Genotype x environment interaction and stability were analyzed through Eberhart and Russell model among seventeen accessions/germplasms of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) during three environments/years. For rhizome yield the mean performance over three environments showed that yield ranged from 241.41 q/ha (CIMCH14127) to 579.67 q/ha (CIMCH14229). Six genotypes namely CIMCH14107, CIMCH14171, CIMCH14165, CIMCH14130, CIMCH14208 and CIMCH14229 had significantly higher mean for rhizome yield as compared to the general mean. Among seventeen genotypes, five genotypes had more than 1 regression coefficient, while eight genotypes had less than 1 regression coefficient and four genotypes showed bi=1. For CIMCH14101, CIMCH14144, CIMCH14159, CIMCH14190, CIMCH14152, CIMCH14123 and CIMCH14164 S2di was significant. The stability parameters for rhizome yield revealed that CIMCH14171 and CIMCH14229 were stable for all environments. Three genotypes viz., CIMCH14107, CIMCH14130 and CIMCH14208 genotypes were suitable for unfavorable environments having mean values, bi
This study aims to evaluate the effects of season and spacing on growth patterns and seed yield performance of muskdana by estimating fixable and non-fixable components of genetic variances for diverse traits of economic significance and identification of highly divergent clusters of genotypes to exploit them in hybridization program. Radical scavenging activity of oil from muskdana seeds was also checked. The field experiment was conducted in two seasons , namely January to June (season I) and July to December (season II) with five spacing levels treatment 1, 2, 3, 4, and CIMAP of Abelmoschus moschatus. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that genotypes CIM-AM 22, CIM-AM 40, and CIM-AM 49 of A. moschatus showed greater potential in terms of yield. A. moschatus oil has also effective and powerful reducing power and exhibits significant radical scavenging activity which is comparable with standard antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, BHA, and BHT.
A new pyrrolidinyl-piperazine alkaloid derivative named 2-(7’-methylhexyloxy)furan-5’-yl)-6- (pyrrolidin-7-yl)piperazine (1), along with five known compounds were isolated from methanolic extract of the roots of Oxyanthus speciosus DC. (Rubiaceae). The structure of this new alkaloid was elucidated on the basis of the relevant NMR and MS analyses. Compound (1) possesses potent in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by protein denaturation assay with an IC50 value of 1.930 ± 0.9123 µg/mL. The obtained results indicated that the crude methanolic extract of O. speciosus DC. roots and its isolated pyrrolidinyl-piperazine alkaloid have potentials for further development as an effective and natural anti-inflammatory agents.
Phyllanthus niruri Linn belongs to plant family Euphorbiaceae and is found in tropical and subtropical countries of the world including some regions of Sri Lanka and India. The extract of P. niruri Linn is the most commonly used medicine in Ayurveda system of medicine and has especially been recommended for the treatment of bronchitis, anaemia, skin diseases, asthma, cough, liver, kidney and urinary tract disorders. In the present study, an attempt was done to document the scientific investigations on phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of P. niruri Linn. According to the findings of P. niruri Linn, it shows potent pharmacological actions on hepatitis B virus, liver carcinoma, kidney stones and HIV. The available research suggested that P. niruri Linn has many beneficial health effects. However, human based data are sparse and conducting clinical trials will be necessary to prove more public health implications. These findings may be considered as clues to the development of novel pharmaceutical preparations from P. niruri Linn in future.
The objectives of this research were to investigate the qualitative and quantitative analysis of Ethyl Acetate Root Extract of Ardisia solanacea Roxb. (EREAS) and estimation of its biological activities. Phytochemical screening of EREAS showed the abundance of total phenolics, flavanoids, ortho-dihydric phenols, alkaloids, diterpenes and triterpenes etc. The quantitative analysis of EREAS was also carried out by GC/MS and α-amyrenone (13.3%) was found to be the major component. Antifeeding activity monitored through no choice leaf dip method against Spilosoma oblique. The results revealed dose and time dependent antifeeding activity, where the 100% mortality was observed signifying the intense insecticidal activity. The herbicidal activity of extracts was evaluated against the Raphanus raphanistrum seeds. Accordingly, EREAS showed effective herbicidal activity in terms of inhibition of seed germination, coleoptile length and the radical length. Evaluation of antioxidant activity was performed via DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power and metal chelating of Fe2+ activities. EREAS possessed potential antioxidant property and revealed good anti-inflammatory activity.
Cannabinoids are synthetic, semisynthetic or natural organic molecules that bind to cannabinoid receptors, and they have similar pharmacological properties as produced by the plant, Cannabis sativa L. .Of the 113 naturally occurring cannabinoids identified to date, D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D9-THC or simply, THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the two major cannabinoids, biosynthesized by C. staiva . While D9-THC is the main contributor to the psychoactive property of C. sativa, interestingly, the other major compound, CBD, possesses antipsychoactive property as well as other beneficial medicinal properties, because of which, this compound has been in the lime light for its potential pharmaceutical/medicinal and cosmeceutical applications. However, because of various legislative bottlenecks and restrictions regarding the use, sell and possession of Cannabis and Cannabis products including CBD have made difficult to its breakthrough in the market in many countries, especially in the UK.
About half a century ago, the separation science was blessed with the introduction of a new liquid-liquid separation technique called droplet counter current chromatography (DCCC) that combined principles of counter current distribution and counter current chromatography, and employed a liquid stationary phase held in a cluster of vertical glass columns connected in series. In fact, DCCC is based on the partitioning of solutes between a constant stream of droplets of mobile phase and a column of surrounding stationary phase.
Malaria which is caused by the Plasmodium parasite and transmitted through bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes is an important public health concern in Africa. Insect repellents are commercially available but most of the synthetic repellents have adverse effects to the user as well as the environment. Previous studies have shown that Nigella sativa L. seed extracts have insecticidal and insect repelling activity. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the repellence efficacy of essential oil of Nigella sativa L. seeds on Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil. The repellence activity of the essential oil was dose-dependent and comparable to that of DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide). The repellence of the oil was 98.81 and 100% at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.1 g/mL, respectively. GC-MS analysis showed the major components of the essential oil to be p -cymene (34.67%), α-thujene (11.55%), trans-4-methoxythujane (5.81%), β-pinene (4.66%), methylcyclohexane (3.11%), α-pinene (2.82) and longifolene (2.55%). The repellence activity of N. sativa seed oil against An. gambiae can be attributed to the presence of α-pinene, p -cymene and longifolene. These findings have confirmed that the essential oil of N. sativa seeds contains compounds that repel An. gambiae and therefore can be used to control spread of malaria through prevention of mosquito bites.
Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal (family: Solanaceae) is a rigid undershrub found in Iran, Afghani stan, Pakistan, northern India and Nepal. Its fruits are used to treat asthma, biliousness, flatulent colic, cough, diabetes, dyspepsia, liver complaints, intestinal infections, skin rashes, stomachache, strangury and wounds. The air-dried fruits of W. coagulans were exhaustively extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. The concentrated methanol extract was adsorbed on silica gel to be chromatographed on a silica gel column. The column was eluted with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol suc cessively to isolate ten new phytoconstituents characterized as (3R,4R)-dihydroxyadipic-γ,γ’-dilactone (n-hexa-1(3),4(5)-diolide, 2), (20S,22R)-1-oxo-witha-2,24-dienolide (withacoagulanide A, 3), (20S,22R)- 1-oxo-witha-24-enolide (withacoagulanide B, 4), (20S,22R)-1-oxo-witha-6β-ol-2,24-dienolide (witha coagulanide C, 5), (20S,22R)-1-oxo-witha-3β,5β-diol-24-enolide (withacoagulanide D, 6), (20S,22R)-1- oxo-witha-6β-ol-2,24-dienolide-6β-D-arabinopyranosyl-2′-(2′′-methoxy)-benzoate (withacoagunalide C 6-arabinosyl 2′-O-anisate, 7), (20S,22R)-1-oxo-witha-3β-ol-24-enolide-3β-O-D-galactoyranosyl- (2′→1′′)-β-O-D-galactopyranoside (3-O-digalactosyl withacoagulanide B, 8), 1-oxo-3-seco-witha-21, 27, 28-trioic acid-24-ene-6β-ol-19(8), 18(11)-diolide-6β-O-D-galacuronopyranoside (3-secowithacoag ulanolide 6β-olyl galactourinoside, 10), (20S,22R)-1-oxo-witha-6β-ol-2,24-enolide-6β-O-D-(4′-acetoxy arabinopyranosyl-(2′→1′′)-(3′′,4′′-diacetoxy arabinopyranosyl)-2′′-(2′′′-methoxy)-benzoate (withacoag ulanide C 6β-olyl diarabinosyl 2′′-(O)-anisate, 11) and n-hexanoyl-β-O-D-xylopyranosyl-(2′→1′′)-β-O-D-xylopyranosyl-(2′′→1′′′)-β-O-D-xylopyrano- side (caproyl trixyloside, 12) along with the known rare chemical compounds identified as cetyl palmitate (hexadecyl hexadecanoate, 1) and glyceryl-1,2-di hexadecanoate-3-phosphate (glyceryl-1,2-dipalmityl 3-phosphate, 9). The structures of isolated phyto constituents were established on the basis of analysis of spectral data and chemical means.
Cosmeceuticals are defined as cosmetic products designed to improve and enhance the physical appearance, beauty, health as well as to treat the skin ailments. The main objective of the present review is to document various plants along with their active phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, triterpenes, tannins, etc. responsible for activities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, sunlight protection, skin regeneration, de-pigmentation, anti-dandruff, anti-hair fall, anti-lice, etc. This study also provides an overview of geographical distribution, environmental attributes, extraction and isolation procedure of active phytochemicals responsible for biological activity. This review further tries to assess the regulatory scenario of cosmeceuticals as they are placed under the subclass of cosmetics under Europe and Japan regulations , whereas in US regulations, cosmeceuticals are placed under the subclass of drugs. The application of nanotechnology in formulating cosmeceuticals (nano-cosmeceuticals) has also seen the light of the day. It can be viewed as a “new paradigm” in the cosmetic industry.
Opium poppy(Papaver somniferum L.), a member of family Papaveraceae is an important source of several benzylisoquinoline derived alkaloids known to the human race since the ancient civilizations for their therapeutic and narcotic values. In the present study a total number of 47 accessions/genotypes of Opium poppywere procured from various resources and screened for economic yield, variability, heritability, correlation and path coefficient. Among them G-18 was identified as highest seed yielding 10.45 g/plant, G-3 & G-6 (0.092%, 0.086%) as high morphine containing accessions. Maximum Genotypic Coefficient of Variance (GCV) recorded for papaverine content. The estimate of heritability in the broad sense was recorded higher side for morphine content (99.96%) and papaverine (99.85 %) while lower for days to 50% flowering (4.22%). The genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient amongst codeine and thebaine content were found highly significant and positively associated with morphine content followed by narcotine content. The path coefficient analysis revealed that the highest direct contribution to seed yield was made by capsule straw yield (0.8730) followed by days to maturity (0.3758).
In this paper, chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from the pseudo-stem of Zingiber castaneum Skornick. & Q.B. (Zingiberaceae) Nguyen growing in Vietnam havw been reported. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation using the Clevenger-type apparatus. Chemical components of the essential oil were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were evaluated by the method of microdilution broth susceptibility assay. The main constituents of the oil were bicyclogermacrene (28, 15.8%), cis-β-elemene (18, 9.8%) and germacrene D (26, 9.2%). The pseudo-stem oil of Z. castaneum displayed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 25923), Aspergillus niger (ATCC 9763) and Fusarium oxysporum (ATCC 48112) with MIC values of 12.5 ± 0.57 μg/mL, 50 ± 1.00 μg/mL and 50 ± 0.50 μg/mL, respectively. The results indicate the potential of Z. castaneum essential oil as a source of antimicrobial agent.
The phytochemical study of the methanolic extract of the stem bark of Parkia bicolor A. Chev. (Leguminosae) led to the isolation and characterization of ellagic acid (1), 3,3’-dimethoxyellagic acid (2), 3,3’,4,4’-tetramethoxyellagic acid (3), 3-glucopyranoside-3’-methoxyellagic acid (4), gallic acid (5), methylgallate (6), oleanolic acid (7), erythrodiol (8), β-amyrin (9), β-sitosterol (10), stigmasterol (11) and stigmasterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12). The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic analyses of 1D and 2D NMR and EI- and ESI-MS and comparison with the reported data. Compounds 1-4 are reported here from this species for the first time. The crude methanolic extract and isolated compounds 1-6 were submitted to micro dilution assay against the Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Salmonella typhi clinical strain as well as the Gram positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain. While the methanolic extract showed moderate to significant antibacterial activity against above tests strain with MICs in the range of 64-128 μg/mL, compound 4 displayed the best activity against Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains with an MIC of 33.4 μM against both, compared to gentamycin with 0.1-2.0 μM. Compounds 1-3 and 5, 6 showed moderate to weak antibacterial activity with MICs in the range of 44.6 ± 0.9 to 376.4 ± 1.5 μM. MBCs were above the MICs in the range of 128-512 μg/mL for the methanolic extract resulting in MBCs/MICs in the range of 2 to 8. In antifungal assays, the methanolic extract when tested at 50 mg/mL gave growth inhibition of 34.3, 31.3, 28.3, 33.1, 30.6 and 22.4 % against Aspergillus flavus strain 1, Aspergillus flavus strain 2, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus gandidus, Absidia sp . and Penicillium sp ., respectively. When tested at 2 mg/mL, 4-glucopyranoside-4’-methoxyellagic acid (4) showed a moderate inhibition potency against all the fungal strains with growth inhibition of 24.50 to 40.40% compared to fluconazole with 100% at 2 mg/mL.
Santaloides afzelii (R.Br. ex Planch.) Schellenb (Connaraceae) is used in Africa as an analgesic, aphrodisiac and in the treatment of stomachaches, muscular pains and in medico magic rites. The present study aims to identify the bioactive organic compounds from the bark and seeds of Santaloides afzelii collected in Korhogo in the north of Cote d’Ivoire. Microbiological testing againts Staphylococcus aureus of the hydro ethanolic crude extracts of the bark and seeds showed low activities compared to the activities of oxacillin and cefoxitin. The chemical investigations of these extracts led to the identification of gallic acid, epi-catechin and dimers of procyanidin.
Triclisia subcordata (Oliv) is a useful medicinal plant for the treatments of several diseases in South West, Nigeria. The methanol and dichloromethane extracts from the plant were investigated for the presence of phytochemicals, antioxidants, inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities. The determination of the antioxidant potential of the plant extracts was achieved through evaluation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity (NOS), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and total phenolic content (TPC). The qualitative analysis results of the study indicated the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolics, tannin and saponin in Triclisia subcordata (Oliv) methanol extract (TRME), while only steroids, phenolics and flavonoids were detected in the Triclisia subcordata (Oliv) dichloromethane extract (TRDE). Methanol was seen to possess higher extraction capacity than dichloromethane. The quantitative determination of the extract showed that phenolics (593.7 ± 1.34) mg/100 g and flavonoids (192.6 ± 2.10) mg/100 g were more extractable in TRDE than TRME. The results showed that the plant extracts can be used to scavenge free radicals and hence, possess great antioxidant properties. It was also observed that theplantextracts possess a mild in-vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibiting activities. Thus, Triclisia subcordata (Oliv) may be used in the treatment and management of diabetes.
Menthol rich with low menthofuran peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) genotype MPK-5 and their eight half-sib seed progenies were evaluated for different genetic parameters, namely coefficient of variation, genetic advance, heritability, associations, and path analysis for different economic characters, viz., plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf: stem ratio, herb yield, essential oil content (%), and contents of various essential oil constituents (quality traits) such as sabinene, myrcene, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, menthone, menthofuran, neo-menthol, isomenthone, menthyl acetate, menthol, and pulegone. The phenotypic coefficient of variations (PCV) was found slightly higher than the genotypic coefficient of variations (GCV) for the characters studied, indicating that the apparent variation was not only due to genetic but also influenced by the growing environment for the expression of studied traits. The highest genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) was noted for the character pulegone, followed by menthofuran and 1,8-cineole. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for menthol followed by pulegone demonstrating that these chemical compositions might be under non-additive genetic control. The genotypic correlations were higher than the phenotypic correlations for studied traits. The significant and positive associations of β-pinene with sabinene and 1,8-cineole; α-pinene with β-pinene, sabinene, and 1,8-cineole; menthyl acetate with neo-menthol; and sabinene with 1,8-cineole were noted. A high direct positive effect was also recorded between menthofuran and limonene.
Diabetes mellitus is a critical clinical condition characterized by hyperglycemia in which an accelerated amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma. This work attempts to evaluate the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of Pterocarpus soyauxii at varying concentrations. 1.0 kg of milled leaf sample was first soaked in 5 L of methanol to obtain a percentage yield of 12%. The assay was carried out using standard procedures. The following IC50 values were obtained in the α-amylase inhibition: 0.0395, 0.05995, and 0.0509 mg/mL for hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively compared to the standard drug acarbos (0.00812 mg/mL). A dose-dependent increase in percentage inhibition was obtained for α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.052, 0.059, and 0.065 mg/mL for respective fractions compared to the standard drug used (0.0017 mg/mL). The hexane fraction showed the greatest percentage inhibition for both α-amylase and α-glucosidase, while appreciable inhibition activity was observed in other fractions. The Nigerian Pterocarpus soyauxii has been identified for the first time as a very potent anti-diabetic agent useful in management of postprandial hyperglycemia and related therapeutic interventions.
Davana (Artemisia pallens Bess), belonging to Asteraceae family, is an important aromatic crop of South India. The field experiment was laid out in randomized randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 6 replication during winter season 2018-2019. The 35 days old seedling were transplanting to the main field with spacing of 30 cm × 30 cm in order to investigate the influence of different growth stages on the essential oil content and major chemical composition of davana. The essential oil content found to be varied from vegetative stage (0.12%) to full blooming stage (0.25%). The major component davanone was found to be higher at before anthesis followed by anthesis stage (full blooming stage) and gradually decreased from early initiation of seed set stage to seed maturing stage. However, the amounts of other major constituent of davana oil like (E)-ethyl cinnamate and bicyclo germacrene increased from the vegetative stage to the seed maturing stage. Significant interaction effect observed between chemical content and different stages. Based on the experimental results full blooming stage is ideal for harvesting and it was also confirmed with the normal practice of farmers harvesting the crop.
The chemical constituents, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of the leaf essential oil hydrodisitlled from the Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Rubiaceae) were reported. The chemical constituents of the essential were analyzed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The hot plate and carrageenan-induced models were used to determine the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. The main compounds of the oil were pentadecanal 17 (49.2%), geranial 4 (12.3%), ar-turmerone 14 (8.2%) and 10-epi-γ-eudesmol 10 (6.2%). The essential oil of G. jasminoides at 100 and 400 mg.kg-1 doses significantly (p < 0.001) increased the latency period for the reaction duration in the anti-nociceptive study. The carrageenan-induced edema model reveals the suppression of inflammatory mediators (p < 0.001) within 1st, 2nd and 4th h for 100 mg.kg-1 dose, 1st and 4th h (200 mg.kg-1) and 1st-3rd h (400 mg.kg-1). The results indicate the potential of G. jasminoides essential oil as a source of pain relieving agent.
