Rapid and reliable identification of multivariate geochemical anomalies is critical for delineating prospective mineralized zones and reducing uncertainty in mineral exploration targeting. Extended isolation forest (EIF) is a powerful unsupervised ensemble learning algorithm that efficiently isolates anomalies from high-dimensional geochemical datasets using randomly oriented hyperplane partitions. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of EIF in multivariate geochemical anomaly detection and mineral potential modeling. However, its performance can be significantly affected by stochastic variability arising from random partitioning and random subsampling during isolation tree construction, which may result in unstable anomaly patterns and inconsistent exploration targets in complex geological environments. To mitigate this limitation, we developed a robust unsupervised framework for the identification of multivariate geochemical anomalies associated with gold mineralization in the Southwestern Yilgarn Craton, Australia. The proposed framework integrates robust factor analysis (RFA), a Jaccard-based stability index and EIF to enhance the reliability and reproducibility of anomaly detection. RFA was first applied to compositional soil geochemical data to identify the most significant pathfinder elements associated with gold mineralization, which were subsequently used as input variables for the EIF model. The model was then optimized using a Jaccard-based stability criterion to ensure consistent anomaly detection across repeated independent runs. Model performance was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The obtained AUC value of 0.82 indicates strong predictive capacity, confirming that the generated anomaly map effectively delineates mineralization-related geochemical patterns and provides a reliable proxy for mineral prospectivity mapping. Overall, the proposed framework offers a robust and reproducible unsupervised approach for multivariate geochemical anomaly detection with strong applicability in both greenfield and brownfield mineral exploration settings.
PURPOSE:The survival rate for the majority of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is favorable; however, the rates of recurrence and progression to muscle-invasive bladder cancer are important surrogate endpoints for overall prognosis, as these are major determinants of long-term outcome. The recurrence and progression probability rates depend on several clinical and pathologic factors. Therefore, the ability to predict risk of recurrence and progression and treating the disease appropriately is important. This Guideline provides a risk-stratified clinical framework for the management of NMIBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS:During the 2025 update, a modified version of the Guideline search strategy was used to conduct a systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE and Embase for new evidence published between May 2023 and December 2025. The modified search added keywords for newly added therapeutic agents in accordance with the updated populations, interventions, comparators, and outcomes. The systematic search identified 2933 studies, of which 71 studies met inclusion criteria following title and abstract screening. Full-text review resulted in 38 studies being included in the final evidence base. RESULTS:Updates were made to NMIBC risk stratification and statements on biomarkers, subtype histologies, transurethral resection, intravesical therapy, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin maintenance, enhanced cystoscopy, and future directions. Revisions were made to the methodology and reference sections as appropriate. CONCLUSIONS:The Guideline updates herein seek to improve clinicians' ability to evaluate and treat patients with NMIBC based on currently available evidence. Future studies will be essential to further support or refine these statements to improve patient care.
PURPOSE:Clinical practice guidelines recommend post-vasectomy semen analysis (PVSA) to confirm vasectomy success two to four months after the procedure. However, only 55-71% comply in typical North American practices. We conducted a systematic review to summarise factors and reasons associated with PVSA compliance. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We included all studies assessing the association between socio-demographic, clinical, and facilitating factors and compliance with PVSA. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Two independent reviewers selected, extracted, appraised the quality, and synthesized all peer-reviewed literature that met our inclusion criteria. We assessed the risk of bias using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for cohort, prevalence, and quasi-experimental studies. Given substantial heterogeneity across studies, meta-analyses were not performed, and results were synthesized narratively. RESULTS:Among 4068 references, 25 (N=∼91,084) met our inclusion criteria with studies rated at lower (28%), moderate (32%), and higher (40%) risk of bias. Compliance rates varied from 8%-84%. The median compliance rate was 56% [Interquartile Range: 29%]. There was evidence of an association between compliance with PVSA and the number of children, level of education, distance from home to the andrology lab, number of prescribed PVSA, providing a semen container at the time of vasectomy, and postal submission. Inconsistencies were observed with the following factors: age, ethnicity or race, vasectomy provider, post-vasectomy contact or visit to the clinic, PVSA instruction methods, scheduling PVSA, and home-based versus fresh-lab testing. Marital status showed no association. Reasons for noncompliance included constraints related to specimen collection, transport, and delivery; forgetfulness and negligence, insufficient information, embarrassment, trust in the provider, and concerns about repeat vasectomy. CONCLUSIONS:PVSA compliance is influenced by both logistical, behavioral and knowledge-related barriers. Findings should be interpreted with caution due to overall low quality of studies. Interventions that simplify access and reduce patient burden appear most effective, yet interventions to foster informed decision-making remain under-addressed. High-quality studies, including randomized trials, are needed to evaluate multimodal strategies targeting these barriers to improve compliance and optimize patient-centered care.
Water conservancy and hydropower projects enhance regional climate resilience and watershed water security yet inevitably trigger large-scale involuntary reservoir resettlement. As representative involuntarily displaced populations, reservoir resettlees' social identity directly impacts local social stability and regional sustainable socioeconomic development. Based on a ten-year longitudinal qualitative investigation including in-depth interviews and participant observation in Village Y of Wuxikou Reservoir, Jiangxi Province, this paper divides the entire resettlement process into three stages: relocation, stabilization and development. From the dual perspectives of host community identity and out-groups identity, this study explores the dynamic evolutionary rules of resettlees' social identity. The results indicate that resettlees sequentially develop alienated identity, superficial adaptive identity and segregated identity across different phases. On this basis, the core concept of differential identity is proposed, which features a dual structure of vertical temporal differentiation and horizontal spatial differentiation. This paper expands the applicable scope and explanatory power of the “differential mode of association” and social identity theory in involuntary resettlement contexts. Grounding on the differential identity framework, this paper puts forward targeted integrated governance solutions to break intergroup segregation, facilitate cross-group integration and build resilient resettlement communities consistent with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 11 and 13.
The discrimination of ore deposit types is primarily based on geological, geochemical, and isotopic characteristics. Conventionally, these types are identified using specific element diagrams. However, traditional geochemical methods often fail to determine scheelite deposit types of the complex Xuefengshan Sb-Au-W metallogenic belt in China, where mineralization resulted from the superposition of multiphase geological events. Machine learning (ML) methods, have been increasingly applied to identify deposit genesis by establishing relationships between deposit characteristics and genetic types using extensive datasets. However, inaccurate data labels, the limitations of single models, and poor model interpretability lead to decreased accuracy. This study proposes a ML framework based on interpretable ensemble learning. We collects geochemical element data from typical orogenic and magmatic-hydrothermal scheelite deposits globally. Deep clustering is used to filter data and overcome the subjectivity of original data labels. An ensemble learning model is used to construct a classifier to improve the model's robustness and generalization ability. An interpretable model is introduced to analyze the contribution of individual feature elements, revealing the metallogenic genesis. This method demonstrates high accuracy on the test set. According to this method, the scheelite deposit type of the Xuefengshan metallogenic belt is primarily magmatic-hydrothermal in origin, with orogenic superposition. This helps resolve a long-standing controversy in the region and establishes a repeatable and interpretable new paradigm for ML-based discrimination of ore deposit genetic types.
Though volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits are major global sources of indium (In), the physicochemical mechanisms and key factors controlling its significant enrichment remain poorly understood. To address the issue, this study investigates the Tiemurt VMS Pb-Zn-Cu deposit, utilizing detailed petrography, in-situ LA-ICP-MS analysis, and thermodynamic modeling to reveal the In enrichment mechanisms in VMS deposits. Petrographic observations identified two distinct generations of sphalerite corresponding to different mineralization stages. The early-stage sphalerite (Sp1) is euhedral-subhedral, associated with pyrite, and displays darker colors (red to brown), whereas the late-stage sphalerite (Sp2) is anhedral, intimately intergrown with chalcopyrite, and shows lighter colors (mainly yellow). The trace element results demonstrate that Sp1 has a significantly higher In content (average 317 ppm) than Sp2 (average 220 ppm). Additionally, In concentrations positively correlate with Fe contents. Because Fe is the primary chromophore that darkens sphalerite, this strong coupled enrichment mechanism allows macroscopic sphalerite color (red > brown > yellow) to serve as a reliable indicator for In concentration. Crystallization temperatures calculated using the GGIMFis thermometer range from 344 to 382 °C for Sp1 and 312 to 355 °C for Sp2, indicating a cooling trend during fluid evolution. Thermodynamic modeling data showed that in the early-stage hydrothermal fluids (≥360 °C), Zn2+ preferentially complexes with Cl−, leaving InCl2+ or In3+ as unstable species, and In efficiently precipitates into Sp1 under the environment of log fO2 = −32 to −26 and pH = 6–8. As the fluids cool at ~340 °C, weakened Zn2+ competition allows In3+ to form stable InCl3, and In precipitates into Sp2 under the conditions of log fO2 = −42 to −32 and pH = 5.5–11. We therefore conclude that the key factor controlling the difference in In content between Sp1 and Sp2 is the precipitation mechanism rather than migration capacity. This may be different from the In enrichment mechanism associated with magmatic hydrothermal systems, where In is mainly present as InCl3 complexes with strong migration capacity. These new findings enable us to understand how the physicochemical conditions of fluids control the enrichment of In in VMS deposits, and also highlight that the color of sphalerite can be used to target potential In resources in PbZn deposits.
OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to systematically review evidence on associations of postdiagnostic consumption of red meat, poultry, and eggs with prostate cancer outcomes among men diagnosed with prostate cancer. METHODS:We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase through July 17, 2025, with no date restrictions. Eligible studies included prospective cohorts examining postdiagnostic consumption of red meat, poultry, and eggs in relation to prostate cancer progression (eg, biochemical recurrence, initiation of secondary treatment, metastases, and prostate cancer-specific mortality) and/or all-cause mortality (ACM) in men with prostate cancer. Two reviewers independently screened articles, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. RESULTS:Six cohort studies including > 10,000 men with prostate cancer met inclusion criteria. Across 5 studies, total red meat consumption was not associated with progression outcomes, while 1 of 2 studies evaluating ACM reported a positive relationship. However, 2 studies indicated that replacement of red meat with poultry or fish was associated with lower risk of progression or ACM. One study reported a positive association between processed red meat intake and both prostate cancer-specific mortality and ACM, although 4 other studies reported no significant association. Total poultry intake was not significantly associated with progression. By contrast, poultry with skin was linked to higher risk in 2 studies (1 significant), whereas poultry without skin was not associated with progression. Poultry intake was associated with lower ACM risk in the only study evaluating this relationship. Evidence for egg consumption was inconsistent; a positive association with progression was observed in 1 study with especially high intake in the highest category (∼5.5 servings/week), whereas no associations were found in 4 studies where intakes were lower in the highest categories (≥ 2.5-3 servings/week). One out of 2 studies demonstrated a positive relationship with ACM. CONCLUSIONS:Evidence linking postdiagnostic intake of red meat, poultry, and eggs with prostate cancer progression remain limited and inconsistent, although stronger statistical evidence was observed for ACM. Prostate cancer progression risk may be specific to preparation methods (eg, poultry with skin) and higher egg intake (> 3-5 servings/week), while replacing red meat with skinless poultry or fish may offer clinical benefit. Additional well-designed prospective studies are needed.
The Qukulekedong Au–Sb deposit, located in the western East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, contains resources of 21.5 t Au and 73 kt Sb and has been interpreted as an intrusion-related Au–Sb system. However, the timing and exploration significance of deep, proximal skarn mineralization remain poorly constrained. Here, we present new petrographic, mineralogical, mineral geochemical, and UPb geochronological data for the intrusive rocks and newly identified deep skarn. Zircon UPb dating yielded crystallization ages of 211.5 ± 1.9 Ma for the diorite porphyry and 211.7 ± 1.1 Ma for the gabbro diorite, indicating broadly coeval Late Triassic magmatism. Garnet UPb dating of the deep skarn yielded ages of 208.4 ± 5.8 Ma and 208.2 ± 4.8 Ma, directly constraining a Late Triassic skarn mineralization event. The deep skarn is characterized by grossular-rich garnet, diopside, actinolite, vesuvianite, epidote, chlorite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, and pyrrhotite, and was subsequently overprinted by quartz–sulfide and quartz–stibnite–carbonate veins. Zircon and amphibole mineral chemistry indicate that the Late Triassic intrusions crystallized from relatively hot, hydrous magmas under near-FMQ to slightly reduced conditions. Trace-element variations in garnet record progressive fluid evolution from Grt-a, characterized by high HFSE, HREE, V, and Cr contents and high Th/U ratios, to Grt-b, characterized by lower REE and HFSE contents and a closer association with hydrous alteration minerals. These results indicate that the deep skarn represents a proximal, high-temperature component of the Qukulekedong intrusion-related Au–Sb system, thereby expanding exploration targets from shallow Au–Sb veins to deep contacts between intrusions and carbonate-bearing strata, fault-intersection zones, and skarn zones containing Grt-a-type garnet.
Reservoir resettlement is a complex, and long-term recovery process. It involves more than physical relocation, extend to livelihood reconstruction, improvement of living conditions, and psychological recovery. To design post-resettlement policies, it is crucial to understand how these areas interact. This study develops an integrated system dynamics and agent-based simulation (SD-ABS) framework to examine the multidimensional recovery trajectories of resettlers affected by the Yangtze-to-Huaihe Water Diversion Project in China. The framework captures the co-evolution of production recovery, living recovery, and psychological recovery, as well as the feedback mechanisms linking individual behaviors and system-level changes. The model is parameterized and validated using from official monitoring reports, statistical yearbooks, and household surveys. Results show production recovery strongly depends on employment opportunities, skills training, and policy timing. Growth type policies yield better long-term employment outcomes than decrease type approaches. Living recovery can be accelerated by increased investment, however the effectiveness of investment depends on its alignment with resettlers' actual needs. Psychological recovery lag behind other trends and is strongly shaped by kinship and rebuilding social network. These findings show that post-resettlement recovery is dynamic and shaped by nonlinear economic, living, and psychological factors. The proposed SD-ABS framework provides a novel way to analyze long-term recovery. The study offers practical policy insights for employment support, targeted investments, and community integration. The findings help improve resettlement management for large-scale water infrastructure projects.
