and are mainly located in the dryland areas.
The coupling and coordination relationship between the efficiency of cultivated land utilization and the capacity of grain production,as well as its influencing factors,have significant implications for tapping the potential of cultivated production and ensuring food security.The SBM-Undesirable model,the coupling coordination model and the geographic detector were comprehensively used to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the coupling and coordinated development of cultivated utilization efficiency and grain production capacity in the Dongting Lake area.The study found that from 2007 to 2020,the overall efficiency of cultivated utilization in the Dongting Lake area showed an increasing trend.75%of the counties achieved a development transition from mild imbalance or imminent imbalance to barely coordinated,ultimately forming a spatial distribution pattern of low in the middle and high on both sides.The factor detection results showed that the influencing factors have stage characteristics in different periods,and per capita net income of rural residents,output value of the secondary industry,and government fiscal expenditure were the dominant factors.The interaction detection results all showed enhanced or nonlinear enhanced dual-factor interaction,and the interaction effect can significantly improve the level of coupling and coordination development.Based on this,relevant suggestions are proposed to promote the coupling and coordination development of cultivated utilization efficiency and grain production capacity in the Dongting Lake area.
Based on the current situation of agricultural development,the strategy and requirements for high-quality agricultural development in the Yellow River region of Ningxia,an evaluation index system for high-quality agricultural development level was established from five criteria layers:technological innovation,coordinated development,green production,industrial efficiency,and shared development.The entropy weighted TOPSIS model was used to measure the level of high-quality agricultural development in the Yellow River region of Ningxia,and then the obstacle model was used to analyze its influencing factors.The results show that the high-quality development level of agriculture in Ningxia from 2016 to 2020 showed a fluctuating growth trend,and the development of the five dimensions was relatively coordinated.In 2020,the highest level of high-quality agricultural development was found in the Western Xia region of the 13 counties along the Yellow River in Ningxia,while the lowest level was found in Zhongning County.In response to the above situation,we will increase technological innovation and assist in high-quality development,enhance industrial efficiency,promote coordinated development,emphasize green production and achieve sustainable development.
The two new lines of Ningdu yellow chicken were used as the research object,and two growth stages were selected:42～56 and 84～98 day old.The remaining feed intake,daily average feed intake,body weight gain,and other indicators were measured,and genetic parameters were analyzed.The results showed that there were significant differences in remaining feed intake,metabolic weight,and average daily gain between the two lines.The residual feed intake of the two strains showed moderate heritability and had moderate positive genetic correlation with feed conversion rate and average daily feed intake(ra＞0.30),but had negative genetic correlation with metabolic weight and average daily gain.The residual feed intake has a correlation with the carcass traits and will be beneficial for improving the carcass traits of Ningdu yellow chicken strains.The research results indicate that residual feed intake and growth traits are independent of each other.Taking residual feed intake as a selection trait is more conducive to improving the feed conversion efficiency of the two strains of Ningdu yellow chicken without affecting growth traits.It can also be used for indirect selection of carcass traits,which has important guiding significance for the balanced breeding of Ningdu yellow chicken.
A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different organic fertilizers on soil characteristics and growth and quality of bitter gourd,and 3 fertilization treatments were set up:poultry manure composted 60 t/hm2(T1),kitchen waste and poultry manure composted 60 t/hm2(T2)and kitchen waste composted 60 t/hm2(T3).The results showed that applying three different organic fertilizers could increase the content of available potassium,available phosphorus,alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and organic matter in soil to different degrees,but the effects on soil pH were not significant.The content of soil available potassium was significantly increased by T1 treatment.The contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available phosphorus were significantly increased by T2.The content of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and organic matter were significantly increased by T3.The maximum leaf length,maximum leaf width,internode length,stem diameter and single fruit weight of T1 were significantly higher than those of T2 and T3.The contents of soluble sugar,soluble protein,amino acid,polysaccharide and titrable acid in T2 treatment were significantly higher than those in T1 treatment,and the contents of vitamin C,cellulose,saponins,flavonoids,total phenols and tannins in T3 treatment were significantly higher than those in other treatments.In summary,T1 treatment can promote the growth and increase the yield of bitter gourd,and T2 and T3 treatment are more conducive to improving the quality of bitter gourd.
To clarify the water consumption patterns and water use efficiency of flue-cured tobacco in the Erhai Lake Basin,flue-cured tobacco K326 was used as the research object,and a field experiment of flue-cured tobacco was conducted in Panxi Village,Dali City,Yunnan Province.The water consumption,water consumption intensity,water consumption modulus and water use efficiency of flue-cured tobacco were studied by water balance formula and Penman formula.The results showed that with the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco,the water consumption,water consumption intensity,water consumption modulus and crop coefficient of flue-cured tobacco increased first and then decreased,and reached the maximum in the vigorous growth period.Among the 6 climatic factors that affected water consumption,relative humidity had the greatest direct impact on water consumption,while soil temperature had the smallest impact on tobacco water consumption.Air temperature,average wind speed,sunshine duration and soil temperature had the largest inhibitory effect on water consumption of flue-cured tobacco through relative humidity.With the growth and development of the tobacco plant,the water use efficiency showed a continuous increasing trend,and reached the highest in mature period.
The index system of rural revitalization and rural tourism in Jiangsu Province was constructed,and the entropy weighting method and coupling coordination degree model were used to analyze the coupling coordination degree of rural revitalization and rural tourism in Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2021.The results show that the development level of rural revitalization in Jiangsu Province shows a rising trend on the whole,from the low development level in 2011 to the high development level in 2021.During 2011～2021,the development level of rural tourism in Jiangsu Province increased steadily and reached a high development level in 2021.The coupling coordination degree of rural revitalization and rural tourism in Jiangsu Province is on the rise as a whole,from 0.2617 in 2011 to 0.9309 in 2021,and the coupling coordination type develops from moderate dislocation to superior coordination.Finally,according to the shortcomings in the development of rural tourism in Jiangsu Province,we put forward some corresponding suggestions.
To clarify the effect of Rhopalosiphum maidis on the physiological characteristics of eight maize varieties and screen maize materials for resistance to Rhopalosiphum maidis.At the seedling stage,eight materials were artificially inoculated with Rhopalosiphum maidis,and chlorophyll content,superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT),proline(Pro),malondialdehyde(MDA),and soluble sugar(SS)content were determined.Meanwhile,the method of subordinate function was adopted to comprehensively analyze the test materials,and optimal regression equations were set up with stepwise regression analysis to filter out the indicators that were more remarkable for the different resistant maize in terms of the resistance to Rhopalosiphum maidis.The results showed that the chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,and total chlorophyll contents of eight maize varieties were significantly reduced under the treatment of Rhopalosiphum maidis,while the contents of SOD,POD,CAT,Pro,MDA,and SS were increased to different degrees,and the insect resistance of the eight test materials was ranked in the order of strongest to weakest as Zhengdan 958＞Xianyu 335＞Ludan 6＞Ludan 6018＞Qidan 1＞Jidan 8＞Defa 705＞Dedan 123.In conclusion,all the Rhopalosiphum maidis treatments affected the physiological characteristics of the test maize.Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335 improved resistance to Rhopalosiphum maidis mainly by maintaining chlorophyll content and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity(SOD).Ludan 6,Ludan 6018,Qidan 1 and Jidan 8 mainly resisted Rhopalosiphum maidis by increasing osmoregulatory substances(SS).Defa 705 and Dedan 123 mainly alleviated Rhopalosiphum maidis damage by accumulating free proline.
Based on the land use and energy consumption data in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 2005,2010,2015 and 2020,the carbon emissions were calculated with the city area as the basic unit,and the super-efficient SBM model was used to measure the urban carbon efficiency and study its temporal and spatial evolution characteristics.The results show that:(1)Land use changes frequently in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the study period.The area of cultivated land,forest land and grassland show a decreasing trend,and the area of construction land,water area and unused land show an increasing trend.Carbon emissions mainly come from construction land,accounting for more than 95%of carbon emissions.The overall spatial distribution pattern is characterized by"more in the east and less in the west,and more in the north and less in the south".(2)The mean carbon efficiency in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with 2015 as the inflection point,but the distribution interval of carbon efficiency value was shrinking and the difference between cities was narrowing.The more efficient cities are mainly concentrated in southern Jiangsu,northern Zhejiang and Shanghai,while the less efficient cities are mainly concentrated in bordering Anhui,Jiangxi and Hubei provinces,showing a spatial feature of"lower in central China and higher in eastern and western China".(3)Through the global spatial autocorrelation analysis,the carbon efficiency of the city has a significant positive correlation,and the local spatial autocorrelation analysis shows that high aggregation types are mainly distributed in southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang,while low aggregation types were mainly distributed in Anhui,Jiangxi and northern Jiangsu.In general,the local LISA pattern of carbon efficiency in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has become a spatial feature of"large dispersion and small aggregation".
In order to analyze the constituents of volatile substances of aromatic Gladiolus,five varieties of Yehuo,Alatus,Carnatus,Angustus and Tritis were selected for GC-MS volatile metabolome analysis.The results showed that 624 kinds of volatile substances were detected in aromatic Gladiolus,which were divided into 16 kinds,among which 314 kinds were aromatic volatile substances.Six terpenoids,including linalool,perillene,α-pinene oxide,β-ionone,fenisone and β-basil,had high content in the five varieties.The quantitative analysis showed that the aroma types of Gladiolus were divided into three types.The aromatic volatile substances of Alatus,Yehuo and Carnatus were mainly the terpenoid linalool.The aromatic volatile compounds of Angustus are mainly nitrogenous compounds citronitrile,while Tritis is mainly phenylpropionic acids/phenyl ring compounds methyl benzoate and carbanol.In conclusion,as a major category of spring Gladiolus,the floral constituents of aromatic Gladiolus are very different among varieties,and the floral types of aromatic Gladiolus can be further enriched through cross breeding.
In order to promote the high-quality development of agriculture and the transformation of Jiangxi from a traditional agricultural province to a modern agricultural province,based on the new development concept and the connotation of high-quality development,following the reality of agricultural development in Jiangxi,the evaluation system of agricultural high-quality development in Jiangxi Province was constructed from six dimensions:scale production,innovation-driven,green-led,high-quality and efficiency-increasing,integrated development and market-oriented opening.The entropy method was used to measure the agricultural high-quality development level in Jiangxi from 2006 to 2020,the results show that the high-quality development index of agriculture in Jiangxi shows an increasing trend,and the high-quality development level of agriculture in Jiangxi is in a steadily rising stage.Except the degree of market opening is not enough,the other five dimensions perform well.Guided by the concept of high-quality development,it is optimized and upgraded from the aspects of scale production,innovation-driven,green-led,high-quality and efficiency-increasing,integrated development and market-oriented opening to promote the high-quality development of agriculture in Jiangxi.
To explore the effects of different biochar-based fertilizer application rates on soil nutrients,yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco,field plot experiment was used to analyze and compare the effects of different biochar-based fertilizer application rates(T0:0 kg/hm2,T1:500 kg/hm2,T2:1000 kg/hm2 and T3:1500 kg/hm2)on soil nutrients,agronomic traits,disease occurrence and yield of flue-cured tobacco and chemical composition of tobacco leaves.Compared with T0,the contents of organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available potassium in soil were significantly increased,but the content of available phosphorus was significantly decreased.T1 and T2 treatments significantly promoted the growth and development of tobacco plants in the middle and late stages,and T1,T2 and T3 treatments significantly improved the disease resistance of tobacco plants.The incidence of tobacco mosaic,climatic spot and tomato spot wilt decreased by 32.83%～69.17%,13.19%～86.38%and 45.36%～68.04%,respectively,compared with the control.The comprehensive performance of economic traits in T2 treatment was the best,and the yield,output value,average price and proportion of medium-grade tobacco increased by 1.99%,12.58%,10.39%and 10.87%,respectively,compared with the control.The application of biochar-based fertilizer significantly increased the potassium content and decreased the chlorine content of tobacco leaves,and the chemical composition availability index was significantly increased by 26.55%,28.47%and 20.79%,respectively.The correlation analysis showed that the chemical composition and availability index of tobacco leaf were closely related to soil nutrient content,and increased application of biochar may have a positive effect on the chemical composition and availability of tobacco leaves through regulating soil pH value,available phosphorus and available potassium content.In conclusion,increased application of biochar-based fertilizer can improve the physical and chemical condition of soil,promote the formation of tobacco yield and quality,and increase the availability of tobacco chemical components.Under the conditions of this experiment,the application of 1000 kg/hm2 biochar-based fertilizer had the best comprehensive effect on yield and quality.
Based on data on tea production in Yunnan Province from 1990 to 2020,this study empirically analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of tea production in Yunnan Province by measures such as logarithmic mean Dirichlet decomposition,spatial Gini coefficient,Huffindal index,industrial concentration,and gravity center model,and explored the trajectory of the shift of tea yield gravity center in Yunnan Province.The research results show that:(1)The tea planting area in Yunnan Province has gone through three stages:fluctuating decline,fluctuating growth,and stable growth.The tea production has gone through three stages:slow growth,rapid growth,and steady growth.(2)The growth of tea planting area is the leading factor in the growth of tea production in Yunnan Province,while the increase in yield per unit area is the secondary factor.(3)The tea industry in Yunnan Province has developed rapidly,but there are significant regional differences.It has basically formed a core tea area mainly composed of three states(cities):Lincang City,Pu'er City and Xishuangbanna Prefecture,and a key tea area mainly composed of five counties(cities):Fengqing County,Menghai County,Jinghong City,Changning County and Lancang County.(4)The migration of the tea yield gravity center in Yunnan Province has undergone four stages of"southeast-southwest-northwest-southeast",and the migration speed has gone through four modes of"fast-slow-slow-slow".According to the above results,the countermeasures and suggestions on the high-quality development of tea industry in Yunnan Province were put forward.
In order to reveal the influence of topographical gradients on the ecological environment quality in arid regions,the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of ecological environment quality in Luntai County was analyzed by Landsat8OLI remote sensing images and digital elevation model(DEM)data from 2014,2018,and 2023,remote sensing ecological index(RSEI)and principal component analysis,and the change characteristics of remote sensing ecological index on topographic gradient were explored.The results show that aridity and temperature are the primary factors affecting the ecological environment in Luntai County,while humidity and greenness have little influence on ecological environment quality.Higher-altitude areas exhibit better ecological environment quality,and the fourth-level topographical gradient has the highest quality.Conversely,lower-altitude regions experience poorer ecological conditions.During 2014～2023,the overall ecological environment quality in Luntai County showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing,predominantly categorized as"poor"and"very poor"within the county.The spectrum of changes in the remote sensing ecological index predominantly feature stable and later-changing types.
Based on the data of natural disaster relief and policy-oriented agricultural insurance premium income of Jiangsu Province from 2007 to 2020,this paper established a vector autoregression(VAR)model,and analyzed the dynamic relationship between them by impulse response method and variance decomposition method.The results showed that there was a long-term equilibrium relationship between the premium income of policy-oriented agricultural insurance and the relief cost of natural disaster,and the two had positive effects on each other.Therefore,it was suggested that the government should continue to strengthen publicity,develop agricultural insurance with local characteristics,timely and reasonably distribute the relief costs of natural disasters,and promote the effective income increase of policy-oriented agricultural insurance.
In order to explore the breaking law of cut tobacco during processing,the influence of key parameters such as roller,fluidization and mechanical conveying on the structure of cut tobacco was studied.The results show that:(1)When the wall temperature is higher than 117℃,the characteristic size of cut tobacco decreases obviously and the degree of breakage increases obviously.When the hot air temperature is lower than 100℃,the degree of breakage is the smallest and the feature size is the largest.The larger the inclination of the roller and the faster the rotational speed will cause the increase of the breaking of the tobacco and the decrease of the filling value.The influence of cylinder wall temperature and hot air temperature on the characteristic size and crushing degree of tobacco is greater than that of drum Angle and rotation speed.(2)Wind selection and wind speed processing of tobacco have little impact on the crushing of tobacco.With the increase of fan frequency,the crushing degree of tobacco slowly increases,and the characteristic size of tobacco slowly decreases.(3)In the mechanical conveying process of tobacco,when the lifting speed of the belt lifting feeder is greater than 36 Hz,the characteristic size of tobacco is increased and the degree of breakage is reduced.When the vibration frequency is 50 Hz,the characteristic size of tobacco is the largest and the crushing degree is the lowest.When the material height is 60 cm,the tobacco feature size is the highest and the crushing degree is the lowest.When the material height is 140 cm,the feature size is the lowest and the crushing degree is the highest.The larger the speed of the tobacco,the higher the crushing degree of the material and the smaller the feature size.The results can provide a basis for optimizing key processing parameters,improving product processing quality and reducing raw material consumption.
Eight pot treatments were set up in this study,namely,100%fertilizer(100%F),70%fertilizer + 30%fresh dairy cattle manure(70%F+30%N),50%fertilizer + 50%fresh dairy cattle manure(50%F+50%N),30%fertilizer + 70%fresh dairy cattle manure(30%F+70%N),70%fertilizer + 30%dairy cattle manure treated by Hermetia illucens(70%F+30%CN),50%fertilizer + 50%dairy cattle manure treated by Hermetia illucens(50%F+50%CN),30%fertilizer + 70%dairy cattle manure treated by Hermetia illucens(30%F+70%CN)and no fertilization(CK).The effects of two kinds of dairy cattle manure on rice growth and nutrient loss risk in basin surface water of rice were studied.The results showed that the dairy cattle manure treated by Hermetia illucens could decrease the allocation of root biomass of rice,and increase the allocation of aboveground part of rice.In the treatment group where the substitution ratio of two kinds of dairy cattle manure was less than 50%,the rice growth index and yield did not decrease significantly in the short term.The critical period of nitrogen loss was within 7～10 d after fertilization,and critical period of phosphorus loss was affected by the fertilization period and the growth period of rice.Considering the environmental pollution risks brought by fresh dairy cattle manure,the dairy cattle manure treated by Hermetia illucens is more suitable to be used as organic fertilizer for rice.
We selected the relevant indicators and data of Hainan Province from 2012 to 2021 to construct a comprehensive evaluation system of tropical characteristic agriculture and tourism,and used the entropy method and capacity coupling model to analyze the coupling degree and coordination degree of them.The results show that,the comprehensive evaluation index of tropical characteristic agriculture in Hainan province first decreases and then show an upward trend.The tourism composite evaluation index has maintained an overall upward trend.Both major industries have good competitive advantages and development prospects.The overall coupling degree of tropical characteristic agriculture and tourism remains at a high level,and belongs to the high coupling and high association.The coupling and coordination effect of tropical characteristic agriculture and tourism is gradually increasing,realizing the smooth transition from mild disorder to forced coupling and coordination.Finally,suggestions are put forward to further promote the efficient integrated development of tropical characteristic agriculture and tourism in Hainan Province.
In order to explore the effects of different harvest time and stubble height on growth and yield of ratoon rice,hybrid rice"Taiyou 390"was taken as experimental materials in 2019,and the effects of different harvest time and stubble height on the growth and development dynamics,yield and yield components of ratoon rice were studied.The results showed that as the stubble height increased at the range of 20～40 cm,the growth period of ratoon rice shortened.The total yield of the first season rice with 10 maturity was the highest,and the yield per unit area of first season rice with 10 maturity was significantly higher than that of first season rice with 8 maturity and 9 maturity.The ratoon rice could obtain higher yield when the first season rice harvested at 9 maturity.Ratoon rice with stubble height of 40 cm had better yield.Comprehensive analysis of the yield and benefits of first season rice and ratoon rice,the first season rice should be harvested at 10 maturity and 40 cm stubble height.The results provided technical basis for planting ratoon rice"Taiyou 390"in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
