The following article presents an analysis of the production of the livestock sector in Nicaragua, where the different economic plans and policies that have been implemented in the sector for its economic and productive development are presented. These policies have allowed the sector to establish and consolidate itself as one of the most important, thanks to the investment of government plans to promote the growth and progress of this economic activity Likewise, to prepare the variables to be used in this research, the Denton-Chollette method was used for the conversion and quarterly calculation of the main variables in order to obtain the indicator of the time frequency required to achieve the model's results. In this case, the Cobb Douglas production function was used to determine if the independent variables used in this model, which are labor and capital in the country's livestock sector, affect livestock production in Nicaragua in this particular case. This function allows us to understand the scaled growth of production based on the production factors labor (L) and capital (K). Therefore, the results of the model indicate that these productive factors affect the production of this sector. This shows that both labor and capital are important for the operation and growth of this productive sector, as well as in complement to the policies and plans that have been implemented for the economic advancement of the sector.
This study examines the validity of the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis in the Nicaraguan context over the 2006–2023 period. Using econometric models such as multiple regression, partial adjustment, and ARL models, the study evaluates the relationship between export and import prices, real exchange rates, and the GDP. Unlike previous research focused on Latin America as a whole, this investigation provides country-specific empirical evidence for Nicaragua, a nation heavily reliant on primary exports and marked by a chronic trade balance deficit. The findings offer critical insights for the formulation of trade policies aimed at reducing Nicaragua’s historical disadvantages in international trade and propose new avenues of research for economies with similar productive structures.
The article discusses a method for digitally signing document images without using metadata or additional files. The method is resistant to jpeg compression within certain limits. The object of the digital signature is 8x8 pixel blocks with a discrete cosine transform applied, which make up the jpeg file. A method to achieve resistance to jpeg compression is to quantize (reduce the precision) the values in the blocks so that when the signature is calculated, they remain unchanged up to a certain compression level. The study presents a robust method for digitally signing JPEG images that remains effective despite compression. This method is particularly useful for verifying the authenticity of document images in electronic document management systems without requiring extensive infrastructure or certification processes.
This article presents a correlation and regression analysis of GRP indicators, along with a forecast of the main factors contributing to the inclusive growth index of regions, using the Volga Federal District as an example. The aim of the article is to forecast key development indicators for the Volga Federal District within the framework of the inclusive development concept. The research methods include correlation-regression analysis, statistical analysis, mathematical modeling, graphical analysis, comparative analysis, and a bibliometric review. The author identifies significant factors affecting GRP and the relationships between them. The analysis highlights that per capita income and demographic load are the major factors significantly impacting GRP and inclusive growth. The study also features charts depicting the dynamics of key socio-economic development factors in the Volga Federal District over a five-year period, up to 2028.
The relevance of the study is determined by the need to analyze the experience of tax incentives in selected countries (in this case, the strategic partners of Vietnam) in order to identify its impact on the innovative development of the country. The purpose of the work is to test the hypothesis about the positive impact of the applied tax incentive instruments on the level of innovative development of the economies under consideration. The main methods used in this study include the collection and processing of statistical data, their comparative analysis, the study of the regulatory framework for tax regulation and other documents related to providing tax incentives for the innovative development of economies. As a result of the study, tax incentive measures were identified as the most effective among other government support measures aimed at achieving innovative development in the analyzed countries. The practical significance of the work done lies in the formation of a package of specific recommendations for the Vietnamese economy in the field of tax incentives for the innovative development of the country.
This article authors investigate and study the modeling of the decision-making process under risk conditions. The purpose of this article is to identify the main patterns that determine the features of risk assessment in business as a key element contributing to the economic security of an organization, as well as to conduct a comparative analysis of methods for assessing and managing investment risks. The optimality of the investment portfolio is the highest priority task for decision-makers who want to achieve maximum returns with minimal risks. The article examines various directions of investor fund allocation to achieve maximum profit. An analysis of models and methods that allow investors to take into account the expected returns and risks of various assets when forming a portfolio is conducted. It is concluded that it is impossible to increase income without increasing risk or reduce risk without decreasing profit. The most diversified and best yielding portfolio per unit of risk will be one that contains the most risky assets.
The purpose of the article is to substantiate the importance of using economic and statistical methods to assess the risks associated with regional industrial development. The study focuses on analyzing absolute and relative indicators of volatility, sustainability of growth, and dynamic risks. The research methodology involves a quantitative assessment of industrial production risks, using the North Caucasus Federal District of Russia as a case study. Results indicate significant fluctuations in industrial production across different regions, highlighting areas of high risk and instability. The analysis reveals uneven development patterns and emphasizes the need for systematic risk assessment to support industrial sectors effectively. The conclusion underscores that accurate risk diagnostics are crucial for forming regional development strategies and adjusting government management in response to external volatility, ensuring sustainable economic growth and industrial progress in macroregions.
This article aims to classify and systematize the technologies used in the retail industry, addressing the growing need for a comprehensive framework to understand their integration. The study utilized a literature review and content analysis of academic papers, industry reports, and case studies, focusing on technology classifications based on functionality, impact on stakeholders, and implementation stages. The analysis resulted in a new classification system that categorizes retail technologies according to their application in online versus offline channels, the company's strategic approach, and the stage of the purchasing path. This framework provides a holistic understanding of how different technologies are utilized in retail, offering practical insights for retailers to enhance their technological integration strategies. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of adapting to technological advancements to maintain market leadership in the competitive retail landscape.
The study aims to employ the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) methodology to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of competitiveness and performance differences between publicly listed independent domestic companies (DCs) and multinational enterprises (MNEs). Utilizing data from 2010 to 2022 and encompassing companies worldwide sourced from the Orbis database, this research endeavours to offer insights into the economic performance of DCs and MNEs and consolidate results on a global scale. By creating comparable treatment and control groups of DCs and MNEs based on observable characteristics, and controlling for potential confounding variables such as company size, industry sector, number of employees, countries' economy classification, and geographical location, this approach facilitates a robust examination of the differential key performance indicators between the two groups. The findings outline the distinct characteristics and performance outcomes of DCs compared to MNEs, revealing that MNEs often outperform their local counterparts in productivity and efficiency, especially in industries marked by global competition and advanced technology. However, significant performance gaps exist across countries, influenced by factors such as global market presence, access to capital, and market conditions, with these dynamics varying over time.
The purpose of this article is to investigate if certain environmental factors affect performance, with a focus on asset and equity profitability. The issue being addressed is extensively topical, given the current circumstances surrounding environmental concerns and sustainability. Studies that analyze how environmental factors such as pollutant emissions or natural resource use are essential for understanding the long-term impact of economic activities on the environment and society. This provides , providing valuable information for developing more sustainable and environmentally responsible practices and , but also helps to increase the company's performance and image. A sample of companies from the United Kingdom belonging to the FTSE100 stock index is used across a 10-year period10 years, from 2015 to 2024. The quantitative framework incorporates a variety of variables, including performance, indebtedness, liquidity, resource usage factors, and variables related to emissions. The econometric methodology uses the ordinary least squares method to investigate existing interactions, implementing regression models without effects and models with fixed and random effects. Environmental factors have a significant influence on ROA and ROE, according to estimates from several multiple regression modelsAccording to estimates from several multiple regression models, environmental factors have a significant influence on ROA and ROE. Thus, total CO2 emissions, NOx emissions, and expenditures for environmental protection are statistically significant and negatively impact ROA and ROE, while the total renewable energy has a positive influence.
The study investigates the determinants of public engagement on government social media platforms in Malaysia, employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyse the relationships between key variables. The research examines the influence of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, perceived content, social influence, and facilitating conditions on public engagement, while also exploring the mediating effects of gratification. The relationship model demonstrates strong fit, supported by the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) values nearing 1, indicating a high degree of model fit. This suggests that the model accurately captures the relationships between observed variables and their underlying constructs. Additionally, the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) values fall below the recommended thresholds of 0.08, further affirming the model's adequacy in representing the complexity of the relationships among the variables. While the structural model exhibits slightly lower CFI and TLI values compared to the measurement model, indicating potential room for improvement, the RMSEA and SRMR values remain within an acceptable range. This suggests that while there may be areas for refinement, the structural model adequately represents the relationships between the variables. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers and government agencies seeking to optimize their social media communication strategies and foster greater citizen participation.
By uncovering the nuanced effects of board diversity on key performance metrics, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics shaping modern corporate governance. Thus, this study investigates the impact of cultural and gender diversity in the boards of directors of American companies listed in the S&P 500 index. Focusing on 204 firms from the IT, industrial, and health sectors, the analysis spans from 2000 to 2023. The quantitative framework consists of fixed and random-effects linear and non-linear regression models, covering also interaction terms in order to capture the effects of the COVID-19 global health crisis. The empirical findings reveal several noteworthy insights. Firstly, the presence of a diversity policy on boards positively influences return on equity and return on assets. Secondly, gender diversity on boards is positively associated with firm performance as measured by return on equity and return on assets. On the contrary, cultural diversity exhibits a negative impact on firm performance. Moreover, non-linear models reveal the presence of a turning point at 35.78 for gender diversity. Beyond this point, its impact transitions from positive to negative while retaining statistical significance. Furthermore, models incorporating interaction variables based on the pandemic crisis reveal interesting dynamics. In models without effects, the pandemic crisis negatively influences cultural diversity, suggesting a detrimental impact. Overall, these findings highlight the complex interplay between board diversity, firm performance, and external factors such as the pandemic crisis, offering valuable insights for policymakers and managers aiming to foster inclusive corporate governance and navigate crises effectively.
As exemplified by the constituent entities of the Volga Federal District, Russian Federation, the authors test various methods and assess the resilience the regions to the transformation of foreign economic relations. The proposed toolkit is based on the developed methodological approach providing a dichotomous analysis of resilience within the framework of two key components: vulnerability and the effectiveness of economic recovery. The results of testing the developed approaches allow the construction of a resilience matrix for the constituent entities of the Volga Federal District and determine their development potential in the context of systemic transformations.
The ongoing digitalisation of the economy places great emphasis ongreatly emphasizes the number and quality of ICT professionals. In addition, it is very important for master's degree programmes that the investment in individuals' education is effective, i.e., that they complete their studies successfully and enter the workforce after the standard period of study. The ICT sector has long suffered from a lack of women and the female factor in project teams. Does the gender factor play a role in these realities? Therefore, for the purposes of this article, we have selected the following three research questions from our long-term research, and formulate answers to them in this article: REICE
Goal: The purpose of this paper is to explore the implementation level of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) within manufacturing companies in Morocco. It examines the LSS tools used by these industries and their impact on sustainable performance. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 participants from industrial companies and analyzed using NVivo 10 software. Results: The results indicated that both Lean and Six Sigma approaches are used; however, Lean tools are predominant. The most used LSS tools include 5S, VSM, Ishikawa, standardized work, DMAIC, Kanban, and visual management. Interviewees perceived that effective implementation of LSS tools positively influences sustainable performance, with particular improvements noted in the economic pillar. Limitations of the investigation: The potential for biased responses due to the subjective nature of interviews and the lack of generalizability of findings beyond the specific context of Moroccan manufacturing companieslimitation of the study is the potential for biased responses due to the subjective nature of interviews and the lack of generalizability of findings beyond the specific context of Moroccan manufacturing companies. Practical implications: This study offers practical guidance to manufacturing companies in Morocco, helping them to select appropriate Lean Six Sigma tools, prioritize improvement initiatives, cultivate a culture of continuous improvement, benchmark against industry standards and, ultimately, improve sustainable performance results. Originality / Value: Most studies dedicated to investigating the impact of LSS on sustainability has have been conducted in developed countries. Therefore, the originality of this work is in to trying to exploringe those concepts in a developing country like Morocco. REICE
The structure of the Mexican countryside was substantially modified with the reforms to Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution in the 1990s, intensifying the challenge of rural governance. This article analyzes the governance actions carried out by actors in the Yaqui Valley, which promote forms of organization based on five dimensions: 1) coordination 2) horizontality 3) bonds of trust 4) conflict and 5) environment. For data collection, seven producer organizations were interviewed on farmlands and complemented with field notes and observation. The analysis of the results shows two governance models: the first is characterized by association, working together or in partnership, while the second stands out for the independence of the producer and maintains little association. Both models present advantages and disadvantages; however, the collective form of organization, as opposed to the individual one, shows a better performance. It is concluded that territorial governance could be considered an alternative in the design of public policies that promote economic and social development, based on the recognition of actors, the particularities of the territory and the institutional environment.
This study examines the practical aspects of implementing sustainable development and ESG (environmental, social, and governance) policies in the banking sector, using the example of several BRICS member countries (China, South Africa, Brazil, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia). We consider the key legal acts and regulatory features that govern sustainable development and ESG policy in the banking sector in each country. We also analyze the institutional features and major organizations involved in implementing sustainable development and ESG banking policies in these BRICS countries. Our analysis shows that the banking sector plays a significant role in implementing sustainable development principles in China. Additionally, the UAE and Saudi Arabia place great emphasis on green finance and encourage the financing of environmentally friendly projects. For its part, Brazil has achieved significant progress in fostering sustainable development within the banking sector through the collaboration of key government agencies and stakeholders. Similarly, South Africa has made substantial strides in implementing sustainable development policies within the banking industry over the past five years.
Vietnam belongs to the group of developing countries with the fastest-growing economy in the world, so building institutions and supplementing legal regulations plays a vital role in planning the country's economic and social development strategies. To have a good institution, improving institution quality, and capacity to develop policies and propose feasible solutions is necessary and needs to be prioritized first. This research aims to analyze and clarify the basic solutions to improve development institutions in Vietnam today. In the current condition of Vietnam, the Vietnamese Government continues to prioritize and focus on perfecting institutions, amending and supplementing the legal system, especially newly arising practical issues, adjusting to remove obstacles in mechanisms and policies, creating favorable conditions for socio-economic development, which are urgent in the context of integration. The content of the article also points out and analyzes the role of development institutions in Vietnam today; what are the issues raised for perfecting development institutions in Vietnam today?; and solutions to perfecting development institutions in Vietnam today. Accordingly, the problems posed for perfecting development institutions in Vietnam today are clearly expressed in the following points: Institutions innovation has a broad set, depending on many different conditions and circumstances; Political institutions innovation is still slow compared to economic institution innovation; In the development of society, institutions related to policies of promoting competition will narrow the scope of authority and influence of state management agencies; The synchronization between political, cultural and social development institutions has not kept pace with economic development institutions and integration institutions. The solutions to focus on will be: perfecting democratic practice institutions; continuing to innovate thinking about building development institutions; Strengthening the legal framework for digital economic and creative urban development institutions; Raising awareness and understanding of sustainable development institutions. The limitation of this article is that it has not pointed out and analyzed the factors affecting the improvement of development institutions in Vietnam today.
The issue of energy is considered one of the most significant challenges in the current world, as the world seeks to transition towards using renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels, due to their negative impact on the climate and the environment. Achieving this transition heavily relies on effective legislation that supports investment in renewable energy and reduces harmful emissions. However, these legislations face challenges such as diversity, conflicts, and delays in implementing appropriate environmental policies. These challenges may hinder progress towards sustainable energy use and threaten efforts to conserve the environment and achieve sustainable development. Therefore, understanding the role of legislation in promoting renewable energy is crucial to ensure a balance between economic and environmental needs and to enhance sustainability in the long term.
This paper studies the dynamics and trends in the intricate interplay of factors shaping the environmental landscape within the Balkan region and several European countries in a context of a highly competitive and global economic environment. The aim of this study is to analyse the dynamic relationships among expenditure on green technologies, expansion of green territories, waste management practices, energy efficiency, and activation of tourism. A comparative analysis of the green territories coefficient was conducted for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Central Europe and the Baltics, Georgia, the Republic of North Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, and Ukraine. It was established that the leaders are Bulgaria and Albania, as the coefficient of green territories expansion for these countries, like for the majority analyzed, does not undergo significant growth. However, the difference between the coefficient of green territory expansion and the growth rates of the total emissions of pollutants increases, indicating the implementation of "green technologies" in production by these countries, resulting in a reduction in emissions of various types of pollutants. Through a comprehensive analysis of regional data and case studies, the authors explore the causal relations between terrestrial and marine protected areas, nitrous oxide emissions, methane emissions, total greenhouse gas emissions, CO2 emissions, forest area, GDP per capita. The authors' contribution to scientific knowledge lies in the formulation of the green territory expansion coefficient, defined as the difference between green territories and the incremental growth in emissions. The study produces a definition and discusses benefits such as enhanced understanding of environmental dynamics and trends and potential for fostering sustainable practices. However, drawbacks may include the complexity of integrating various factors and the challenges associated with implementation and coordination across diverse regions. Practical recommendations for policymakers and other stakeholders committed to fostering resilient and sustainable regional ecosystems in the context of global environmental changes and the growth of tourism are proposed.
