ABSTRACT Plant‐derived nanomaterials have traditionally been recognised as green alternatives for the management of plant diseases and insect pests. The present study has been designed to evaluate the bio‐efficacy of the Paulownia plant extract as a reducing agent for silver nanoparticle (AgNP) synthesis in addition to its bioactivity against Fusarium basal rot (FBR) and onion thrips. Biosynthesised AgNPs were well‐characterised by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Although there was very little efficacy from the use of Paulownia extracts alone, which resulted in inhibition levels of 12.8% against Fusarium oxysporum and 12.22% against thrips at 50 µg/mL, the biosynthesised AgNPs were highly active against F. oxysporum , exhibiting a 32.8%–100% inhibition of growth, and had an insecticidal effect that ranged up to 98%. Further, AgNPs suppressed FBR by 86.67%–88.42%, improved onion bulb quality, and significantly enhanced both bulb number and weight, 191.53 kg total, compared with untreated infected plants showing the lowest yield (76.4 kg). Thus, the present outcomes have emphasised that Paulownia ‐based AgNPs are an efficient and eco‐friendly nanobiotechnological approach towards improving plant health and crop yields.
ABSTRACT In this study, an inverter‐based operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is designed using various configurations of FinFET and CNTFET technologies. The performance parameters of the OTA, including gain, power consumption, bandwidth, and output resistance, are analysed with variations in CNT parameters. Furthermore, the inverter‐based OTA is utilised as the core amplifier in a chopper‐stabilised amplifier. Three novel configurations of tunable pseudoresistors are employed as feedback resistors in the chopper‐stabilized amplifier, and their impact on OTA performance is evaluated. Additionally, a machine learning‐based model for arrhythmia diagnosis is developed. Algorithms such as ANN+LSTM, CNN+LSTM, and RNN+LSTM are implemented, and their performance is assessed based on training accuracy, training loss, and a confusion matrix to highlight their effectiveness. Training accuracy for ANN+LSTM, CNN+LSTM and RNN+LSTM is found to be 96.56%, 99.12%, and 94.56%, respectively.
ABSTRACT The worldwide prevalence of colorectal cancer (CRC) makes it a leading cause of death among malignancies. The development of CRC depends on multiple factors, including genetic inheritance, environmental contact, personal habits and modifications in the gut microbiota. The current diagnostic methods primarily include colonoscopy and advanced imaging, which guide treatment based on cancer stage and spread. The standard treatment methods, including chemotherapy, targeted biologics and surgical resection, face multiple challenges that limit their effectiveness because of systemic toxicity, acquired resistance and the inability to target tumour‐specific pathways. The shortcomings of traditional therapeutic approaches have led to increased scientific interest in integrative methods that can support or enhance established strategies. Nanotechnology plays a promising role in the treatment of CRC by enabling targeted delivery systems directly to tumour cells, which reduces side effects and improves treatment effectiveness. The review focuses on how nanotechnology‐based biocompatible nanoparticles (NPs) function to improve drug and herb pharmacokinetics and deliver to tumours while minimising adverse effects.
ABSTRACT Nanocrystalline powders of Fe (100− x ) Mg . x alloy were synthesised by a mechanical alloying process, via a high‐performance planetary milling, using a Retsch PM400 planetary mill. This study explored phase synthesis and examined the physical properties of these alloys by varying the magnesium content, x , for values of 5, 10, 15, 20, 33 and 45 wt. %. To characterise these materials, a range of analytical techniques, including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), laser diffraction granulometry and magnetic measurements via a vibrating sample magnetometer, were employed. Furthermore, the apparent density of the alloys was determined using Archimedes' method, revealing a significant reduction in density with increasing magnesium content, thereby confirming the lightweighting effect of the Fe–Mg system. A complete transformation into a body‐centred cubic (bcc) α‐Fe(Mg) solid solution phase was detected in the Fe 95 Mg 5 sample after 24 h of milling. Increasing magnesium concentration up to 15 wt. % caused an extension of the lattice parameter beyond 0.2880 ± 0.0001 nm, while the average crystallite size, expressed by 〈D〉 (in nm), significantly reduced. Additionally, the level of microdistortions, noted 〈ε〉 (in %), increased, revealing varied trends depending on the magnesium concentration for the bcc α‐Fe and hcp Mg phases. Observations from SEM, combined with laser granulometry analyses, indicated a direct correlation between magnesium concentration and particle morphology: low concentration led to finer particles, while high concentration favoured particle agglomeration and increased particle size. TEM microscopy validated these observations, confirming the presence of the α‐Fe phase in the Fe 95 Mg 5 alloy. Remarkably, the Fe 80 Mg 20 alloy exhibited a significant coercivity field of 220.7 ± 5 Oe, while maintaining relatively low values of remanence and saturation magnetisation at 29.53 ± 2 emu/g, thereby exhibiting the characteristics of a hybrid magnetic behaviour combining soft and semi‐hard magnetic characteristics.
This paper studies the use of design centering to maximize the yield of grating couplers for use in photonic integrated circuits (PICs). 2D finite difference time domain (FDTD) modelling is used to analyse the performance of the grating coupler in terms of parameters that are susceptible to process variations in deep UV lithography. The effect of fiber-to-chip measurement uncertainty is also included. Multi-dimensional interpolation is used to reduce the number of required simulations and predictions of yield optimized geometrical parameters are made using typical process variations expected in PIC foundries.
This paper prepares Cu and nanoparticles using immersion deposition as a simple, green and cheap procedure and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. The obtained cu nanoparticles are used for investigating the degradation characteristics of the methyl orange by measuring UV-vis absorption of the dye solution in different time. The obtained results reveal that a very fast degradation rate in the conditions of 2 g/L spherical Cu nanoparticles 0.01 mL , almost up to 91% degradation of 100 mg/L methyl orange solution is obtained only within 30 min. These nanoparticles were successfully used as a catalyst-adsorbent for the degradation of methyl orange. Also, the Cu nanoparticle could be recovered and reused three times without the loss of its catalytic activity, which proves the catalyst is very affordable for industrial applications. The results show that the reaction of degradation of the dye presents pseudo-first-order kinetics.
This work develops a compact model for p-type field-effect transistors (FETs) based on two-dimensional indium selenide operating in the ballistic regime. The model explicitly captures the non-parabolic valence-band dispersion, represented by a fourth-order polynomial that reproduces its ring-shaped (or 'Mexican-hat') topology. From this dispersion, closed-form expressions are derived for the hole effective mass, density of states and hole concentration, which are then used to formulate the ballistic current using the Landauer formalism and the quantum capacitance. The resulting formulation is fully analytical, physics-based and supports intrinsic compact-model benchmarking. The formulation is evaluated using representative monolayer and few-layer InSe band-structure parameters reported from ab initio calculations and experimental studies to assess intrinsic performance trends. Finally, a symmetric n-FET/p-FET benchmark provides qualitative insight into the intrinsic transport asymmetry relevant to future InSe-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technologies.
The role of the nonlinear nanomaterials in heat transfer optimization through dissipation and thermal stratification is observed remarkable. The movement and behaviour of these materials become easier to predict in many manufacturing processes when Brownian motion and thermophoretic forces are included. Keeping in view this importance, the impacts of thermal stratification, viscous dissipation, Lorentz forces, and Newtonian heating are effectively incorporated in the rotation of the time-dependent objects. Moreover, the nonlinear materials' effective rotating motion between the two disks is considered together with the inclusion of the generalised nano-type materials that contain two types of forces, Brownian and thermophoretic. The dynamic complex conduct is formulated mathematically by utilising the momentum, volume fraction, and thermal balance equations. The governing nonlinear system is solved numerically using an improved built-in collocation method implemented in MATLAB software. The results reveal that increasing the unsteadiness parameter enhances the first velocity component, known as radial, while reducing the second one (tangential) near the disk surfaces. Furthermore, the magnetic influence suppresses both velocity profiles due to the resistive Lorentz force effect. Brownian motion, Joule heating, and thermophoretic forces enhanced the thermal status of the materials, whereas the thermal stratification factor decreased the thermal behaviour of the materials.
Molecular dynamics simulation simulates the deformation of Fe Cr alloy containing notches under tensile loading. The objective is to explore the relationship between the influence of the failure behavior of Fe Cr alloy and notches. The findings show that the average grain size is the critical value. When the notch size is larger than the critical value, the shear stress is concentrated with the root of the sample notch, conversely, when the notch size is less than or equal to the average grain size, the shear strain is uniformly distributed in the sample. The notch sensitivity of Fe Cr alloy is independent of average grain size by constructing different models for comparison.
The present examination aims to explore the endothermic/exothermic chemical reactions impact on the oblique stagnation point (OSP) flow of Casson nanofluid through a stretching cylinder. Further, thermophoretic particle deposition (TPD) is considered in the concentration equation. Using the proper similarity modifications, the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The resultant O-D-Es and boundary conditions (BCs) are then computationally solved employing the shooting approach and the Runge-Kutta-Felberg fourth fifth (RKF-4th fifth) order procedure. Graphically illustrated the influences of major dimensionless parameters on their respective profiles. Furthermore, significant engineering coefficients are also discussed. Streamline patterns for various parameters are also studied. Important outcomes are in the case of endothermic, as the chemical reaction parameter rises, it causes a drop in the temperature profile and contrary behaviour is viewed in the case of exothermic. The maximum rate of heat transfer is seen at up to 6.33% for the case when K-1 (& lowast;)= 0.5 and Omega(1 )= -2 and and the maximum rate of mass transfer is seen up to 0.68% for the case when and K-1 (& lowast;)= 0.5 and Omega(1 )= +2. As the thermophoretic parameter rises, the concentration profile declines. Raising the curvature parameter causes an escalation in the temperature and velocity profiles.
The distinct rheological properties of Boger fluid make it useful in various scientific and engineering applications. Boger fluids are utilised in biomedical research to mimic the viscosity of biological fluids, supporting the design of medical devices and drug delivery systems. Therefore, the present work aims to scrutinise the incompressible steady flow of a Boger hybrid nanofluid through a microchannel with the influences of bioconvection, activation energy, magnetic field, endothermic/exothermic chemical reaction and Hall current. By introducing appropriate similarity variables, the nonlinear partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations. The resulting ordinary differential equations are solved by applying the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg- fourth fifth order technique. The effects of various nondimensional constraints on their corresponding profiles can be illustrated graphically. The significant results of this study demonstrate that as the values of the solvent fraction constraint increases vertical, it leads to a drop in the velocity profile. As the ratio of the relaxation time constraint escalates, velocity enhances. Skin friction will increase as the magnetic constraint and the solid volume fraction values escalate.
Cross-linked chitosan/organomodified montmorillonite nanohydrogels (Cro-Cs/Org-Mt) were green synthesized using chitosan obtained by deacetylation of chitin from shrimp, organomodified montmorillonite with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, and EDTA as a crosslinking agent. Three nanohydrogels were prepared with different chitosan: Org-Mt ratios: Cro-Cs1/Org-Mt3 (25:75), Cro-Cs1/Org-Mt1 (50:50) and Cro-Cs3/Org-Mt1 (75:25). Characterisation by FT-IR confirmed the presence of all functional groups of cross-linked chitosan and organomodified montmorillonite, while SEM and EDX verified successful intercalation. BET analysis showed that Cro-Cs1/Org-Mt1 had a specific surface area of 5.5133 m2/g, with pore sizes ranging from 3.1970 to 3.4256 nm. TGA and DSC indicated improved thermal stability of the nanohydrogels. Equilibrium water absorption at 25 degrees C was 314.57% (Cro-Cs1/Org-Mt1), 252.61% (Cro-Cs3/Org-Mt1) and 116.61% (Cro-Cs1/Org-Mt3); these values decreased to 210.50%, 161.42% and 71.61%, respectively, at 80 degrees C. The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) was tested using 10 mg/L MB and 10-60 mg of Cro-Cs1/Org-Mt1 at room temperature and in the dark, achieving 83% removal efficiency, demonstrating its potential as an effective adsorbent for dye removal.
In this research work, the 2D (two-dimensional) steady mixed convection MHD flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids over an exponentially stretching/shrinking sheet are examined. In addition, suction/injection, heat source/sink, thermal radiation and slip parameter effects are considered. Initially, the problem is modelled in the form of PDEs, and then those PDEs equations are converted into ODEs using similarity transformations. Also, the solution of these equations is obtained by the shooting technique in Maple software. The three distinct branch solutions are found for each requisite posited influential parameter. Later, the stability analysis is performed to check that the first branch solution is stable and physically reliable. On the other hand, the second and third branch solutions are unstable. From the outcomes, it is seen that the skin friction increases for positive values of the stretching parameter and decreases for negative values of the shrinking parameter. The rate of heat transfer upsurges with the higher impact of the nanoparticles. The velocity profile escalates owing to the larger values of the stretching parameter, the nanoparticle volume fraction and the buoyancy parameter. In contrast, the suction and non-Newtonian parameter decelerate the velocity profile.
Titanium alloys are widely used in aerospace, biomedical and energy applications, but the low hardness and limited plastic deformation resistance of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) remain key limitations. In this study, Ti-yAl-1Mo (y = 3, 5 and 7 wt.%) alloys were fabricated via plasma-activated sintering and evaluated using instrumented nanoindentation. All alloys achieved near-full densification and exhibited predominantly alpha-Ti with minor beta-Ti and localised Mo-rich regions, consistent with composition-driven phase evolution. Nanoindentation revealed a strong composition-dependent improvement in mechanical response: at 100 mN, hardness and elastic modulus increased from 2.5396 GPa and 113.6 GPa (CP-Ti) to 5.4139 GPa and 149.8 GPa for Ti-7Al-1Mo. A similar trend persisted at 200 mN, with a slight hardness reduction attributed to the indentation size effect. Yield strain and yield pressure values further confirmed enhanced plastic deformation resistance. One-way ANOVA verified that these improvements are statistically significant. The combined alpha-stabilising and beta-stabilising effects of Al and Mo highlight the effectiveness of dual alloying in tailoring the nanomechanical properties of near-alpha titanium alloys.
The green pathway is considered an alternative to the conventional chemical method for synthesising metal nanoparticles. This study demonstrates a facile biogenic synthesis of bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs) using Piper chaba stem extract as a reducing and capping source. Synthesised BiNPs were characterised using various analytical tools. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of crystalline BiNPs. FTIR analysis identified the functional groups from P. chaba extract involved in the BiNPs stabilisation process, while zeta potential measurement confirmed their stabilisation. The TEM image revealed spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 15 nm. EDX analysis showed bismuth as the dominant element, with traces of carbon and oxygen from organic moieties on the surface of BiNPs. TGA also supports the existence of phytochemicals with BiNPs and good thermal stability up to 800 degrees C, supporting its suitability for high-temperature applications. The catalytic activity of BiNPs in reducing 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) with NaBH4 showed rapid conversion of 4-NP to 4-AP within 22 min, with a rate constant of 6.77 s(-1) g(-1), demonstrating the excellent catalytic efficiency of BiNPs. Following green chemistry principles, these findings suggest that P. chaba-mediated BiNPs can serve as highly effective nanocatalysts for various chemical transformations and environmental purification processes.
A simple maskless method was used to produce large-area surface relief micro-gratings on azobenzene molecular glass films. A custom-built bi-facial pyramidal prism was used to split a 532-nm laser beam into two, generating a sinusoidal interference pattern that induced photo-driven molecular migration within a solid-state azobenzene thin film. This method enabled the fabrication of highly uniform sinusoidal gratings with an unprecedented pitch of similar to 64.5 mu m, with an average modulation depth of similar to 100 nm. Through selective chemical dissolution of unexposed areas of the film, followed by gold sputtering and lift-off, the micro-sized surface reliefs were converted into a well-defined array of gold microwires. Profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses confirmed the surface periodicity, structural uniformity, and selective metal deposition. This fabrication method provides a scalable, alignment-tolerant technique for creating customisable in-plane photonic and electromagnetic components, such as wire-grid polarisers and on-chip micro-antennas.
The graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistor (GNRFET) is gaining attention as a promising device due to its potential in low-power applications. Recent advancements in GNRFET circuit modeling have highlighted its appropriateness for these applications, primarily because of its distinct material characteristics and ability to scale. The objective of this research is to explore the static and switching behaviors of GNRFETs under numerous conditions and to create a model of their analytical device. The methodology involves developing and simulating the GNRFET model using a numerical quantum transport approach based on the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism. This approach provides a self-consistent solution to the three-dimensional (3D) Poisson equation and the one-dimensional (1D) Schr & ouml;dinger equation. This research presents an in-depth investigation of the static measurements and switching properties of GNRFETs. The study specifically investigates how the width of the graphene nanoribbon and the scaling of the channel length affect device characteristics. The analysis also considers the impact of different temperature and dielectric materials on the performance of the GNRFETs. From our study, we saw that shortening the channel length from 300-100 nm makes the on-state current density rise from 0.428 x 103 mA/cm to 3.17 x 103 mA/cm and the off-state current density rise from 0.045 mA/cm to 19.69 mA/cm. The simulation findings indicate that a reduction in channel length of the GNRFET leads to increased ON-state and OFF-state currents. When the device operates at room temperature using HfSiO4 as a dielectric material, this leads to a significant improvement in the Ion/Ioff ratio, resulting in 6 times increase. In addition, our work demonstrates that widening the graphene nanoribbon has a negative effect on the off-state performance of GNRFETs. These observations indicate that it is essential to optimize the width and length of GNRs to achieve high-performance GNRFETs in applications that need low power consumption and rapid speed. The impact of channel size reduction and contact doping concentration on transistor performance must be evaluated for the most effective design, fabrication, and selection of GNRFETs in diverse circuits and applications.
A novel preparation method based on a hydroxyl radical generation apparatus was developed for the continuous production of graphene/MoS 2 composites. By using different electrolytes—NaCl, CTAB, SDS, SDBS, and Na 2 SO 4 —composites with distinct and controllable morphologies were obtained. XRD analysis confirmed the successful exfoliation of MoS 2 and graphite and the formation of stable composites, while SEM and TEM revealed morphology variations depending on the electrolyte. XPS measurements showed that the CTAB‐prepared sample contained a rarely observed C–Mo bond. Electrical conductivity tests and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) indicated that the CTAB‐prepared composite achieved a 2330% increase in conductivity and a substantially reduced HER overpotential (η 10 ≈ −0.63 V vs. RHE) compared to bulk MoS 2 . This study demonstrates a green, efficient, and scalable route for producing graphene/MoS 2 composites with tunable morphology, significantly enhanced electrical conductivity, and improved electrocatalytic performance. The approach also holds promise for the large‐scale fabrication of high‐performance graphene/MoS 2 ‐based materials for conductive and electrocatalytic applications.
A novel preparation method based on a hydroxyl radical generation apparatus was developed for the continuous production of graphene/MoS2 composites. By using different electrolytes-NaCl, CTAB, SDS, SDBS, and Na2SO4-composites with distinct and controllable morphologies were obtained. XRD analysis confirmed the successful exfoliation of MoS2 and graphite and the formation of stable composites, while SEM and TEM revealed morphology variations depending on the electrolyte. XPS measurements showed that the CTAB-prepared sample contained a rarely observed C-Mo bond. Electrical conductivity tests and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) indicated that the CTAB-prepared composite achieved a 2330% increase in conductivity and a substantially reduced HER overpotential (eta 10 approximate to -0.63 V vs. RHE) compared to bulk MoS2. This study demonstrates a green, efficient, and scalable route for producing graphene/MoS2 composites with tunable morphology, significantly enhanced electrical conductivity, and improved electrocatalytic performance. The approach also holds promise for the large-scale fabrication of high-performance graphene/MoS2-based materials for conductive and electrocatalytic applications.
In recent years, water sources have faced growing contamination from heavy metals. Detecting these pollutants is particularly challenging due to their presence in trace concentrations. This study investigates the dispersive solid phase extraction of Cu (II) ions by nanomagnetic@polydopamine/polyaniline core-shell composites (NM@pD/pAN core-shell) from aqueous solutions. The key factors influencing extraction efficiency, including pH, absorbent amount, temperature, adsorption time, and copper ion concentration, were optimised through a multifaceted approach facilitated by the Design experimental software. The NM@pD/pAN core-shell was thoroughly distinguished using methods including SEM, FT-IR spectroscopy, diffraction of X-ray beam, EDX, VSM, TGA, and TEM analysis. Based on the ANOVA results, the CCD model was both reliable and highly notable, exhibiting a p-value below < 0.0001. The findings demonstrate the excellent performance of this technique. With a high Cu (II) ion uptake of 28.57 mg/g and 98.65% removal efficiency, the NM@pD/pAN proved effective in treating aqueous solutions. The data result of equilibrium models were most effectively characterised by the isotherm model of Langmuir, demonstrating a correlation coefficient of 0.98, while kinetic studies supported the model of pseudo-second-order, providing the most suitable fit, achieving a correlation coefficient of 0.99. These findings indicate that NM@pD/pAN core-shell composites have promising applications in water purification operations.
