The inducers of cellular senescence as a determinant in organismal aging are complex and likely driven by a combination of hormonal and metabolic factors. Lipids have recently been implicated as inducers of cellular senescence in vitro and in vivo across human and animal models and more directly, the electrophilic products of lipid peroxidation have been shown in a number of systems to initiate the senescence program. This review summarizes recent research at the interface of lipid biology and senescence. The review will emphasize the types of electrophilic lipids that induce senescence and how lipid scavengers are used to alleviate senescence burden and combat age-related disease.
Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs) are widespread diseases, especially in elderly. The future possibility of having more effective treatments has to deal with the lack of early disorder detection, which would enable patients to benefit the most from them. Individual medical history, blood and cerebrospinal fluid tests, and neuroimaging, among other tools, support the diagnostic process; neurocognitive screening tests also have an irreplaceable role to play in NCD assessment. Ease of execution and low cost make these instruments to be so appreciate in clinical practice. Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Clock Drawing Test (CDT), used as first-level screening tools, will be at the centre of this mini review. In the present work we will highlight the contribution made by these tests in NCD assessment, emphasizing some interesting aspects recently emerged from the scientific literature.
Introduction: Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a rare benign breast disease subdivided into idiopathic and specific. The clinical and imaging diagnosis is often challenging as it can mimic malignancy. It has characteristic histological features of multinucleated giant cells, non-caseating granulomas, and necrosis. The treatment is still controversial with steroid therapy as a primary modality and surgery are avoided due to fistula formation and recurrences. Aims and objectives: This study aims to establish the descriptive features of granulomatous mastitis and the correlation between various risk factors affecting and leading to the recurrence of the disease. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study carried out for a period of 12 months at IBCC (Integrated Breast Care Centre) established in AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. Out of 2567 patients who presented to OPD, 34 patients were diagnosed with granulomatous mastitis included in this study. Results: Of all the 34 patients who presented with granulomatous mastitis, the mean age 38.32 yrs, all of them are females (100%) with a mean duration of 2.55 months. Breast lump noted in 82.4%, 85.3% with Pain, 17.6% had Discharge. On examination, the mean largest size is 3.41 ± 1.15 cm, 67.6% had Tenderness. We observed statistical significance (P<0.05) between pathological features, giant cells, AFB positivity, antibiotics, steroid, and antituberculosis treatment with recurrence. Conclusion: Granulomatous mastitis is a special disease scenario that will mimic malignancy but have low rates of transformation but it has more financial burden on patients due to its chronicity resulting in poor quality of life which is a Boon and Bane for these patients.
Multiple lines of evidence currently indicate that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) gains entry into human host cells via a high-affinity interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transmembrane receptor. Research has further shown the widespread expression of the ACE2 receptor on the surface of many different immune, non-immune and neural host cell types, and that SARS-CoV-2 has the remarkable capability to attack many different types of human-host cells simultaneously. One principal neuroanatomical region for high ACE2 expression patterns occurs in the brainstem, an area of the brain containing regulatory centers for respiration, and this may in part explain the predisposition of many COVID-19 patients to respiratory distress. Early studies also indicated extensive ACE2 expression in the whole eye and the brain's visual circuitry in aged humans. In this study we analyzed ACE2 receptor expression at the mRNA and protein level in multiple cell types involved in human vision, including cell types of the external eye and several deep brain regions known to be involved in the processing of visual signals. Here we provide evidence: (i) that many different optical and neural cell types of the human visual system provide receptors essential for SARS-CoV-2 invasion; (ii) of the remarkable ubiquity of ACE2 presence in cells of the eye and anatomical regions of the brain involved in visual signal processing; (iii) that ACE2 receptor expression in different ocular cell types and visual processing centers of the brain provide multiple compartments for SARS-CoV-2 infiltration; and (iv) of a gradient of increasing ACE2 expression from the anterior surface of the eye to the visual signal processing areas of the occipital lobe and the primary visual neocortex. A gradient of ACE2 expression from the eye surface to the occipital lobe may provide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a novel pathway from the outer eye into deeper anatomical regions of the brain involved in vision. These findings may explain, in part, the many recently reported neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 affected patients.
Background: Stabilization of trunk flexors and extensors are essential for normal lumbo-pelvic function. These muscles, known as “core muscles”, have a basic role in balance and coordination in sitting. The core is the lumbopelvic- hip complex which includes lumbar spine, pelvis, hips, and their respective musculature. Pattern of core activity changes in sitting and dysfunction of core muscles increased the risk of damage of the upper and lower extremities segments. Powerful core muscles support stabilizes the vertebra and pelvis, prevents balance disorder and decreases the rate of LBP which is one of the most prevalent occupational disorders. Endurance of trunk muscles depends on the life style and working condition of individuals. Imbalance in the trunk muscle endurance secondarily leads to back pain, which disables the person and reduces the functional capacity of individuals. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the difference in isometric endurance between abdominal and back extensor muscle in manual and sedentary workers and guide them about the importance of endurance training in preventing the back pain in the future. Materials and methods: This study includes 40 simple randomly sampled normal male subjects according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria in the age group of 20-40 years, recruited on voluntary basis and allotted to Group A (N=20, Manual workers) and Group B (N=20, Sedentary workers). Modified Kraus weber’s test for abdominal muscles and Modified Sorensen’s test for back extensor muscles were performed by both Group A and Group B in two successive trials for each test with a rest break of 3-5 minutes in between the trials and the best of trials in seconds is recorded with a stop watch and the data is analyzed using SPSS statistics software version 19. Results: The isometric abdominal muscles endurance is more in manual workers than the sedentary workers, at a significance level of p<0.005.The isometric endurance of back extensor muscles is more than isometric abdominal muscles in both the groups, at a significance level of p<0.005.The isometric back extensor muscles endurance is more in manual workers than in sedentary workers, at a significance level of p<0.005. Conclusion: The isometric abdominal muscles endurance is less in both the groups as compared to isometric back extensor muscles endurance. So, abdominal muscles should be concentrated during endurance training. The objective of any fitness regime, maintenance of good health and posture and treatment of back pain is identifying dangerous causes that require immediate attention and attempt to prevent chronic low back pain problems. The modified Sorensen’s and Kraus Weber’s test can be used to asses and train the trunk muscles endurance as they are simple, easy, reliable and replace the costly and time consuming machine methods for evaluating and training endurance.
The naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber, is the longest-lived rodent known with a lifespan in captivity >30 years, 10 times longer than mice, a comparable size rodent. In addition to a particularly long life, it exhibits exceptional resistance to many age-related diseases: cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic diseases. It resists many forms of stress: hypoxia, oxidative stress, and strikingly maintains adequate body composition, fertility, bone quality, and mineral density throughout their long life. The naked mole-rat is a non-traditional animal model that defies the law governing the processes of aging and mortality and provides a powerful tool for the discovery of endogenous molecular anti-aging pathways. Over the past decades, much possible resistance and anti-aging mechanisms have been discovered. These include exclusive physiological mechanisms involved in cellular senescence and its clearance, telomere attrition, genome and proteome stability, stress resistance and metabolism flexibility… This review aims to summarize the many identified anti-aging strategies of the naked mole-rat to better grasp some of the main theories that have been generated. However, many of these theories remain to be fully investigated and confirmed to further understand the complex biology of the naked mole-rat.
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the selection of lower and upper body strength of male active older adults. Methods: Participants (N=90) of older adults from Punjab were selected to act as subjects for the study. The study was delimited to the older male active older adults recruited at age group 60-70, 70-80, and 80-90 years respectively. For data collection, the active group of the subjects was divided into three categories i.e. category I (60-70 Years; N=30), category II (70-80 Years; N=30), and category III (80-90 Years; N=30) respectively. The chair stand test was used to measure the lower body strength and the arm curl test was used to measure the upper body strength. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23 was used to analyze the lower and upper body strength of male active older adults, after collecting data One Way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), Least Significant Difference (LSD) Post Hoc test was employed. The level of significance to test the hypotheses was 0.05, (P<0.05). Results: Outcomes of the studies in both variables found that there was a statistically significant difference in both the variables with a p-value of the lower body strength .000 (P<0.05) and p-value of the upper body strength was .015 (P<0.05) of male active older adults. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study has revealed that changes in age-related decline of strength and the aging process always reduce physical activity. The lower and upper body strength changes with aging.
Aim: To compare the cognitive and physical abilities between upper-middle aged participants who have experienced Urination Dysfunction (UD) during last 4 weeks and intact control participants. Methods: In total 694 upper-middle aged participants (age ranged from 40 to 89 years old) were given a questionnaire for UD, cognitive tests (Digit Cancellation Test: D-CAT, and Logical Memory Test: LMT) and physical ability tests (Timed-get-Up and Go test: TUG and postural tremor test), individually. Results: We compared cognitive and physical abilities test performances between UD and Intact control group participants. Conclusion: The performance in a cognitive test, D-CAT, assessing prefrontal cortex function, and performance in tests of physical abilities including agility (TUG), were inferior in UD participants compared to the control group. However, there were no group differences in tests of LMT, physical balance, or BMI. These results strongly suggest that brain function is a risk factor for UD and health promotion staff of local governments should prepare proper measures to delay the onset of UD.
