Although magnetic nanoparticles have been widely studied, limited research has compared different ferrite types and synthesis routes for use in hyperthermia-based bioactive glass applications. This study aims to synthesize magnetic materials from two types of ferrites: magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) and zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4). These ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized using two distinct methods; the conventional solid-state reaction and the co-precipitation method in order to identify the optimal synthesis route and the most suitable type of magnetic material for hyperthermia treatment. The data demonstrated that MgFe2O4 powder with synthesis by using the solid-state method consistently presented higher value of magnetic properties compared to those synthesized by co-precipitation method under higher calcination temperature. Moreover, ZnFe2O4 powder was found to be unsuitable for use as a precursor in hyperthermia treatment because of its structure typically leads to antiferromagnetic or superparamagnetic behavior. The effect of MgFe2O4 containing in bioactive glass was investigated. The oxide precursors of bioactive glass were mixed with varying amounts of MgFe2O4 and subsequently melted to form glass at 1400 degrees C. The phase formation presented SiO2 was the dominant phase and coexisted with Na2CO3, MgSiO3, Fe3O4, Na2Ca(PO4)2SiO4, Ca2SiO4, and Na4Ca4Si6O18. However, the MgFe2O4 phase was not observed in all of glass-ceramic samples. This may be due to MgFe2O4 decomposed during the high-temperature melting process at 1400 degrees C. Nevertheless, these magnetic bioactive glass ceramic samples exhibited magnetic properties, which were attributed primarily to the presence of Fe3O4.
Black limestones were used as structural and ornamental stones in the facades of the four madrasas at Sultan Hasan mosque. Regrettably, the studied black limestone blocks have significantly suffered from deterioration mechanisms, causing severe damage forms such as discolouration, salt crystallization, cracking, fissuring, flaking, granular disintegration, and microbial growth. Examination and analysis of the studied black limestone were performed using polarizing light microscope, scanning electron microscope equipped with EDS, X-ray diffraction, and fungal investigation. The current research mainly presents an experimental study to evaluate the efficiency of nanocomposites prepared from SRC-220 (fluorinated polyurethane) and TiO2 NPs in the treatment of the studied black limestone. The prepared TiO2 nanocomposites were used for the treatment of experimental black limestone samples. The effect of TiO2 nanoparticle concentration on the properties of the fabricated nanocomposites was comparatively tested. Experimental study was implemented using transmission electron microscope, colourimetric investigation, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, static water contact angle, abrasion resistance, selfcleaning activity, and fungistatic efficiency. The results proved that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles into SRC-220 pure polymer produced multifunctional nanocomposites characterized by high transparency, good consolidation effect, superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, and antifugal efficiency. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles significantly affects the obtained properties of the prepared nanocomposites.
This study focuses on the development of sustainable composite materials for automotivebody panels by utilizing sugarcane bagasse and bamboo fibers reinforced with epoxy resin. Theagricultural by-products were first sun-dried, mechanically processed into fine powder, andchemically treated to improve interfacial bonding before being incorporated into the epoxy matrix.Composite specimens were fabricated through a controlled lay-up process and tested for flexuralstrength and impact resistance in accordance with ASTM standards. Experimental results revealedthat sugarcane bagasse composites exhibited the highest flexural strength of 47 MPa, while bamboocomposites contributed greater ductility and flexibility under load. Notably, a hybrid formulation ofbagasse and bamboo fibers achieved the best balance of properties, recording an impact resistance of187 J/m, which is comparable to commonly used polymers. These findings highlight that naturalfiber-based composites not only offer mechanical performance suitable for exterior automotiveapplications but also provide significant advantages in terms of weight reduction, cost-effectiveness,and environmental sustainability.
A 3D Carbon-Carbon (Cf/C) composite with fabric reinforcement is of interest in applications where flexural loads are dominant, such as in the wings and control surfaces of aircraft and missile systems. Investigating the mechanical properties of these composites is crucial for understanding their performance, especially for designing and analysing composite structures used in extreme conditions. In this research paper, the compression and shear responses of the 3D PF Cf/C composite samples have been determined at room temperature. The samples were machined in the directions of XY, XZ, and ZX, respectively. Then, the Iosipescu shear test and the short beam shear test were employed to evaluate the shear strength and shear modulus of the composite samples, respectively. The material exhibits a strain to failure of around 0.15% in the X direction with a modulus of 54 GPa. In the Z direction, it deforms more, with a strain to failure of approximately 20% and a modulus of 6.2 GPa.
This study investigates the combined stability and sensitivity study of MHD radiative squeezed hybrid nanofluid flow between two parallel circular porous disks. Although numerous studies have examined magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows, thermal radiation effects, squeezed-flow configurations, and nanofluids in porous media, existing literature typically addresses these effects in isolation or in simplified combinations. Most prior works have focused on singlenanoparticle nanofluids, neglecting the enhanced thermo-physical behavior of hybrid nanofluids containing two different nanoparticles. The hybrid nanofluid comprises a base fluid embedded with two distinct nanoparticles, enhancing its thermal and flow properties. Several complex interactions including magnetic fields, thermal radiation, resistance in porous media, and squeezing effects influence the flow and thermal characteristics. A system of nonlinear partial differential equations is constructed and then converted into a dimensionless form through the application of similarity transformations. Subsequently, the dimensionless equations are solved using a power series method, and the resulting solutions are analyzed through the Hermite-Pad & eacute; approximation scheme. A comparison between the current data and a published result has been made with a good agreement. The effect of flow parameters such as porosity parameter, squeeze number, Prandtl number, Eckert number, and radiation parameter on velocity and temperature fields is illustrated graphically. The skin friction coefficient and local heat transfer rate are also evaluated for the relevant physical parameters. The stability of the local heat transfer rate is examined through a bifurcation curve, which indicates that the lower branch represents a stable and physically realizable solution, while the upper branch corresponds to an unstable state. Sensitivity analysis is performed to measure the influence of key dimensionless parameters such as the squeeze number, porosity parameter, and radiation parameter on the local Nusselt number and the result of our model is significant. This work has potential applications in thermal management systems, energy devices, and advanced cooling technologies.
This study investigates the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Azadirachta indica extract and their incorporation onto orthodontic brackets, enhanced with different concentrations of Azadirachta indica extract. AgNPs exhibit strong antimicrobial activity, making them promising agents in biomedical applications. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM. The AgNPs were embedded into orthodontic brackets to assess their antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Characterization results confirmed the successful formation of crystalline, spherical AgNPs with sizes ranging from 30-68 nm. Antimicrobial testing revealed clear zones of inhibition around AgNP-coated brackets, demonstrating enhanced antibacterial efficacy. The study supports the potential of ecofriendly synthesized AgNPs for improved oral health in orthodontic treatments.
The convergence of escalating energy demand and finite fossil fuel reserves has created an urgent, global imperative for sustainable and renewable energy. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have quickly become a leading contender in photovoltaics. Their appeal lies in superior optoelectronic properties, high light absorption capabilities, and cost-effective manufacturing, positioning them as a strong alternative to traditional silicon solar cells. However, significant challenges remain, particularly concerning efficiency, long-term stability, and the reproducibility of device performance. This research addresses these issues by focusing on the crucial role of electron transport materials (ETMs). An Ag/rGO/TiO2 ternary nanocomposite through a simple hydrothermal method, designed to function as a highly effective electron transport layer (ETL) in planar PSCs. When integrated into a PSC and measured under standard AM 1.5G (100 mW/cm2) conditions, the optimized Ag/rGO/TiO2 ETL delivered a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.72% +/- 0.25% (based on an average of N=5 devices). The champion device showed a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 14.98 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.99 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 58.83%. This performance represents a notable improvement over the reference device using pristine TiO2, which achieved a PCE of 6.56% +/- 0.31% (JSC = 13.1 mA/cm2, VOC = 0.95 V, and FF = 52.7%) under identical conditions. This enhancement confirms that the doped materials significantly improve photovoltaic performance by promoting efficient charge transport and suppressing recombination. This work outlines a straightforward and low-cost approach to creating advanced ETMs, which is a vital step toward the commercialization of next-generation perovskite devices.
Synthetic dyes such as methyl orange (MO) are persistent water pollutants that pose serious environmental and health hazards due to their toxicity and resistance to biodegradation. Developing efficient, sustainable, and reusable adsorbents for dye removal remains a major challenge in wastewater treatment. This study presents the design and optimization of chitosan/polyethyleneimine/graphene oxide (CS/PEI/GO) hydrogel nanocomposite beads synthesized through controlled cross-linking with glutaraldehyde (GLA) for enhanced adsorption of MO from aqueous solutions. A Box-Behnken experimental design coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to evaluate the effects of PEI, GO, and GLA concentrations on adsorption capacity. Statistical analysis confirmed the high significance of the cubic model (F = 38.34, p = 0.0001) with a non-significant lack of fit, validating its strong predictive reliability. PEI concentration had the most pronounced effect, providing protonated amine sites for electrostatic interaction with the anionic dye, while GO increased surface area and provided oxygen-containing groups that enhanced hydrogen bonding and it-it interactions. GLA served as a cross-linker to stabilize the hydrogel structure without deactivating active sites. The optimized composition (2.0% PEI, 900 ppm GO, and 2.5% GLA) achieved a predicted adsorption capacity of 23.16 +/- 1.05 mg/g, which closely matched the experimentally obtained value of 23.31 +/- 1.19 mg/g, with only 2.2% deviation. These findings confirm that the CS/PEI/GO hydrogel nanocomposite provides a balanced integration of structural stability, functional site availability, and high adsorption efficiency, demonstrating its potential as a scalable, eco-friendly material for advanced dye removal and sustainable wastewater treatment.
A novel hybrid ternary polymer nanocomposite, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Poly-N-Methyl Pyrrole@Manganese Selenide (RGO/P-NMPy@MnSe), was synthesized through a chemical oxidative in situ polymerization route and evaluated as an efficient electrocatalyst for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in alkaline media. Structural and morphological characterizations using FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FESEM-EDAX, and TEM confirmed the homogeneous incorporation of MnSe nanoparticles within the conductive RGO/P-NMPy framework. Electrochemical analysis via cyclic voltammetry revealed a high electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of 68.7 m2 g-1 and a superior peak current density of 36.25 mu A at pH 9.0. Chronoamperometric studies demonstrated remarkable durability with a sustained steady-state current density (798.31-93.89 mu A) for over 900 s, confirming excellent catalytic stability. The synergistic effects of RGO conductivity, MnSe catalytic activity, and the polymer's structural integrity enhance electron transfer and tolerance toward poisoning intermediates. These findings highlight RGO/P-NMPy@MnSe as a low-cost, durable, and efficient electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) and related electrochemical energy conversion applications.
The present research explores the tunable thermoplasmonic response of spherical core-shell nanostructures through theoretical analysis based on the Mie theory. The study examines the effects of gold (Au) and silver (Ag) shell thickness on mercury (Hg) nanoparticles in a water media (n = 1.33), with systematically varying core sizes between the range 5 nm to 20 nm and shell thicknesses 2 nm to 20 nm for sensing, photonic, and photothermal applications. The optical and thermoplasmonic characteristics are investigated for various core-shell ratio at different localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) wavelengths, covering a spectrum from 250 nm to 850 nm. It is observed that the absorption peak spectra are found between 502 nm-537 nm and 345 nm-456 nm wavelengths with Au and Ag shell on Hg-core. Maximum values of absorption cross-section spectra is revealed at 1.80E-14 m(2) and 1.57E-14 m(2) of wavelengths 536 nm and 380 nm. Also, J(0)max is calculated 22 and 31.5 for Au and Ag shell thickness of 02 nm on 20 nm Hg-core and maximum temperature rise at 5.91 degrees C of 20 nm Au shell thickness as compared to Ag shell under 1*10(4) W/cm(2) laser irradiation. The results indicate that the temperature generated by these core-shell nanoparticles can be modulated by material's nature, core radius, gold/silver shell thickness, and the surrounding medium. Further, the examined core-shell nanoparticles show potential as effective heat sources in various applications, including photothermal cancer therapy, cell optoporation, and sterilization and disinfection of medical equipment.
In this study, detailed investigations of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of two-dimensional silicene quantum dots (SiQDs-2D) were carried out using first-principles calculations within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). The SiQDs-2D structure was constructed from 13 Si atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice and passivated by 9 H atoms to enhance stability. The cohesive energy was calculated to be about -2.986 eV, confirming the dynamical stability of the system. The optimized geometry shows that the Si-Si bond lengths are approximately 2.247 A (nearest neighbor), 3.637 angstrom (next-nearest neighbor), and 4.275 angstrom (opposite sites in a hexagon), with an average bond angle of 108.05 degrees and a buckling height of about 0.8 angstrom. The electronic band structure and density of states (DOS) indicate that SiQDs-2D exhibits semiconducting behavior Molecular Orbital) gap, strongly influenced by edge effects and hydrogen passivation. The charge density distribution shows that the HOMO states are mainly localized at the edges, while the LUMO states are more delocalized across the lattice, reflecting unique electronic transition mechanisms in the system. In terms of optical properties, SiQDs-2D presents strong absorption in the ultraviolet region (peak at similar to 5 eV) with an absorption coefficient of about 10(8) m(-1), accompanied by low reflectivity in the visible region. The real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function reveal the presence of intrinsic plasmon resonances in the range of 5-6 eV, while the JDOS (Joint Density of States) confirms the role of dominant electronic transitions in the UV region. These results not only demonstrate the stability and unique electronic-optical features of SiQDs-2D but also highlight their potential applications in optoelectronic devices, UV sensors, and ultraviolet shielding materials.
The search for the ideal eye implant for anophthalmic sockets continues notwithstanding the availability of orbital implants for years. This study focuses on the development of an innovative anti-bacterial calcium phosphate bioceramic orbital implant. Utilizing locally sourced calcium carbonate and kaolin clay and incorporating nano-zinc oxide, the implant aims to enhance antibacterial properties and promote bone regeneration. The primary objectives include optimizing the material composition, fabricating the bioceramic using conventional techniques, and evaluating the implant's physical and mechanical performance. The optimization involves varying calcination temperatures between 800 degrees C and 1200 degrees C and varying kaolin clay composition between 15% and 20%. The mineral composition was identified and determined using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD). The physical and mechanical properties of the developed orbital were characterized using threedimensional chromatography X-Ray scanner (3D CT-XRay), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and universal testing machine (UTM). In this study, it was found that the optimum calcination temperature yielding the desired biphasic calcium phosphate composition is 800 degrees C. Moreover, the developed orbitals revealed a porous structure with an average pore size of 198 micrometers. The tests for compressive and flexural strength showed promising results surpassing some of the characteristics of commercially available bioceramic orbital implants. Overall, this study sought to offer a cost-effective and efficient solution for orbital implant surgeries, ultimately improving patient outcomes through enhanced material properties and localized production.
Sugarcane represents a significant agricultural commodity extensively cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions globally. Following the industrial processing of sugarcane, a substantial quantity of the byproduct known as sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is generated. Due to the overwhelming production of this biomass, bagasse is often incinerated as a method of solid waste management, leading to environmental problems. To remediate poultry wastewater, agricultural residue was repurposed into a bagasse-based bio-adsorbent enhanced with nano-silica and zeolite clay. FTIR analysis indicated the existence of functional groups such as the O-H stretching, C=C stretching, C-H bending, and C-N stretching. SEM-EDX analysis demonstrated that the synthesized bio-adsorbent exhibits a microporous structure, which is beneficial for filtration applications, and consists of varying concentrations of oxygen, carbon, and silicon. Moreover, the composite achieved up to 100% Cd removal, 100% As removal, 54.76% Pb removal, and 40% Hg removal, while reducing coliform counts by 93.42-99.11%. Dissolved oxygen increased by as much as 60.19%, and total ammoniacal nitrogen decreased by up to 42.05%, demonstrating the material's strong remediation potential. Furthermore, notable enhancements in the physicochemical properties of the poultry wastewater, including temperature and pH, were also documented. This research study elucidates a significant improvement in the treatment of wastewater through the utilization of agricultural by-products sugarcane bagasse, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of nano-silica and zeolite integration in developing sustainable and efficient adsorbent materials for wastewater remediation.
The increasing demand for effective ocular prosthetics has led to the exploration of innovative materials for orbital implants. The study focuses on the preliminary biocompatibility assessment of nanozinc bioceramic orbital implant intended for anophthalmic socket applications. These implants aim to address common complications such as infection and inflammation in patients requiring ocular prostheses. Bioceramic orbital implants were fabricated using conventional techniques using biphasic calcium phosphates and kaolin clay as raw materials. The bioceramic material, engineered for its antibacterial properties, is evaluated for its cytotoxic response. In vitro tests are conducted to determine the cellular response and antibacterial efficacy of the implants. Effect of different loadings of nanozinc oxide onto the bioceramic orbital implant were investigated. Disc diffusion method using test organisms Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) has revealed the resistance of the bioceramic orbital implant against bacterial attack. Moreover, MTT cytotoxicity test has shown fibroblast cell viability indicating good biocompatibility. Ultimately, the bioceramic orbital implant has presented no adverse effects upon exposure to Albino rabbits using dermal and eye irritation tests. The findings from this preliminary research will provide crucial insights into the feasibility and safety of using antibacterial bioceramic materials for orbital implants, potentially improving clinical outcomes for patients with anophthalmic sockets.
Cyclodextrin Covalent-Organic Frameworks (CD-COFs) represent a distinctive class of porous crystalline materials that combines the structural order and tunable porosity of covalent-organic frameworks with the host-guest recognition and chiral selectivity of cyclodextrins. This review presents an analysis of recent progress in CD-COF research with emphasis on applications already demonstrated in the literature. CD-COFs show strong performance as highly selective stationary phases for chromatographic separations, enabling resolution of positional isomers and chiral enantiomers through inclusion complexation within ordered cavities supported by a high-surface-area framework. Framework architecture also enables rapid and selective adsorption of micropollutants, perfluorinated compounds, and other persistent contaminants, pointing to use in sustainable water treatment. Studies further report roles in energy and environmental technologies that include solid-state lithium-ion conduction, carbon capture, functional membranes for antibacterial activity, and enantioselective separation. Knowledge gaps persist in scalable and environmentally friendly synthesis, broader coverage of underexplored application spaces, and the translation of host-guest design rules into predictive structure-property relationships. Continued progress positions CD-COFs as a versatile platform for next-generation functional materials that address challenges in separation science, energy storage, and environmental remediation.
The study examines the effects of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles on blood flow in stenosed arteries. The evaluation part of a mathematical model that consisted of linked partial differential equations. These equations have been resolved using the FTCS scheme, along with suitable boundary conditions. The velocity and concentration, temperature, wall shear stress, and volumetric flow rate are all demonstrated with the help of numerical solutions. These are necessary for understanding the impact of different parameters. The present study contributes to the biomedical field by examining the impact of gold and silver nanoparticles on blood flow, which is measured by concentration, wall shear stress, volumetric flow rate, velocity, and temperature, for various values of dimensionless parameters. This understanding is important for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
The impact of heat treatment on the mechanical characteristics of aluminium metal matrix composite (MMC) was examined in this research work. Here the material chosen for matrix was Al7075-T6, which was aluminium alloy that was tempered with T6 configuration and the Al matrix was reinforced with Silicon nitride (Si3N4) powder. For the evaluation of mechanical properties totally two samples were fabricated, one was Al7075-T6 itself without any addition of any reinforcement and the other sample was composed of Al7075-T6 + 5% of Si3N4. These two samples were fabricated in necessary testing form with the help of stir casting technique. After fabrication and heat treatment of the samples the sample was mechanically tested to evaluate the tensile and impact strength of the samples prepared to find the changes in the mechanical properties due to the reinforcement of Si3N4 and due to the heat treatment process. The samples were subjected to heat treatment process at a temperature of around 500 degrees C for 5 hours, after treating the samples with heat sudden quenching process was done by cooling with distilled water and artificial ageing process was conducted at 150 degrees C for 24 hours. After all this process of fabrication and heat treatment the samples were analysed to find the mechanical properties.
