Abstract Although many individuals express entrepreneurial intentions, only a minority becomes entrepreneurially active. This study examines how entrepreneurial perceptions are associated with entrepreneurial intentions and early-stage entrepreneurial activity in Danube-region economies using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Adult Population Survey data for 2018–2021. Weighted logistic regression models with country and year fixed effects are estimated on pooled repeated cross-sectional data. Perceived opportunities, perceived capabilities, and entrepreneurial network exposure are positively associated with entrepreneurial intention, whereas fear of failure is negatively associated with it. Among respondents reporting intentions, perceived capabilities remain the strongest positive correlate of current entrepreneurial engagement, whereas perceived opportunities lose statistical significance. Women also show consistently lower odds of both entrepreneurial intention and early-stage activity. The findings suggest that entrepreneurship support may need to combine opportunity awareness with capability-building, gender-responsive support, mentoring, and measures that reduce failure-related barriers.
Abstract According to the conventional wisdom, political actors and candidates are incentivized by electoral competition to compete for voter support through public good provision that is aligned with their preferences. This study aims to examine the validity of this assumption, especially regarding whether presidential elections have a positive impact on environmental quality, a subject with relatively little attention. Using annual time-series data for Indonesia (1970–2024) from the World Bank, Global Footprint Network, KPU, and V-Dem, we estimate the effect of presidential elections on one of the world’s greatest environmental challenges: climate change. Contrary to general theories of electoral competition and political accountability, presidential elections do not significantly shape environmental governance in Indonesia. The study contributes to the literature by identifying issue salience as a key condition shaping electoral accountability and environmental policy outcomes.
Abstract This study investigates the relationship between mindfulness and work engagement,analysed through its three dimensions: vigour, dedication, and absorption, among employees working in a hybrid model. This quantitative study used the CAWI method to collect 186 surveys from full-time Polish hybrid workers in April 2024. The results reveal a U-shaped relationship between mindfulness and work engagement. The same nature of the relationship applies to both the phenomenon of “work engagement” analysed as a whole and its individual dimensions. Initial increases in mindfulness are associated with a decline in work engagement, possibly because greater awareness of competing demands is not yet accompanied by sufficient attentional control. However, at higher levels of mindfulness, the relationship becomes positive and increasingly stronger, leading to an accelerating enhancement in employees’ ability to concentrate, focus, and fully engage in their work. The study highlights the potential of mindfulness as a personal resource supporting work engagement in hybrid work settings.
Abstract The objective of this article is to examine the social partnership model of labour market policy (LMP) and its applicability in Poland. It also analyses whether expenditure on LMP has affected changes in the unemployment rate. The study in the empirical part uses descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The analysis is based on Macroeconomic Data Bank (Poland), Eurostat and OECD data for the period 1998–2024. Similarly to other countries, Poland modified their approach to LMP, as reflected in changes in LMP expenditure as a share of GDP. In Poland, despite the declaration of a social market economy model, the scale of LMP spending indicates a more liberal policy orientation. The article concludes that expenditure on LMP has had a significant impact on the unemployment rate.
Abstract This article examines whether a carbon-tax benchmark calibrated on EU ETS data can complement emissions trading in the Slovak Republic. Using Slovak EU ETS installation-level data on allocated allowances, verified emissions and EUA prices for 2015–2024, it develops an illustrative calibration methodology and compares the resulting tax yield with a modelled above-allocation ETS compliance-cost proxy. The comparison is intentionally limited: it cannot establish fiscal superiority over the EU ETS, because auction revenues, private compliance costs and potential tax revenues are conceptually different. The results show that, when the minimum tax floor is not binding, the tax yield is mechanically linked to the ETS proxy through the calibration coefficient. The estimated revenue difference should therefore be interpreted as a consequence of the benchmark design. The article also discusses distributional implications and CBAM compatibility, emphasising product-level embedded-emissions data and coordination to avoid double charging.
