In order to extend the material circulation chain of spent mushroom substrate and achieve the resource utilization of Pleuro-tus eryngii subsp.tuoliensis spent mushroom substrate,the Pleurotus eryngii subsp.tuoliensis spent mushroom substrate was used as the cultivation substrate of Pleurotus eryngii indifferent proportions(10%-50%).The macroscopic indicators of Pleurotu seryngii mycelium such as germination time,growth rate,growth status,and full bottle time under different substrate conditions were observed and the xylanase and laccase activities of the mycelium under different ratios of spent mushroom substrate were also measured.The ef-fect ofspent mushroom substrate on the mycelial growth of Pleurotus eryngii was comprehensively explored.The results showed that when the addition amount of spent mushroom substrate was 30%to 50%,the mycelial growth rate of Pleurotus eryngii was significantly accelerated compared to CK,the mycelial density was increased,and the laccase activity was also significantly increased.When the amount of spent mushroom substrate was 50%,the growth rate reached 0.74 cm·d-1,and the full bottle time was reduced by 3 days compared to CK.Therefore,using Pleurotus eryngii subsp.tuoliensis spent mushroom substrate as a substrate for cultivating Pleurotus eryngii can not only reduce production costs,but also reduce environmental pollution caused by resource waste,and provide new ideas and methods for edible mushroom cultivation.
To evaluate the impact of an environmental protection enzyme derived from vegetables,plants,and kitchen waster on the growth and development of tobacco,as well as the external and internal quality of tobacco leaves,a four-year comparative field exper-iment was conducted.The results indicated that the environmental protection enzyme can promote early and vigorous growth and of to-bacco seedlings,resulting in robust plant growth and achieving a 40.48%effectiveness in preventing tobacco brown spot.This led to an increase in yield by 148.8 kg·hm-2,a rise in production value by 7 482.90 yuan·hm-2,an elevation of the average price by 2.36 yuan·kg-1,and an improvement in the proportion of top-grade tobacco by 8.08%.The environmental protection enzyme could regulate the chloride ion content in tobacco leaves,improve potassium nutrient metabolism,increase the potassium-chlorine ratio,and enhance the combustibility of tobacco leaves.The sugar-alkaloid ratio approached the optimum level,leading to a more harmonious composi-tion of tobacco chemicals and a smoother smoke.The total amount of browning reaction products,cetane-like compounds,and L-Phenylalanine degradation products in the aromatic substances of tobacco leaves increased by more than 20%compared to the control,with a significant increase of over 700%in the crucial aromatic component,pinane.This results in an enriched aroma of tobacco leaves,a glossy appearance,and a looser leaf tissue structure.The application of environmentally friendly enzymes in flue-cured to-bacco has demonstrated significant enhancements in both quality and yield.This is reflected in the improved visual appearance of to-bacco leaves and the elevated inherent quality as well.
In order to investigate the changing patterns of nutrient composition of reeds in Tianjin and lay the foundation for reed fod-der utilization,the experiment collected reeds at different growth periods from major reed production areas in Tianjin and measured their conventional nutrient composition.The results showed that the crude protein(CP),crude ash,calcium(Ca),and phosphorus(P)contents of reed showed a decreasing trend from the leaf-spreading stage to the dead leaf stage;The dry matter(DM)and acid detergent lignin contents showed an increasing trend;The neutral detergent fiber(NDF)and acid detergent fiber showed a decreasing trend fol-lowed by an increasing trend;The total energy(GE)and crude fat(EE)contents showed a decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend.The DM,CP,NDF,Ca and P contents of the reed at the heading stage were not significantly differ-ent from those at the late growth stage(P>0.05),while the EE and GE contents were not significantly different from those at the flowering stage(P>0.05)and reached the highest level.The analysis of the nutritional value and palatability of reeds showed that the potential of reed fodder exploitation was the highest during the heading stage.
In order to study the effects of PM2.5 and PM10 on plant photosynthesis,four coniferous plants including Piceaasperata Mast、Pinustabuliformis Carrière、Juniperusprocumbens Sargent、Platycladusorientalis(L.)Francoare selected to analyze the changes of their photosynthetic indexes at different levels of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations.The results showed that photosynthetic indexes of the four coniferous plants responded differently to the changes in PM concentration.When the PM2.5 concentration level was the same,Pn and Trof P.asperata were the largest,P.tabuliformis were the smallest at low level but at the medium and high level,both P.orientalis were the largest,P.tabuliformis was the smallest.With the increase of PM2.5 concentration level,Pn,Tr and Gs of the four coniferous plants all decreased while Ci increased.The decreasing proportions of Pn and Tr were as follows:P.tabulaeformis>P.asperata>J.procumbens>P.orientalis.The decreasing proportion of Gs was P.asperata>J.procumbens>P.tabulaeformis>P.orientalis.The increas-ing ratioof Ci was P.orientalis>J.procumbens>P.asperata>P.tabulaeformis.When the PM10 concentration level was the same,the Pn and Tr of four coniferous plantsunder the low,medium and high level were all:P.orientalis>P.asperata>J.procumbens>P.tabulae-formis.With the increase of PM10 concentration level,Pn,Tr,and Gs all decreased,while Ci increased,and the changes were basically consistent with PM2.5.According to the comprehensive analysis,compared with other three coniferous plants,P.orientaliscan maintain a strong photosynthetic capacity under different levels of PM2.5 and PM10 concentration,which showing strong anti-pollution ability.P.orientalis canbe used as the preferred green tree species for urban dust and haze removal.
In order to strengthen the development of genuine chinese medicinal Gynostemma pentaphyllum(Thunb)Makino(G.penta-phyllum)in Qinba Mountain,and to enhance the production and efficiency,cnderground rhizomes of a five-leaf and a seven-leaf of G.pentaphyllum were cultivated at an altitude of 600 m in Yerengu town of Fang county in open-air cultivation conditions,and a seven-leaf G.pentaphyllum was cultivated under twelve-year taxus forest with a density of 0.4.The plant height,number of leaves,fresh and dry weight and total saponins content of G.pentaphyllum were examined for the month of April in the second year.The yield and total saponins content of a five-leaf and a seven-leaf of G.pentaphyllum and their correlation were analyzed,and the content of total saponins in tendrils of a five-leaf and a seven-leaf of G.pentaphyllum were detected by different processing measures.The results showed that there was a positive correlation between plant height and underground fresh weight,underground fresh weight and underground dry weight of a five-leaf G.pentaphyllum(P＜0.05),while the number leaves of a seven-leaf G.pentaphyllum was positively correlated with above-ground fresh weight,above-ground fresh weight and above-ground dry weight(P＜0.05),and underground fresh weight and underground dry weight were significantly positively correlated(P＜0.01)at an altitude of 600 m in the open-air cultivation conditions.In addition,un-der the density of 0.4 in taxus forest,the growth and fresh and dry quality of the seven-leaf of G.pentaphyllum were improved,and the to-tal saponin content per plant was obviously increased compared with the open-air cultivation.In conclusion,cultivating G.pentaphyllum under the forest with a density of 0.4 is better than open-air cultivation,and obviously increases the total saponins content.
