Chronic periodontitis (CP) is an inflammatory-destructive disease, and Th17 cells play a vital role in driving and regulating CP. This study aimed to confirm the influence of miR-3917/HLA-DRB1 in the differentiation of CD4+ T cells to Th17 cells. The differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in CP were screened from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and then the target gene of miR-3917 was confirmed by using the RT-qPCR and Dual-Luciferase assay. clinical data of patients with CP and healthy individuals were collected, and intergroup comparisons were performed using ROC and logistic regression analysis. A CD4+T cell differentiation model was established to explore the role of the miR-3917/HLA-DRB1 axis in regulating CD4+T cell differentiation into Th17 cells. STAT3 and RORγt levels were detected by RT-qPCR and WB. Production of IL-17 and IL-21 was determined by ELISA kits. MiR-3917 upregulation and HLA-DRB1 downregulation were detected in patients with CP. Overexpression of miR-3917 promoted the differentiation of CD4+T cells toward Th17 cells, boosted the secretion of IL-17 and IL-21, and elevated the levels of STAT3 and RORγt, whereas inhibition of miR-3917 exerted the opposite effects. Rescue experiment confirmed that miR-3917 increased Th17 cell differentiation by directly targeting and regulating HLA-DRB1. MiR-3917 downregulated HLA-DRB1, thereby promoting Th17 cell differentiation and ultimately aggravating inflammation. These findings suggested that miR-3917 may be involved in CP pathogenesis and might serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker for CP.
This randomized clinical trial compared the clinical and radiographic outcomes and post-operative pain of a bioceramic-containing sealer (AH Plus Bioceramic) versus an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus) in primary and secondary root canal treatments over 12-month follow-up. A total of 99 permanent teeth from ASA I or II patients were enrolled and randomly allocated to two groups: group A (AH Plus Bioceramic) and group B (AH Plus). Six patients (8 teeth) were excluded from the analysis due to missed follow-up appointments, leaving 91 teeth (group A: n = 47; group B: n = 44) for evaluation. Standardized endodontic procedures and disinfection protocols were followed. All root canals were obturated using Thermafil Plus in combination with the assigned sealer. Radiographic evaluations were performed at baseline, 1-, 3-, 6- and 12-month follow-ups and periapical index was recorded. The presence or resorption of apical sealer extrusions was also recorded. Postoperative pain was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale before treatment, at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, one week and one month. At the 12-month follow-up, both sealers demonstrated a high success rate. In group A 87.2
The aim of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) combined with guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and bone grafting for site-specific reconstruction of alveolar bone defects in patients with chronic periodontitis and vitamin D deficiency. A total of 34 periodontal surgical sites in patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and baseline vitamin D deficiency defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25-[OH]D₃) levels < 20 µg/L were included. Sites were randomly assigned to either a study or control group using a random number table. All patients received basic periodontal therapy and standardized vitamin D supplementation. Upon correction of serum 25-[OH]D₃ levels to ≥ 30 µg/L, sites in the study group (n = 17) underwent GTR using sticky bone prepared from i-PRF combined with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (Bio‑Oss®, hereinafter referred to as Bio‑Oss bone powder). Sites in the control group (n = 17) received conventional GTR with bone grafting using physiological saline mixed with Bio-Oss bone powder. Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding index (BI), and intrabony defect depth (IBD) were assessed at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. Statistically significant improvements in PD, CAL, BI, and IBD were observed within each group between baseline and 6 months postoperatively (p < 0.05). At the 6-month follow-up, no statistically significant differences were found between groups for any of the assessed parameters (p > 0.05). However, numerical improvements in PD, CAL, and IBD were greater in the study group than in the control group, although these differences did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). The use of i-PRF in combination with GTR and bone grafting in patients with chronic periodontitis and baseline vitamin D deficiency resulted in clinically favorable and stable outcomes, comparable to those achieved with conventional GTR and bone grafting. Both treatments demonstrated comparable short-term efficacy at 6 months postoperatively, and both effectively promoted periodontal tissue repair and regeneration. Although the observation group showed a numerical trend toward greater improvements in PD, CAL, and IBD, suggesting a potential to partially compensate for the impaired osteogenic capacity induced by vitamin D deficiency, the between-group differences did not reach statistical significance. Therefore, its clinical advantages require further validation in larger-sample studies. Accordingly, the routine use of i-PRF for additional clinical benefit is not recommended in patients with vitamin D deficiency; instead, vitamin D deficiency should be prioritized for correction before considering whether to combine i-PRF or other adjunctive regenerative measures.
This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy, consistency, and temporal stability of six large language models (LLMs), when answering structured questions on external cervical resorption (ECR) across seven consecutive days, while assessing domain-specific error patterns. Four Base configurations (ChatGPT-5, Gemini, Claude, and Mistral) and two document-grounded (RAG) configurations (NotebookLM and Perplexity Pro) were evaluated using 46 validated dichotomous questions on ECR. Each model was queried using three independent user accounts over seven consecutive days. Accuracy was defined as agreement with predefined gold standard answers. Inter-account consistency and temporal stability were evaluated across accounts and days. Domain-specific error patterns were analyzed. Generalized estimating equation models were used to evaluate differences in response accuracy across LLM configurations, clinical domains, user accounts, and evaluation days. Overall accuracy was high (90.8
This study evaluated whether the stage of contamination (before vs. after adhesive polymerization) and the application strategy of a universal adhesive (GLUMA Bond Universal, Kulzer, Hanau, Germany) used in total-etch (TE) or self-etch (SE) mode affect the durability of repair shear bond strength (RSBS) in aged composite after immediate storage (24 h) and artificial aging (10.000 thermocycles). One hundred twenty composite specimens were thermocycled (5.000 cycles) and assigned to 12 groups based on contamination stage (control, pre-adhesive, post-adhesive), adhesive strategy (TE or SE), and aging period (24 h or 10.000 cycles). A fresh blood/saliva mixture was applied for 1 min and rinsed. In post-adhesive groups, re-bonding was performed, with additional re-etching in the TE subgroup. RSBS was measured at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed by three-way robust ANOVA based on 20
To evaluate whether off-the-shelf general-purpose multimodal foundation models can achieve clinically meaningful diagnostic performance in detecting secondary caries on interproximal radiographs without domain-specific training, using GPT-5o (OpenAI) and Gemini 2.5 Flash (Google Inc.) as representative publicly accessible models. A comparative exploratory study used 50 interproximal radiographs of posterior teeth obtained from a dental imaging center, yielding 208 teeth. Each tooth was evaluated twice by each model in independent sessions, totaling 416 observations per model. A specialist in restorative dentistry established the reference standard. Models were assessed in a zero-shot setting using a standardized prompt. Diagnostic performance was evaluated at the tooth level using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, F1-score, and Cohen’s kappa, with 95
This study was designed as two complementary and exploratory components: (i) to evaluate transcriptional stress responses associated with different 3D fibroblast spheroid formation strategies and thermal challenge, and (ii) to independently assess the functional effects of stem-cell-derived conditioned media on fibroblast regenerative behavior. Oral fibroblasts are crucial for wound healing but face mechanical and thermal stress during dental procedures. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) mediate stress adaptation, but their response may be influenced by the 3D culture method used for in vitro modelling. Separately, stem-cell secretome, delivered via conditioned media (CM), shows promise for enhancing fibroblasts’ regenerative capacity. This study aimed: (i)to investigate the effects of 3D spheroid formation methods and thermal stress on HSP70/90 expression in oral fibroblasts; and (ii)to independently assess the dose-dependent influence of dental pulp (DPSC) and Wharton’s jelly (WJSC) stem cell CM on fibroblast proliferation and wound healing in a 2D monolayer system. For the first objective, oral fibroblasts were cultured as 3D spheroids via manual clumping or self-assembly and subjected to thermal stress, with HSP70/90 expression quantified by RT-qPCR. For the second objective, fibroblast monolayers were treated with graded concentrations (10–80
This study evaluated chemical and mechanical changes in root dentin after exposure to Triton, a new all-in-one continuous chelation solution, compared with conventional sequential irrigation, using Raman spectroscopy and Vickers microhardness testing. Forty human canine roots were decoronated, sectioned longitudinally, and divided into four groups (n = 10): 2.5
This study evaluated the effects of boron-doped nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) formulations, with and without sintering, on enamel surface hardness and Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation under in vitro conditions. Ninety-eight sound human premolars were randomly allocated into seven groups (n = 14): pre-sintered nHA, sintered nHA, 2
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between midpalatal suture maturation and maxillary and mandibular first and second molar development in growing patients and to determine whether any observed association persisted after accounting for chronological age and sex. Cone-beam computed tomography records of 90 growing patients were retrospectively evaluated. Midpalatal suture maturation was classified using the Angelieri method, and molar development was assessed according to the Nolla classification. Associations were evaluated using Spearman rank correlation analysis in the total sample and separately by sex. Ordinal logistic regression was used as the main regression analysis, and binary logistic regression was additionally performed after grouping the stages as non-advanced and advanced maturation. First molars showed almost complete root development from Angelieri Stage B onward, whereas second molars demonstrated a more gradual increase across advancing sutural maturation stages. Mean Nolla values for second molars increased from approximately 6.4–8.0 in Stages A–B to 9.0 or above in Stages D–E. Significant positive correlations were found between midpalatal suture maturation and all evaluated molars, with the strongest correlation observed for the mandibular second molar, followed by the maxillary second molar. In regression analyses, molar development was associated with sutural maturation in unadjusted models; however, after adjustment for chronological age and sex, none of the molar-related associations remained statistically significant following correction for multiple comparisons. Chronological age remained the dominant factor associated with MPS maturation. Molar development, particularly second molar maturation, may reflect the overall maturational trajectory but showed limited independent predictive value and should not be used alone to estimate the morphological status of the midpalatal suture.
Current research aimed to evaluate the effects of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) on serum glucose levels and periodontal ligament (PDL) architecture in hyperglycemic diabetic rat models, with particular focus on PDL collagen integrity and alveolar bone status. A total of forty-eight male Dawley rats (150–200 g, 3–6 months) were randomly allocated into three equal groups (n = 16): control, diseased diabetic (DM), and mangosteen (MG) treated diabetic (DM-MG) groups. Diabetes was induced in both DM and DM-MG groups employing streptozotocin (STZ), with only DM-MG group undergoing MG treatment. Serum glucose and body weight recorded weekly for 35 days. All euthanized rats were subjected for histological assessment utilizing hematoxylin and eosin stain, and morphometric evaluation of collagen integrity using Masson’s trichrome stain. RUNX-2, a transcription factor associated with osteogenic differentiation was assessed by immunohistochemistry and ELISA to evaluate osteogenic activity and alveolar bone status. Control group reported consistent weight gain, but DM group experienced considerable weight loss and increased serum glucose levels. DM-MG group showed substantial improvements in both metrics. Histologically, DM group revealed signs of PDL structural disruption, whilst DM-MG group displayed partial improvement in PDL organization and attenuation of diabetes-induced structural alterations. Collagen density and RUNX-2 activity were considerably higher in DM-MG group versus DM group. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences among the studied groups, DM-MG group showed significantly higher collagen area
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the abutment manufacturing method (CAD/CAM milling or 3D-printing) and the presence of a screw access hole on the fatigue behavior of adhesively cemented zirconia restorations. Zirconia (3YSZ) discs, representing prosthetic abutments (Ø= 10 mm, 3 mm in thickness) were fabricated by simulated CAD/CAM milling (M) or lithography-based 3D-printing (3D), either with a screw access hole (Ø=2.5 mm, filled with resin composite) or without (Rigid) and allocated into four groups: M-Screw, M-Rigid, 3D-Screw and 3D-Rigid. Restorative zirconia discs (4YSZ; Ø=10 mm, 1 mm thickness) were adhesively cemented to the abutments using a dual-cure resin cemented. Cyclic fatigue test was performed (n = 15). Data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier, Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) and Two-way ANOVA supplemented by fractography and finite element analysis. No significant effect of the manufacturing method was observed on fatigue behavior (p ≥ 0.05). Rigid groups exhibited no failures during testing. Conversely, the presence of a screw access hole significantly reduced fatigue behavior (p < 0.05), with similar mean fatigue failure loads for 3D-Screw (2,286 N) and M-Screw (2,273 N) groups. The manufacturing method of the zirconia abutments (3D-printing or milling) did not influence the fatigue behavior of the restorations. However, the presence of a screw access hole in the abutments significantly reduced the fatigue behavior of the specimen.
This study evaluated the effects of glass infiltration and hydrothermal aging on the microstructural and optical properties of minimally processed recycled 3Y-TZP. Unprocessed 3Y-TZP remnants were milled into powder, compacted into discs, and sintered. Specimens were divided into six groups according to glass infiltration and hydrothermal aging (immediate, 50 h, and 100 h at 134 °C/2.2 bar). Particle size was measured by laser diffraction. Density and optical properties (contrast ratio and translucency) were longitudinally evaluated on the same specimens using Archimedes’ principle and reflectance measurements (n = 10), whereas crystalline phases (Raman spectroscopy, n = 3), surface and cross-sectional morphology (n = 3), and elemental composition (n = 3) were analyzed on independent specimens allocated to each experimental condition. Color stability and translucency variation were compared with perceptibility (PT = 0.81; TPT = 0.62) and acceptability (AT = 1.77; TAT = 2.62) thresholds (n = 10). Density data were analyzed using one-way repeated-measures ANOVA, while optical properties were analyzed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Mean particle size of recycled powder was 1.61 μm. Relative densities for immediate, 50 h, and 100 h groups were 99.68
The periodontal ligament (PDL) contains heterogeneous mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells that contribute to periodontal homeostasis and regeneration. However, the developmental origin and behavior of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)-positive cells remain poorly understood. This study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of αSMA-positive cells during tooth development and their response to altered mechanical loading following extraction of the opposing mandibular molars in mice. Before tooth eruption, αSMA-positive cells were widely distributed throughout the dental follicles but became progressively restricted to the apical PDL during root formation and eruption. In contrast, c-kit immunoreactivity gradually disappeared from the apical PDL, whereas Gli1/tdTomato-positive cells partially co-localized with αSMA-positive cells. Following extraction of the opposing molars, the αSMA-positive area and the number of PCNA-positive cells transiently increased, while endomucin-positive blood vessels became dilated in the apical PDL. These findings demonstrate that αSMA-positive cells undergo dynamic developmental redistribution and rapidly respond to altered mechanical loading. Furthermore, the partial co-localization of αSMA and Gli1 suggests that at least a subset of αSMA-positive cells may represent a resident mechanosensitive mesenchymal progenitor population involved in periodontal homeostasis and remodeling, providing new insight into the biological basis of periodontal remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal regeneration.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly emerged as a transformative tool in digital smile design, offering automated and data-driven esthetic solutions. However, the comparative perception of AI-generated smiles and those designed by dental professionals remains unclear. To compare the esthetic perception, preference, and acceptance of smiles designed by artificial intelligence and dental professionals using standard esthetic principles among laypeople and dental professionals. A prospective, cross-sectional visual preference study was conducted involving 180 participants, including dental professionals and laypersons. Two patients (one male and one female) were selected, and for each, two smile designs were created: one using AI and the other by a dentist following standard esthetic guidelines. Participants evaluated both designs using a 5-point Likert scale based on extraoral and intraoral parameters. Preference and identification of designs were assessed using comparative questions. Statistical analysis included Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann–Whitney U test, exact binomial test, and chi-square test, with p< 0.05 considered significant. Dentist-designed smiles received significantly higher esthetic scores than AI-generated designs (Patient 1: 3.89± 1.03 vs 2.93 ± 1.04; Patient 2: 3.95 ± 1.15 vs 3.04 ± 1.05; p < 0.001). A majority of participants preferred dentist-designed smiles as more natural (76.1
Palatine nerve blocks used in connective tissue graft surgery for the treatment of gingival recession are widely used, however, many patients report pain with the procedure. Accordingly, this study evaluated the efficacy and safety of using oral-dispersible film containing lidocaine (Lidofilm®) as a pre-anaesthetic in patients with a recommendation for anaesthesia of the palatine nerves in connective tissue graft surgery. It was a randomized, controlled and blind clinical trial comprising one hundred (n = 100) participants, divided into four experimental groups (n = 25/group): Group 1) using no pre-anaesthetic (naïve); Group 2) pre-anaesthetic treatment with oral film containing no lidocaine (placebo); Group 3) pre-anaesthetic treatment with conventional anaesthetic gel; and Group 4) pre-anaesthetic treatment with oral film containing lidocaine. The sociodemographic profile of the participants was described, and the efficacy and comparative tolerability of the experimental pain-relief treatments was evaluated using a visual analogue scale. A descriptive statistical analysis and test of comparison between the groups was conducted, assuming a level of significance of p ≤ 0.05. The sociodemographic characterization of the participants (age, sex, weight, height, body mass index, and schooling) illustrated that it was a balanced sample representative of the clinical profile commonly observed with this type of procedure. Significant differences were found between the treatments in terms of pain scores. Those participants who received treatment with Lidofilm® reported significantly lower levels of pain than in the other groups. There was no difference between the naïve, placebo and conventional anaesthetic gel groups. From a clinical perspective, the reduction in pain observed with the use of Lidofilm® was deemed to be relevant. Lidofilm® was shown to be safe, effective and did not pose any complications during or after treatment and was therefore considered a promising product.
Forensic odontology has evolved significantly with the advent of digital technologies. Intraoral scanners (IOS) and 3D printing offer promising, non-invasive tools for documentation, analysis, and identification in forensic scenarios. This systematic review aims to evaluate the current applications, accuracy, and limitations of intraoral scanners and 3D printing in forensic odontology. A systematic search was conducted in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for articles published between January 2000 and March 2025. Studies involving the use of IOS or 3D printing in forensic dental identification, age estimation, bite mark analysis, or postmortem documentation were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed using PRISMA guidelines and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. A total of 8 studies met the inclusion criteria. Intraoral scanners demonstrated high accuracy in capturing antemortem dental data and were effective in replicating dental records for comparative identification. 3D-printed dental models showed strong utility in court-admissible evidence presentation, bite mark comparison, and stimulation of trauma cases. Combined use of IOS and 3D printing improved workflow efficiency and preserved fragile post-mortem findings. However, limitations included cost, scanning difficulties in decomposed tissues, and lack of standardized forensic protocols. Intraoral scanners and 3D printing are valuable adjuncts in forensic odontology, enhancing the precision, reproducibility, and visualization of dental evidence. While their potential is considerable, further validation studies and standard operating procedures are essential for broader forensic acceptance and legal integration.
This study investigates the potential regenerative capabilities of intraglandular injections of Amniotic-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Metabolite Products (AMSC-MP) on the structure and function of the submandibular glands in diabetic rat models. Forty male Wistar rats (±250 g, 2–3 months old) were induced to diabetes via intraperitoneal alloxan monohydrate injection (90 mg/kg BW). Following confirmation of diabetes (72 h post-injection), animals were randomised into a vehicle-treated diabetic control group and a treatment group (100 µL AMSC-MP), which were both further divided based on observation time points (day 3, 5, 7, and 10; n = 5). Daily intraglandular injections were administered, and glands were harvested at each respective time point for immunohistochemical analysis of SRY-box Transcription Factor 2 (SOX2), CD44, Ki67, Stromal Cell–Derived Factor 1 (SDF1), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), and Mucin 5B (MUC5B). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that AMSC-MP treatment reactivated the glandular regenerative niche. Quantitative analysis revealed a distinct temporal cascade: progenitor expansion (SOX2, CD44) and chemotactic signalling (SDF1) were significantly upregulated as early as day 3, whereas angiogenesis (VEGF) became prominent from day 5 onwards, culminating in active epithelial proliferation (Ki67) and secretory function recovery (MUC5B) by day 10 (p < 0.05). Intraglandular injection of AMSC-MP reactivated endogenous progenitor cells, promoted epithelial proliferation, and restored glandular function in diabetic rats. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of AMSC-derived metabolites as an acellular regenerative approach for diabetic salivary gland regeneration.
Alveolar socket preservation is important because post-extraction ridge resorption may compromise future implant placement, periodontal support, and prosthetic stability. Tissue engineering using biomaterial scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising strategy to modulate inflammation and support socket healing. Hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HA-Chi) scaffolds are biocompatible and osteoconductive, while human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) have regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. This study evaluated the effects of hUCMSC-seeded HA-Chi scaffolds on interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression during alveolar socket healing. In this in vivo study, 63 male Wistar rats with post-extraction alveolar socket defects were randomly assigned to three groups: untreated control (C), HA-Chi scaffold alone (T1), and hUCMSC-seeded HA-Chi scaffold (T2) (n = 21/group; n = 7/subgroup at 7, 14, and 28 days post-extraction). IL-10 and IL-1β expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Phenotypic characterization confirmed positive expression of CD73, CD90, and CD105 and negative expression of CD45. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA for group (Control, T1, T2), time (Days 7, 14, 28), and group × time effects, followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test; effect sizes were reported as partial eta-squared (η²p). Two-way ANOVA showed significant group and time effects for both cytokines (all p < 0.001), with large group effect sizes (IL-10: η²p = 0.646; IL-1β: η²p = 0.545). The group × time interaction was non-significant for both IL-10 (p = 0.799) and IL-1β (p = 0.577), indicating consistent treatment effects across all time points. The T2 group showed the highest IL-10 and lowest IL-1β expression at all-time points. hUCMSC-seeded HA-Chi scaffolds enhanced post-extraction immunomodulation by upregulated IL-10 and downregulated IL-1β. These findings support the potential of hUCMSC-seeded HA-Chi scaffolds as an immunomodulatory strategy for alveolar socket healing; however, direct evidence of bone regeneration through histomorphometric and osteogenic marker assessment remains to be established.
Digital denture fabrication represents a significant advancement in prosthodontics, offering enhanced precision and reproducibility compared with conventional techniques. The role of occlusal schemes in optimizing the clinical performance of digitally fabricated complete dentures remains an important area of investigation. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the clinical performance of digitally fabricated complete dentures and compare the outcomes associated with different fabrication methods, including CAD-CAM milling and 3D printing, relative to conventional denture fabrication techniques, while assessing the available evidence related to occlusal considerations in complete denture therapy. METHODS:A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library (PROSPERO registration ID: CRD420251229805). Following screening and eligibility assessment, eight clinical studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. These comprised randomized controlled trials and comparative clinical studies evaluating CAD-CAM milled and 3D-printed complete dentures. Data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment were performed independently by two reviewers using the Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB 2) tool for randomized controlled trials and the ROBINS-I tool for non-randomized studies. Outcomes assessed included denture fit, retention, occlusal performance, and patient satisfaction. RESULTS:The included studies demonstrated that digital denture fabrication techniques provide improved or comparable clinical outcomes relative to conventional methods. Compared with conventionally fabricated complete dentures, digitally fabricated complete dentures demonstrated comparable or improved clinical outcomes. CAD-CAM milled dentures showed favorable denture base adaptation and retention, while CAD-CAM 3D-printed dentures offered potential advantages in customization and design flexibility. Most studies showed high methodological quality and low to moderate risk of bias. Patient satisfaction was generally higher with digitally fabricated dentures, likely due to improved fit, comfort, and reduced need for post-insertion adjustments. Digital workflows may offer improved control over denture design and occlusal relationships; however, direct evidence evaluating the influence of specific occlusal schemes on functional outcomes remains limited. CONCLUSION:Digital denture fabrication demonstrates promising clinical outcomes with respect to denture fit, retention, and patient satisfaction. However, evidence regarding the influence of occlusal considerations remains limited. Nevertheless, the specific impact of different occlusal schemes within digital workflows remains insufficiently investigated. Further well-designed clinical studies are required to establish definitive evidence.
