The study aimed to diagnose the state of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in Cuba and to propose solutions adapted to the national context to enable the energy transition in transportation. The methodology employed consisted of a technical and field analysis that evaluated the composition of the electric vehicle fleet, the distribution and capacity of existing charging points, the state of the national electrical grid, and user behavior patterns. The most notable results revealed a marked technological duality between a minority of imported lithium-ion vehicles and a predominant majority of national micromobility that relies exclusively on slow charging. An extremely limited and geographically concentrated public charging infrastructure was observed, with a ratio of chargers per vehicle well below international standards and an electrical grid characterized by restricted capacity and critical aging. Likewise, a high range anxiety among users was identified, exacerbated by the scarcity and uncertainty in energy access, along with a timing coincidence of charging demand with the national consumption peak. The main conclusions of the work emphasize the existence of interconnected structural barriers that include grid insufficiency, the absence of a robust regulatory framework, institutional fragmentation, and a fundamental misalignment between the available infrastructure supply and the real needs of the vehicle fleet.
This paper analyzes the evolution of findings in audits conducted by the Regional Operations and Social Oversight Unit (UORCS), historically attached to the Ministry of Public Administration (now the Ministry of Anti-Corruption and Good Governance, SABG). The study covers the period 2016-2023 and identifies trends and factors associated with the quality of management of federal funds transferred to states and municipalities. Through a longitudinal analysis of 1,171 audits, descriptive statistics, Pearson and Spearman correlation, and ANOVA were used. The results show a drastic decreasing trend in the average number of findings, falling from 11.04 in 2016 to 0.85 in 2023 (-92.3%). A significant positive correlation (r = 0.55, p < 0.001) was found between the number of audited entities and the findings generated. Significant differences were also detected between fiscal years and types of funds, with infrastructure and upper secondary education programs showing the highest incidence. The findings suggest a possible strengthening of internal controls, although the sharp drop in findings raises questions about changes in auditing criteria that require further discussion.
The launch of new ventures (and their long-term sustainability) is a phenomenon that draws significant attention in Latin America, largely because these initiatives tend to arise in response to economic necessities rather than market opportunities, and because they typically exhibit a very short survival span, save for a few exceptions. Ecuador, in particular, presents an entrepreneurial paradox: while it boasts the highest Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rate in Latin America, it simultaneously suffers from a collapse in the rate of established businesses. Furthermore, it faces an estimated mortality rate of 80% for new ventures before they complete three years of operation. This situation effectively reveals a lack of accessible, comprehensive, and contextually appropriate management tools available to the Latin American micro-entrepreneur. Consequently, the objective of this article is "to substantiate why the *H & eacute;ptada* Strategic Ascent Model constitutes a strategic architecture for the revitalization of existing ventures experiencing diminishing returns, and to outline how to validate this model in practice." To achieve this objective, both theoretical and practical methods were employed; specifically, diagnostic techniques were applied, and the Focus Group method was utilized. This comprehensive approach facilitated a comparative analysis between the proposed model and the most prominent models found in the business management literature, thereby demonstrating the inherent value of the proposal. Additionally, guidelines for the practical validation of the model were established, and the specific requirements for conducting such validation were formulated.
In the current context of international trade, banana-exporting companies face strict requirements regarding control, security, and traceability. The present research aimed to design an improvement plan for the export logistics process of Predios R & uacute;sticos La Rural C.A., through the implementation of a Control and Security Management System based on the BASC V.5 standards. To this end, a mixed methodological approach with a descriptive scope was adopted. Data collection included the design and application of risk matrices through documentary and in situ observation, as well as a structured survey administered to a purposive sample of key informants (n=3), comprising the operational staff directly involved in the banana's chain of custody and transportation. The results showed that, although the company meets several BASC standards regarding cargo integrity, it presents vulnerabilities in the access control of external personnel, prevention of cross-contamination, and a high-risk exposure in critical positions, especially drivers. In response, a strategic action plan tailored to the organization's specific operational characteristics was designed. It is concluded that strict alignment with the BASC V.5 norm strengthens security, mitigates risks, and consolidates the company's position as a reliable and competitive exporter in the international market.
The "Dolphins" baseball team of the Autonomous University of Carmen (UNACAR) in Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, has not been known for achieving good results. This situation has worsened in recent seasons, as evidenced by poor effectiveness in base running and other motor skills required in baseball related to lower body explosive power. This has negatively impacted the university's social recognition of its athletic achievements. To address this problem, this research aimed to evaluate the influence of a weight training program on the lower body explosive power of the aforementioned players and achieve the desired social recognition by using sports training as an essential pedagogical process in the education of university students. Theoretical, empirical, and statistical methods were used to achieve this objective. The results of applying a weight training program showed an increase in lower body explosive power compared to the initial measurements. Statistically significant differences were obtained using the Wilcoxon non-parametric test, showing that 100% of the players improved their lower body explosive strength. These results supported UNACAR's desired position within the university sports arena.
Students who are in the Bachelor's Degree in Nursing face situations such as suffering and facing death of health service users. Logotherapy transmits a message of hope and optimism. The objective of this research was to identify stressors and address Logotherapy techniques to reduce stress in nursing students. Material and methods: The research is descriptive, quantitative and transversal, the population was 111 students between the 1st and seventh semesters of the Bachelor's Degree in Nursing. The KEZKAK test was applied, which identifies the stressor agent, only 41 items taken for this study were used out the 51 that the test has, then logotherapy sessions were held. Results and discussion: In Phase 1, 2 items were identified, one is where seeing the patient die is a stressful factor, it is reflected that 30.63% say they are quite stressend and 15.37 a lot. Secondly, 28.8% are quite afraid of receiving complaints from a patient and 14.4% are very stressed by it. In Phase 2: Intervention with logotherapy, logotherapy sessions were held in the classroom for month, which addressed the meaning of life, the activities that favored the student's performance in their academic career. Conclusion: Logotherapy is a strategy that can be replicated in all universities that train nursing graduates. It is of interest in the classrooms that students have the skills that allow them to reduce stressors through knowledge.
The research objective was to identify musculoskeletal disorders in offshore operational workers of a Mexican oil company, by applying the screening of the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire applied during the second half of 2024. A quantitative, descriptive study with a cross-sectional design, the sampling was simple random probabilistic, with a sample of 58 participants, where an identification card and the application of the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire were used; the study adhered to ethical standards and the data obtained were analyzed in the SPSS statistical package. The mean age of the workers was 30.87 years, 59% were female and 36% were male, with a mean of 28.7 months of seniority, 72.1% with permanent contracts and 24.1% temporary contracts. Regarding the main findings of the instrument, the lumbar area predominated with 59% of cases of pain or discomfort in the last 12 months, followed by the neck with 55.7% and the shoulder with 47.5%; if there has been an impediment to carry out normal activities due to this problem in the last 12 months, the lumbar and shoulder areas stood out with 16.4% individually and in the last 7 days the neck (36.1%), lumbar (29.5%) and shoulder (24.6%) predominated. The results allow an area of opportunity for future lines of research to carry out awareness intervention models and increase knowledge levels through multidisciplinary approaches in order to reduce musculoskeletal injuries in offshore operational workers.
The issue of error in criminal law is one of the most debated areas within the theory of crime, particularly regarding an individual's mistaken understanding of legal norms. This situation raises critical questions about subjective imputation and the conditions under which culpability may be excluded, in accordance with the principle of personal responsibility. Criminal doctrine differentiates between mistake of fact and mistake of law, the latter being especially complex when it affects the offender's awareness of the wrongful nature of their conduct. In such scenarios, courts must determine whether the misunderstanding was inevitable or if it could have been avoided through reasonable diligence. This distinction is fundamental for ensuring proportionate penalties and upholding substantive justice. Interpretations of legal error must aim for a rational criminal response that maintains the foundations of the Rule of Law and safeguards the fundamental rights of the accused.
Guinea pig farming (Cavia porcellus) plays a key role in food security and the rural economy in high Andean communities such as those in the district of Chaca, Ayacucho, Peru. The study aimed to analyze the relationship between comparative advantages expressed in technical knowledge, productive management, and the production and marketing system of guinea pigs. A quantitative approach was applied, with a non-experimental design, descriptive-correlational level, and a census sample of 200 producers. A structured questionnaire, validated by experts and with high reliability (alpha> 0.8), was used. The data were processed using Spearman's Rho coefficient. A very high positive correlation was found between comparative advantages and marketing (r = 0.921; p < 0.001), as well as high positive correlations between technical knowledge (r = 0.733), productive management (r = 0.798), and the production system (r = 0.664) with marketing. All results were statistically significant (p < 0.001). It is concluded that improving technical knowledge, optimizing production systems, and strengthening management are key factors in boosting guinea pig marketing in the region.
This study examines the relationship between mobile phone addiction and cervical disability in university students presenting symptoms of "text neck" syndrome. An observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive methodology was employed, with a sample of 49 Physical Therapy students from a public university in the state of Campeche, Mexico, aged between 18 and 25 years. Two validated instruments were employed: the Neck Disability Index (NDI) to assess cervical disability, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-SV) to measure the level of mobile phone addiction. The results showed a high dependence on mobile devices and a significant prevalence of cervical disability, with a significant positive correlation of 0.812 (p < 0.000) between both variables. These findings highlight that mobile phone addiction not only affects psychological well-being but also constitutes a risk factor for musculoskeletal problems. It is recommended to implement educational programs and preventive strategies in the university setting to mitigate the effects of excessive mobile device use.
This research analyzed the current state of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in a company located in the Milagro canton of Ecuador, in relation to its social, environmental, and economic performance. The aim was to propose strategies to improve the integration of CSR into the organization's operations. A mixed-methods approach with a descriptive and propositional scope was employed, using the case study method. Data collection techniques included semi-structured interviews and perception surveys, complemented by direct observation and document analysis. The population consisted of managers, operational employees, and clients of the company, as well as community members, for a total of 64 people. The results revealed a low level of knowledge about CSR among employees, and although managers were better informed, they did not demonstrate a genuine commitment to its strategic implementation. Furthermore, no formal environmental practices or sustainable actions were identified that would strengthen the company's relationships with stakeholders and impact its social, environmental, and economic performance. Consequently, the organization is perceived as a commercial entity with little connection to the community. It is concluded that, despite having a track record of over 20 years, the company could face reputational and regulatory risks if it does not adopt more responsible practices. Recommended actions include awareness programs, aligning CSR with institutional planning, and creating a CSR committee for leadership that provides a platform for community and stakeholder input.
The objective of this research was to validate interactive digital stories aimed at children aged 5 to 7 using a STEAM approach, by applying the Delphi method. To this end, a Likert-scale rubric (1-5) was designed based on pedagogical, technological, cultural, and STEAM competencies, which was evaluated by a panel of eight experts. The results showed high levels of consensus, with medians between 4 and 5 and low interquartile ranges, confirming the pedagogical and curricular relevance of the resources. Strengthswere identified in the dimensions of science, art, and engineering, which foster curiosity, creativity, and problem-solving. However, cultural relevance and the mathematical dimension emerged as areas for improvement, suggesting the need to enrich content linked to sociocultural diversity and logical-mathematical skills. This study provides a rigorous and flexible validation procedure for digital educational resources, replicable in
The exploitation of mineral resources plays a significant role in the current debate on sustainable development. In countries such as Cuba, nickel extraction and export have been relevant for the national economy. From 1990 onward, this sector underwent a restructuring that included the creation of a joint venture with Sherritt International and the insertion of one plant into global value chains within the mining industry. However, an extractivist model persists, characterized by exports of low-value primary products, high territorial environmental impact, and an enclave logic that limits productive linkages with the domestic market. This article aims to reflect on transition paths for the Cuban nickel industry towards a model that overcomes extractivism. From a critical perspective, it analyzes the theoretical debate on sustainable development and extractivism. It argues that policies to overcome extractivism should prioritize three directions: promoting strategies that encourage foreign direct investment, articulating the territory with these strategies, and generating productive linkages.
At the crossroads between accelerated globalization and the demands of local development, territories face a contemporary paradox: while their well-being increasingly depends on international ties, their capacity to strategically manage these flows is often limited and fragmented. This research addresses precisely this dissonance in the Cuban context, where, despite a regulatory framework that promotes international integration, a gap persists between the transformative potential of internationalization and its effective implementation at the territorial level. It begins with a critical premise: internationalization, far from being an automatic or imposed process, can and should be constructed as an endogenous territorial management strategy, where coordinated local actors transform global ties into levers for their own development. Thus, the objective of this work is to analyze the challenges of internationalizing development at the territorial level in Cuba. To this end, the Expert Method was implemented, and a SWOT matrix was developed and applied in the province of Cienfuegos, as a case study. The gaps and challenges currently facing foreign trade, foreign investment, cooperation, and international relations at this scale were identified, focusing on the case study, which allowed for the verification of each of the research findings.
Social-emotional learning has gained increasing importance in the field of education due to its contribution to the holistic development of adolescents and to the acquisition of the skills necessary to address current academic, personal, and social challenges. The objective of this study was to analyze the trends, collaboration networks, and conceptual evolution of research on social-emotional learning and educational programs aimed at strengthening social-emotional skills in adolescents during the 2022-2025 period, using a bibliometric analysis based on the Scopus database. The methodology consisted of a bibliometric study conducted using a sample of N = 80 scientific articles. The findings revealed a shift toward innovative approaches in recent years. The term "digital" increased in frequency in titles and abstracts (1 mention in 2022 versus 7 in 2025), while concepts such as "experiential," "cultural," and "adaptive" showed a rising frequency between 2023 and 2025. These results suggest a greater incorporation of educational technologies and strategies tailored to specific contexts. It is concluded that the field is evolving from predominantly theoretical perspectives toward methodologies grounded in data analysis, technological innovation, and experiential learning.
This research analyzes the feasibility of implementing specialized judges for protection actions in Ecuador, addressing a critical problem that affects the effectiveness of constitutional mechanisms for the protection of rights. It is based on the premise that the lack of specialization among ordinary judges generates substantial deficiencies in the effective protection of fundamental rights, evidenced through the analysis of court cases and interviews with constitutional law experts. The study adopts a mixed quantitative-qualitative methodology with a crosssectional design, utilizing theoretical (analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, and historical-logical) and empirical (documentary analysis and interviews) methods, focusing on a sample composed of magistrates and lawyers in independent practice. The results reveal insufficient training, procedural overload, and contradictory jurisprudential criteria on the part of ordinary judges, which undermines legal certainty and public confidence in the judicial system. A comparative analysis with successful models from countries such as Spain and Colombia demonstrate that judicial specialization can reduce procedural times, unify criteria, and strengthen the protection of rights. However, institutional, regulatory, and cultural barriers are identified that hinder its implementation in the Ecuadorian context. In conclusion, the creation of judges specialized in protection actions is considered a necessary and viable measure that would significantly contribute to improving the effectiveness of the constitutional justice system, strengthening the protection of rights, and ensuring greater legal security, provided it is accompanied by structural reforms, ongoing training, and an adequate regulatory framework.
A Trade Marketing strategy was designed to strengthen dairy product sales in neighborhood stores in strata two and three of Bucaramanga, addressing the limited or nonexistent implementation of customer-knowledge-based marketing strategies by small merchants. The study was framed within a mixed research approach, combining quantitative methods (consumer survey) and qualitative methods (semi-structured interviews with store owners) to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. The results indicated that dairy consumption is predominantly daily and covers everyday food needs such as breakfast or lunch boxes. The dominant sociodemographic profile includes students and employees, who link their habits to culture, social, and family factors, and assign high importance to quality and brand. It was found that consumers are receptive to information from social media and promotions, while store owners considered that price does not significantly modify purchasing behavior. However, the organization of products in the stores was subject to routines or the intervention of suppliers, not autonomous Trade Marketing strategies. It is concluded that the lack of training prevents store owners from capitalizing on purchasing habits. Therefore, the developed proposal focuses on merchandising actions, promotions, and simplifying the sales process to motivate the purchase decision, promoting an active stance by store owners to increase dairy sales.
This article analyzes the evolution of mathematical methods in the social sciences and their application within scientific publications in these disciplines. It provides an introduction to the development of this mathematization process, presenting its precedents, significance, and the most common statistical and mathematical errors found in the literature. Furthermore, it outlines the most widely used tools and their applications, as well as the challenges associated with Big Data enhanced by artificial intelligence. The paper also addresses the main ethical and methodological challenges of this integration. It concludes that the current use of mathematics in the social sphere requires an interdisciplinary approach that avoids methodological reductionism and prioritizes the critical interpretation of human contexts.
This study examines vaccination coverage at the Type A Health Center in Pedro Carbo, Ecuador, considering persistent gaps in adherence to immunization schedules. The objective was to design a social marketing strategy to increase the percentage of vaccination coverage at this center through communication, awareness-raising, community participation, and service positioning actions. A non-experimental, cross-sectional, quantitative design was adopted, with structured surveys administered to 84 participants, including parents of children under 24 months of age and nursing staff, analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings revealed gaps in knowledge about the function and safety of vaccines, while also showing a high intention to vaccinate. It was concluded that a comprehensive social marketing strategy strengthens trust, increases coverage, and promotes collective well-being.
This article explores the integration of Flipped Learning (FL) and Problem-Based Learning (PBL) as an instructional approach for civil engineering students. The study employed a quantitative, quasi-experimental design involving the deliberate manipulation of independent variables. A total of 227 students were analyzed over the course of one year at three institutions: the University of Ciego de & Aacute;vila (UNICA), a public university in Cuba; the Polytechnic Institute of Gaza (ISPG), a higher education institution in Mozambique; and the Catholic University Sedes Sapientiae (UCSS), a private university in Peru. The main findings indicate that the assessment instrument was reliable, valid, and objective. The normality test revealed significant differences between the traditional teaching model and the integrated learning approach, with a p-value < 0.05. Learning satisfaction was reported by 82.52% of students at UCSS, 78.83% at UNICA, and 53.52% at ISPG. The study concludes that combining these pedagogical models fosters engaging education that enhances students' skills and promotes interdisciplinary, lifelong learning.
