Introduction: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch Systems (EMALS) impose transient mechanical loading and a low-frequency electromagnetic environment that can affect carrier-based aircraft structures and onboard equipment. This review evaluates smart damping materials, hybrid composites, and architected metamaterials for vibration suppression under coupled mechanical, electromagnetic, and thermal constraints. Methods: A structured narrative review covered literature published mainly from January 2019 to 31 August 2026 in the Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Wiley Online Library; Google Scholar and publisher pages were used to cross-check bibliographic details. Studies reporting traceable mechanisms or quantitative material/structural data were included; duplicate, unverifiable, unrelated, or nontechnical records were excluded, while earlier seminal studies were retained for constitutive theory or established methods. Results: Evidence supports material-specific rather than universal solutions. A public EMALS model reported 15 kA at 118 Hz, an average thrust of approximately 1.545 MN, and about 25 μT at 1.5 m above the motor, far below the several-hundredmillitesla range used in high-field MRE characterization. MFCs provide highbandwidth sensing and actuation, while SMA-CFRP hybrids, viscoelastic constrained- layer structures, and TPMS architectures provide complementary energy dissipation, load spreading, and wave attenuation. Discussion: MRE magnetic saturation, severe eddy-current heating, and universal superiority of any single material cannot be assumed; outcomes depend on location, field concentration, conductive geometry, excitation frequency, temperature, and bias fields. Conclusion: Practical EMALS vibration suppression is likely to combine sensing and actuation, passive dissipation, and load-bearing architected structures, supported by coupled electromagnetic-thermal-mechanical qualification using measured aircraftnode environments.
Introduction: Perovskite oxide nanoparticles have attracted significant attention for their promising optical, structural, and photocatalytic properties, particularly in environmental applications such as wastewater treatment. To synthesize La- CaCoCuO3 nanoparticles using the sol-gel method and systematically evaluate their structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties, with a focus on their efficiency in degrading dye pollutants under UV light irradiation. Method: LaCaCoCuO3 nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method. The prepared material was characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Photocatalytic activity was assessed by the degradation of methylene blue under UV-light irradiation. Results: UV-Visible analysis showed strong absorption in the visible region. FTIR spectra confirmed metal-metal and metal-oxygen vibrations. XRD analysis revealed the formation of a nanocrystalline perovskite phase. SEM images revealed spherical particles with porous morphology. The photocatalyst achieved 90% degradation of methylene blue within 150 minutes under visible light and showed good reusability with only slight efficiency loss after four cycles. Discussion: The findings demonstrated that LaCaCoCuO3 nanoparticles synthesized via the sol-gel method possess a stable perovskite structure and favorable morphological features that enhance photocatalytic activity. The strong UV-light response observed in UV-Visible spectroscopy, along with efficient degradation of methylene blue, indicates the materials' potential as an effective photocatalyst for environmental remediation. These results suggest that multi-metal perovskite systems can improve charge transfer and catalytic efficiency compared to conventional materials. The good reusability further supports its practical applicability in wastewater treatment. Overall, this study contributes to the development of sustainable, visible-light-driven photocatalysts for real-world environmental applications. Conclusion: The synthesized LaCaCoCuO3 nanoparticles demonstrated a welldefined crystalline structure, suitable optical properties, and porous morphology, all of which contribute to their enhanced photocatalytic performance. The material exhibited high efficiency in degrading methylene blue under visible light irradiation, along with good stability and reusability over multiple cycles. These results indicate that LaCaCoCuO3 is an effective and sustainable photocatalyst, highlighting its strong potential for practical applications in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.
Introduction: This study systematically evaluates MRF, SMA, CFRP, metallic foams, and FBG to elucidate structure-property-processing relationships and the mechanisms of coupled multi-field impact regulation. Methods: We searched relevant literature across major bibliographic databases and publisher platforms, primarily covering January 2000 to May 2026, while retaining earlier seminal studies and authoritative standards where necessary. The literature was synthesized by material performance, constitutive modeling, multi-physics coupling, impact- control strategies, structural health monitoring, and engineering validation. Results: MRF exhibits yield stress 50-100 kPa, dynamic range 10-30, sedimentation 5-10%/month, and response delay 1-10 ms. SMA shows a superelastic strain of 6-8% (14% via twinning), but thermomechanical coupling under high strain-rate loading reduces fatigue life by >50%. CFRP achieves >50% weight reduction, yet Barely Visible Impact Damage (BVID) induces >50% loss of compressive strength, and hygrothermal- salt environments cause a 50% loss of transverse strength. A magnetic-fluidsolid- thermal four-field coupled model predicts a 15-30% reduction in MRF damping force under extreme thermal conditions, but a unified constitutive model for carrier- based high sink rates (3-7 m/s) and a wide temperature range (-55 to +125 °C) remains lacking. Discussion: Key trade-offs involve tunability versus long-term stability, lightweight design versus damage tolerance, and model fidelity versus computational feasibility. Much of the available evidence remains non-carrier-specific. Conclusion: Future research should prioritize carrier-specific constitutive models, integrated material-structure-control design, full-scale validation, physics-informed intelligent control, marine durability, structural health monitoring, and airworthinessoriented certification.
Introduction: Although third-generation advanced high-strength steels with medium-manganese quenching and partitioning processes have shown promise for use in the automotive industry, many knowledge gaps exist regarding the effect of partitioning temperature on the microstructural evolution of medium-Mn steel. This study systematically investigated the effect of partitioning temperature (330°C and 560°C) on the morphology and distribution of Martensite/retained Austenite (M/A) islands and the volume fraction of retained austenite in medium-Mn QP steel. Methodology: Microstructural characterizations were performed using optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis after austenitization at 950°C, quenching at 100°C, and partitioning at 330°C and 560°C. Results: The amount of retained austenite increased by 53% in relative terms, from 9.8% at 330°C to 15.0% at 560°C, as confirmed by the X-ray diffraction data. At the elevated partitioning temperature QP560, tempered martensite was converted, whereas the retained austenite content increased to 15%, M/A islands decreased, and filmlike retained austenite increased along the martensite plate boundaries. Discussion: Carbon atoms migrate from martensite to austenite as the temperature increases; thus, increased diffusivity enhances carbon migration. The partitioning temperature has a pronounced effect on the microstructural properties, with higher temperatures resulting in a lower brittle M/A phase content and higher stabilized retained austenite content. Conclusion: The partitioning temperature plays a crucial role in tailoring the strength-ductility synergistic behavior of medium-Mn Q&P steels, justifying the ongoing research into the development of third-generation advanced high-strength automotive steels.
Abstract: Natural fiberreinforced composites (FRC) are very popular because they are better for the environment than synthetic FRC, as they can be biodegraded and reused. Natural FRC can't be used as much because their mechanical and interfacial properties aren't good enough. Since 2011, a type of polymer composite that combines natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) with a graphene-based material has become increasingly popular. Graphene and its derivatives can improve the mechanical properties of natural fibers and reduce their environmental impact by altering their surfaces to form natural FRC. A short summary of graphene's properties and the method of its extraction from graphite is provided. Graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphite nanoplatelet (GNP)/exfoliated graphene, and nanographene (NG) are some of the materials made from graphene that are being successfully added to natural fiber composites (NLFs). Some studies examine how these materials improve protection against impacts and heat, and increase strength. An intriguing aspect of this combination is that graphene's amphiphilic nature provides a more effective means to enhance interfacial adhesion between the hydrophobic polymer matrix and hydrophilic NLFs. Two primary approaches to inclusion have been implemented. In the first approach, NLFs and a hybrid filler comprising NG, GNP, GO, and rGO to reinforce polymer composites are discussed. The second method employs GO and rGO coatings on NLFs to enhance molecular bonding, followed by incorporation into a polymeric matrix. Both approaches are helping pave the way for innovations in energy storage, medication delivery, biosensors, wearable electronics, medical implants, and bulletproof armor.
