Breast cancer, the most common cancer among women in the United States, presents itself as a very treatable condition when localized. Metastasis, on the other hand, is significantly more difficult to curb. The most common site of breast cancer metastasis is bone, where tumor cells are able to hijack normal physiological function to trigger bone damage and cancer cell proliferation. Currently, there are very limited effective treatments available for preventing breast cancer metastasis and for treating metastases in bone. To improve our understanding, as well as to assess both prognosis and therapy, 3D in vitro models of breast cancer bone metastasis have been proposed as more physiologically relevant than current 2D culture models. The numerous modeling approaches all have their unique strengths and weaknesses when used to highlight aspects of cancer progression and screen potential therapeutics. This review summarizes current trends in engineering approaches, informed through the lens of biology, with a focus on replicating key biological characteristics of breast cancer bone metastasis in 3D models. Also, an update on the impact and limitations of 3D models and current readiness for precision therapy and personalized interventions is provided. Breast cancer bone metastasis, i.e. the spread of cancer cells from breast to bone, is a complex process that is difficult to clinically address. Many attempts have been made to build tissues models (benchtop tissue comprising cells and plastic “scaffolds”) to better understand the inner workings of cancer. This review assesses the tissue model literature, with focus on those models designed to understand biological concepts. By viewing the landscape, one can start to understand the gaps and opportunities in combatting metastatic breast cancer.
This review examines the impact of chemical modification and crosslinking of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels on mechanical performance, cytocompatibility, payload delivery, and translational suitability for cartilage regeneration. Methods: Evidence pertaining to HA molecular weight, methacrylation, thiolation, oxidation and schiff-base chemistry, enzymatic and supramolecular crosslinking, nanocomposite reinforcement, ligand functionalization, preclinical models, and clinical studies were critically integrated. Results: In addition to covalent and dual-crosslinked networks, which exhibit superior defect retention and load resistance, reversible, enzymatic, host-guest, ionic, and Michael-type networks can be formulated to be shear-thinning for injection, stress-relaxing for application, and cell-compatible for gelation. Cell-matrix interactions are improved by cartilage mimetic components, such as type II collagen and glycosaminoglycans, and ligands, such as RGD and DGEA. Crosslink density and controlled degradation rate are more important for the drug and growth factor depots, whereas post-encapsulation viability, nutrient diffusion, and degradation coupled to extracellular matrix formation are important for the cell carrier. Defect filling and chondrogenesis are supported by large animal studies with variable loading, defect geometry, and follow-up. These preliminary clinical data suggest that an allogeneic umbilical-cord-blood-derived MSC-HA composite is a promising therapy; however, further validation is required. Conclusion: Finally, crosslinking chemistry, degradation, biofunctionalization, and delivery route should be selected simultaneously for a given therapeutic payload and cartilage defect to maximize the chances of clinical benefit. Evidence pertaining to HA molecular weight, methacrylation, thiolation, oxidation and schiff-base chemistry, enzymatic and supramolecular crosslinking, nanocomposite reinforcement, ligand functionalization, preclinical models, and clinical studies were critically integrated. In addition to covalent and dual-crosslinked networks, which exhibit superior defect retention and load resistance, reversible, enzymatic, host-guest, ionic, and Michael-type networks can be formulated to be shear-thinning for injection, stress-relaxing for application, and cell-compatible for gelation. Cell-matrix interactions are improved by cartilage mimetic components, such as type II collagen and glycosaminoglycans, and ligands, such as RGD and DGEA. Crosslink density and controlled degradation rate are more important for the drug and growth factor depots, whereas post-encapsulation viability, nutrient diffusion, and degradation coupled to extracellular matrix formation are important for the cell carrier. Defect filling and chondrogenesis are supported by large animal studies with variable loading, defect geometry, and follow-up. These preliminary clinical data suggest that an allogeneic umbilical-cord-blood-derived MSC-HA composite is a promising therapy; however, further validation is required. Conclusion: Finally, crosslinking chemistry, degradation, biofunctionalization, and delivery route should be selected simultaneously for a given therapeutic payload and cartilage defect to maximize the chances of clinical benefit. The next steps for Future studies should directly compare drug-delivery and cell-delivery HA designs, standardize cytocompatibility and degradation testing, and include complete delivery procedures. Studies in large animals should include physiological loading, long-term safety, and clinical trials in humans should be controlled and employ reproducible formulations that are compatible with good manufacturing practices and defined imaging, histological, and functional endpoints.
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition associated with excessive keratinocyte growth, immune dysfunction, oxidative stress, and premature skin ageing. Natural herbal anti-psoriatic compounds offer promising therapeutic potential due to their safety and minimal side effects. However, their topical clinical effectiveness is restricted by poor skin penetration. This review focuses on recent nanocarrier-based delivery strategies aimed at enhancing the permeation and therapeutic efficacy of herbal agents for the management of psoriasis. The published literature on herbal anti-psoriatic therapies was evaluated, with an emphasis on nanocarrier-based topical delivery systems, including liposomes, ethosomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanoemulsions. Additionally, the role of penetration enhancers such as terpenes, fatty acids, and surfactants in enhancing stratum corneum permeability was reviewed. Nanocarriers significantly improved the epidermal penetration and bioavailability of herbal therapeutic agents compared with conventional formulations. These systems demonstrate enhanced drug retention at the target site, reduced systemic exposure, and improved therapeutic efficacy, making them promising candidates for treating psoriasis. Penetration enhancers further support drug diffusion across the skin barrier, complementing nanocarrier systems. Nanocarrier-based herbal formulations represent a promising approach to overcoming the limited dermal penetration of natural anti-psoriatic agents and enhancing clinical outcomes. Future research should focus on large-scale clinical studies, long-term safety, and optimization of formulations to facilitate clinical translation of these novel drug-delivery platforms. Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition characterised by redness, itching, and scaly patches. Although many natural plant-based medicines show promise with fewer side effects, they struggle to penetrate the skin and therefore work less effectively. To overcome this, researchers are developing tiny carriers called nanocarriers that help herbal medicines penetrate deeper into the skin and stay there longer, thereby enhancing their ability to reduce inflammation and symptoms. These advanced delivery systems, combined with penetration enhancers such as oils and surfactants, make herbal treatments more efficient and reliable than traditional creams. While more long-term studies in patients are needed, this approach has the potential to improve the treatment of psoriasis in the future significantly.
Biofilm-associated infections remain among the most formidable obstacles confronting modern tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These resilient microbial communities, shielded within self-secreted extracellular polymeric matrices, colonize implanted scaffolds and medical devices with remarkable efficiency, precipitating persistent infectious cascades that substantially compromise therapeutic outcomes. Their resistance to conventional antimicrobials frequently surpasses that of planktonic counterparts by two to three orders of magnitude, a biological reality with profound clinical consequences, including implant failure, revision surgery, prolonged hospitalization, and significant patient morbidity. Natural polysaccharides, chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, cellulose derivatives, dextran, pullulan, and fucoidan, among them, have attracted sustained research interest as multifunctional biomaterial candidates. These macromolecules offer biocompatibility, structural kinship with native extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans, biodegradability, and broad amenability to chemical modification. Importantly, several polysaccharides exert direct antibiofilm activity through disruption of bacterial membranes, competitive inhibition of adhesin-mediated colonization, interference with quorum-sensing circuits, and enzymatic degradation of extracellular polymeric substances. This review critically examines the design of polysaccharide-based platforms for targeted antibiofilm activity in tissue engineering, evaluating molecular mechanisms with depth that distinguishes in vitro from preclinical and clinical data, and addressing the translational barriers that must be overcome before laboratory-scale promise can deliver meaningful clinical benefit. Infection caused by biofilms is one of the principal hindrances to successful tissue engineering and regenerative medicine because of the ability of bacteria to adhere to implanted biomaterials and form highly resistant protective communities known as biofilms. Biofilms reduce the efficacy of antibiotics and are commonly responsible for chronic infections, failure of implants, delayed wound healing, and the need for repeat surgeries. As a result of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and structural similarities to components of the human extracellular matrix, natural polysaccharides including chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, dextran, pullulan, and fucoidan have piqued interest as new generation biomaterials. Many of the natural polysaccharides discussed in this review not only assist with tissue regeneration, but have also demonstrated intrinsic antibacterial activity such as preventing bacterial adhesion, disrupting quorum sensing, degrading extracellular polymeric substances, and providing antimicrobial agents in an organized manner. This review outlines the mechanisms of action, biomedical applications, benefits, and potential for translation from bench to bedside of polysaccharide-based antibiofilm systems for tissue engineering; discusses the current limitations and safety concerns associated with these systems; and presents perspectives on their future clinical use.
A basic biological process that aids in aging, tissue homeostasis, and the development of cancer is cellular senescence. According to recent research, senescence-associated exosomes influence inflammation, fibrosis, the spread of senescence, and the advancement of cancer via mediating communication between tumor cells, immunological components, and stromal cells. There is growing evidence that, depending on the tumor setting, cargo composition, and microenvironmental conditions, senescence-associated exosomes can act as both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting mediators. Isolating senescence-specific exosomes and differentiating their functional cargo remains challenging despite advancements. With a focus on their dual roles in tumor suppression and tumor promotion, methodological advancements in their isolation, and their emerging translational applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy, the current review summarizes the biogenesis, molecular cargo, and functional consequences of senescence-associated exosomes. Aging and cancer are both impacted by cellular senescence. Accordingly, Senescence-associated Exosomes (SA-EXOs) can aid in the communication between tumors and the immune system. Although the SA-EXOs can promote tumor growth and resistance to treatment, they may also inhibit tumor development. Despite that, isolating and working with exosomes is still a difficult task. The current review aims to overview of recent advances in methodology and their possible use for diagnosis and treatment, as well as the complexity of the dual function of exosomes in relation to cancer progression.
The purpose of this review is to examine recent advancements in cellulose-based biomaterials and evaluate their potential for diverse medical applications. As a renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible natural polymer, cellulose and its derivatives are being increasingly explored for use in tissue engineering, wound healing, drug delivery, biosensing, and the development of implantable medical devices. This review discusses the properties, current applications, challenges, and prospects of these materials in biomedical science. The published literature on cellulose-based biomaterials was systematically analyzed, focusing on both natural and synthetic forms, including microcrystalline cellulose, nanocellulose, bacterial cellulose, and chemically modified derivatives. Studies involving fabrication technologies such as nanotechnology, 3D bioprinting, and composite development were compared to evaluate their performance, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and therapeutic potential. Cellulose-based biomaterials demonstrate excellent biodegradability, low toxicity, tunable surface chemistry, and structural versatility. These features enable their use in bone and cartilage regeneration, wound dressings, drug delivery systems, nerve repair scaffolds, artificial blood vessels, biosensors, and ophthalmic implants. Advanced techniques, such as nanocellulose reinforcement, smart composites, and 3D-printed cellulose scaffolds, have significantly enhanced the mechanical strength, bioactivity, and functionality of materials. Despite these advancements, limitations including mechanical brittleness, low intrinsic bioactivity, and high purification or processing costs remain key challenges. Cellulose-based biomaterials represent a promising class of sustainable and multifunctional materials for modern healthcare. Continued progress in nanotechnology, 3D bioprinting, surface modification, and innovative delivery systems is expected to overcome current challenges and expand the biomedical utility of these technologies. With ongoing research, these materials are poised to provide cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and clinically beneficial solutions for tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, and medical implants. Cellulose is a natural material found in plants and some bacteria. Because it is safe, biodegradable, and versatile, scientists are now utilizing various forms of cellulose to develop new medical materials. These cellulose-based materials can aid in wound healing, deliver medications, repair damaged tissues, and facilitate the creation of medical devices such as sensors and artificial blood vessels. Advancements in technology, such as the production of tiny cellulose particles, the combination of cellulose with other materials, and 3D printing, have improved the strength and functionality of these materials. Although challenges remain, such as improving their strength and reducing production costs, ongoing research suggests that cellulose biomaterials could become a significant, eco-friendly option for future medical treatments. They may help create better wound dressings, safer implants, and more advanced drug delivery systems that support faster healing and improved patient care.
Chronic wounds represent a major clinical challenge due to persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, microbial colonization, and impaired angiogenesis, necessitating multifunctional therapeutic strategies. This study reports the Quality-by-Design (QbD)-driven development and optimization of curcumin–quercetin co-loaded nanoliposomes (CQL) for advanced wound healing applications. Preformulation studies confirmed the physicochemical suitability and drug–excipient compatibility of both phytoconstituents. Liposomes were prepared using the alcohol injection method and systematically optimized through a Taguchi screening design followed by a three-factor, three-level Box–Behnken design. Phosphatidylcholine concentration, processing temperature, and ethanol percentage were identified as critical variables governing particle size, entrapment efficiency, and zeta potential. Quadratic modeling and desirability analysis yielded an optimized formulation exhibiting nanoscale particle size ( 76 nm), high entrapment efficiency ( 92
Tissue engineering scaffolds derived from natural biomaterials have gained significant attention due to the potential to mimic the extracellular matrix while ensuring biocompatibility and sustainability. In this study, bio-based scaffolds were developed from decellularized Ficus religiosa leaves and extensively characterized for physicochemical, and biological properties. Decellularization resulted in significant removal of cellular and lignin content, while preserving the native venation and cellulose framework. Surface morphological analysis confirmed the exposure of fibrous cellulose networks, reduced roughness at smaller scales, and enhanced porosity. Functional assays revealed improved swelling capacity of 198.4
Cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) is among the most common congenital anomalies, occurring in approximately 1 out of 700 live births globally, with varying severity and anatomical complications. Cleft patients encounter several difficulties, including speech, feeding, and maxillary growth impairment, primarily caused by scar formation after early-age surgical interventions. This article aims to guide future research and clinical practice to enhance the quality of life for individuals affected by clefts. This review explores the anatomy of the cleft-affected lip and palate, the pathophysiology of scar-induced growth disturbances, and the latest regenerative strategies aimed at reducing scarring. While traditional surgical techniques have evolved to minimize scarring, the potential of these methods is inherently limited in addressing soft tissue regeneration. Regenerative medicine offers innovative solutions to attenuate scar formation and promote tissue regeneration by integrating stem cell therapy, tissue engineering, biomaterial scaffolds, and genetic modification. However, challenges such as optimizing scaffold properties, enhancing long-term integration with native tissues, tackling immune responses, and addressing safety concerns remain significant obstacles to clinical translation. By integrating regenerative techniques with surgical procedures, these approaches hold the potential to revolutionize outcomes for CLP patients, improving both functional and aesthetic rehabilitation.
Endothelial cells lining blood vessels continuously experience hemodynamic forces that profoundly influence cardiovascular health and disease. This article investigates how these mechanical stimuli are detected at the molecular level and converted into biological responses that either protect against or promote atherosclerosis. The primary objective is to elucidate the complete signalling architecture from initial force detection to functional outcomes and therapeutic opportunities. We synthesized evidence from experimental approaches spanning molecular biology, live-cell imaging, genetic manipulation, biomechanical testing, and clinical studies. Key methodologies include controlled flow exposure systems, high-resolution microscopy of cellular dynamics, genome editing for functional validation, proteomic and transcriptomic profiling, hemodynamic simulation tools, and analysis of patient vascular specimens. Endothelial mechanosensing involves coordinated activity of surface glycoproteins, cell-cell junction proteins, force-sensitive ion channels, and cell-matrix attachment sites. Laminar flow triggers protective programs including nitric oxide generation and anti-inflammatory gene activation. Disturbed flow activates inflammatory pathways, adhesion molecule expression, and barrier disruption. Calcium signalling dynamics differ markedly between flow patterns, encoding distinct downstream transcriptional outputs. Patient-derived cells demonstrate substantial individual variation in mechanosensitive responses, explaining differential disease susceptibility. Mechanotransduction knowledge is being translated into hemodynamically-optimized tissue constructs, force-targeted pharmaceuticals, and individualized risk stratification based on personal vascular geometry and cellular responsiveness. Next-generation technologies combining machine learning, spatial molecular mapping, and physiologically-accurate three-dimensional models will enable predictive cardiovascular medicine based on mechanical phenotyping. Blood vessels are lined by a thin layer of cells that constantly sense the physical force of flowing blood. In healthy arteries where blood flows smoothly, these cells receive protective signals that keep the vessel walls strong and free of inflammation. However, at bends and branching points where blood flow becomes turbulent and irregular, these same cells switch into a harmful mode that contributes to the build-up of fatty deposits the root cause of heart attacks and strokes. This review examines the detailed molecular machinery that allows blood vessel cells to detect and respond to different flow patterns. We explore how specialised sensors on the cell surface convert physical forces into chemical signals that ultimately switch protective or disease-promoting genes on or off. We also describe the laboratory tools from miniaturised chip-based vessel models to computer simulations of patient blood flow used to study these processes in unprecedented detail. Understanding how blood vessel cells respond to physical forces is opening powerful new opportunities in medicine. Researchers are now designing better artificial blood vessels, developing drugs that specifically target these force-sensing pathways, and using patient-specific computer models to predict who is most at risk of cardiovascular disease moving us closer to truly personalised heart and vascular care.
This study aimed to develop and quantitatively evaluate a nanofibrin glue (NFG) composed of physiologically clotted fibrin (PCF) and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) for enhanced wound healing and tissue regeneration. Nanofibrin glue was synthesized by integrating nanofibrin ( 180–220 nm) with chitosan nanoparticles ( 120–160 nm). The formulation was characterized using FTIR for chemical integrity and HR-SEM for microstructural morphology analysis. Antioxidant (DPPH) and anti-inflammatory (protein denaturation) assays were conducted. Biodegradation was assessed for 28 days. In vivo toxicity and wound healing efficacy were evaluated using a zebrafish model, histological (H E) analysis. Cytocompatibility was determined using the MTT assay on 3T3 fibroblast cells. The NFG demonstrated a uniform nanoscale distribution with preserved functional groups. SEM analysis revealed an interconnected fibrous–granular network with fibrin fibers ( 90–130 nm) and pores ( 1.5–3.0 μm). The formulation exhibited strong antioxidant ( 71
Genome engineering has emerged as a promising tool in bone tissue engineering, offering new strategies to enhance scaffold design and functionality for bone regeneration. By integrating principles from molecular biology, materials science, and biomedical engineering, gene-modified scaffolds can mimic the bone extracellular matrix (ECM), improving cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. The use of advanced tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 has enabled precise genetic modifications, enhancing scaffold biocompatibility and osteoinductive potential. Gene-activated scaffolds, capable of delivering therapeutic genes directly to bone defects, offer a cost-effective alternative to protein-based treatments and address limitations of traditional grafts. Additionally, technologies like 3D bioprinting have enabled the fabrication of anatomically accurate scaffolds with improved integration and mechanical performance. The convergence of genome editing and tissue engineering presents a transformative approach for treating genetic bone disorders, such as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). However, clinical application requires careful consideration of safety, efficacy, and ethical concerns. Continued development of gene-enhanced scaffolds, alongside robust regulatory frameworks, will be essential for advancing bone regeneration therapies. Bone regeneration remains a major challenge in patients with severe bone injuries or genetic bone disorders. Recentadvances in genome engineering and tissue engineering have created new opportunities for improving bone repair. Thisreview discusses how modern gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, can be combined with advancedbiomaterial scaffolds to enhance bone healing. These engineered scaffolds can deliver therapeutic genes directly todamaged bone tissue, stimulate new bone formation, and improve the integration of implants with surrounding tissues.The article also reviews different scaffold materials, gene delivery systems, and emerging technologies such as 3Dbioprinting. In addition, the review highlights current challenges, including safety, ethical considerations, and regulatoryissues that must be addressed before these technologies can be widely used in clinical practice. Overall, genome-engineered bone scaffolds represent a promising future strategy for treating bone defects and genetic skeletal disorders.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent degenerative joint disease worldwide and a leading cause of chronic pain and disability, particularly in aging populations. Its multifactorial pathophysiology involves cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, synovial inflammation, and altered chondrocyte metabolism driven by inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress, and matrix-degrading enzymes. This review aims to summarize the principal experimental animal models of OA and evaluate their translational relevance. A structured analysis of experimental OA models was conducted, focusing on key criteria of an ideal model, including reproducibility, similarity to human pathology, and appropriate disease progression. Species selection was evaluated based on anatomical, biomechanical, genetic, and practical considerations. Models were classified into in vivo models, subdivided into primary OA models (spontaneous and genetically modified) and secondary OA models (surgical/mechanical instability and chemical induction), as well as ex vivo models. Each model category presents distinct advantages and limitations in terms of disease induction, progression, and translational relevance. Secondary (induced) models allow controlled initiation and rapid progression of OA, whereas primary models better reproduce the natural course of the disease. Ex vivo systems provide valuable mechanistic insights but lack systemic and biomechanical complexity. Interspecies differences in joint structure and biomechanics further influence translational applicability. Understanding the strengths and limitations of each experimental approach is essential for selecting the most appropriate model for a given research objective. Optimizing the use of animal models may enhance the translational value of preclinical studies and facilitate the development of effective OA therapies. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of joint pain and disability worldwide. Because studying the disease directly in humans is limited, researchers rely on animal models to investigate its mechanisms and evaluate potential treatments. This review highlights the main experimental animal models of OA, their induction methods, and their relevance to human disease, providing guidance for selecting appropriate models in future research.
This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) utilizing Momordica dioica leaf extract through an environmentally sustainable green synthesis approach and to evaluate their multifunctional potential, with a particular emphasis on their wound-healing efficacy in Wistar rats along with antioxidant and phytochemical characteristics. In vivo wound healing experiments were conducted using Wistar rats assigned to four groups: Ag NPs–Vaseline, Vaseline, control, and sham. The topical formulation comprised 1 mg of green-synthesized Ag NPs incorporated into 1 g of Vaseline. Wound contraction was assessed periodically, and histopathological examinations of wound tissues and major organs (liver, kidney, heart, and spleen) were performed. Biochemical analyses included the evaluation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, serum creatinine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to determine systemic toxicity and inflammation. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Phytochemical profiling of the leaf extract was carried out using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). The Ag NP–treated group demonstrated significantly enhanced wound closure, improved epithelialization, and favorable histological tissue architecture compared to control groups. No pathological alterations or toxicity were observed in major organs. Biochemical parameters remained within normal physiological ranges, indicating that the nanoparticles did not elicit hepatic, renal, or inflammatory complications during the healing process. The synthesized Ag NPs demonstrated significant antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner. HRMS analysis revealed the presence of bioactive phytochemicals, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, and alkaloids, which play a key role in nanoparticle synthesis and stabilization. Silver nanoparticles synthesized from M. dioica leaf extract exhibited excellent wound-healing efficacy and did not induce systemic toxicity, highlighting their biocompatibility, strong antioxidant, and therapeutic potential. The presence of diverse phytochemicals identified by HRMS supports their role in green synthesis and bioactivity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the multifunctional biomedical applicability of M. dioica–derived Ag NPs, demonstrating their promise for future development of advanced wound care formulations. This study successfully synthesized eco-friendly silver nanoparticles utilizing the leaf extract of Momordica dioica (spine gourd) and evaluated their efficacy in enhancing wound healing in rats. The plant-derived nanoparticles facilitated accelerated wound closure, mitigated inflammation, and potentially contributed to infection prevention. Additionally, they exhibited significant antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by the DPPH assay, thereby helping protect tissues from damage during the healing process. Analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) identified natural bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and phenolics, in the leaf extract, which are instrumental in the formation and stabilization of the nanoparticles. Importantly, hematological assessments and organ studies indicated no adverse effects, affirming the safety of the treatment. In conclusion, these findings propose that green-synthesized silver nanoparticles represent a safe, natural, and sustainable therapeutic option for the treatment of infected or slow-healing wounds.
Severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains a major cause of long-term respiratory morbidity in extremely preterm infants, with limited disease-modifying treatment options. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)–based therapies have emerged as a promising investigational approach; however, clinical evidence remains limited, particularly regarding longitudinal outcome assessment. This retrospective, longitudinal twin case study evaluated two extremely preterm twin infants with severe BPD who received intravenous umbilical cord–derived MSC therapy under a regulated clinical attempt approved by the Turkish Ministry of Health. Baseline was defined as the time of first MSC administration (postnatal day 30), with follow-up at approximately 1, 3, and 6 months. Longitudinal outcomes included arterial blood gas parameters, clinical respiratory severity scores, ventilatory support requirements, radiologic lung injury scores, and lung compliance assessments. Outcomes were evaluated descriptively without inferential statistical analysis. Both patients demonstrated progressive improvement in gas exchange, clinical respiratory distress, ventilatory support requirements, radiologic lung injury, and lung compliance during follow-up. Despite comparable baseline disease severity, recovery trajectories differed between the twins, with one patient showing more rapid and complete improvement across multiple domains. Improvements were observed during the follow-up period after UC-MSC administration and were sustained across the available longitudinal assessments. This study describes the longitudinal respiratory outcomes of two extremely preterm twins who had severe BPD and were treated with IV UC-MSC therapy under a regulated clinical study framework. During follow-up, physiological, clinical, and radiologic improvements were observed with divergent recovery trajectories despite shared genetic and early environmental backgrounds. However, this study included only two patients and lacked a control group. These observations are hypothesis-generating and should be interpreted in the context of ongoing standard-of-care treatment, natural postnatal lung maturation, and the variable clinical course of severe BPD. Larger prospective controlled studies are needed to define safety and efficacy, optimal timing and dosing strategy, patient selection, and long-term respiratory and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a serious lung disease that affects premature infants causing long-term breathing problems. Current treatments mainly support breathing but do not directly repair damaged lung tissue. In this study, we examined clinical outcomes of two premature twin infants with severe BPD receiving mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy as part of a regulated clinical treatment. Both infants showed improvements in breathing, oxygen needs, lung imaging and function over 6 months of follow-up; however, the degree of recovery differed between them. Our findings suggest that MSC therapies may support lung repair in severe BPD and warrant further clinical investigation.
Hypoxia-mimetic cobalt chloride (CoCl2) induces favorable effects on human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAD-MSCs) function. This study was aimed at the bone-healing effects of CoCl2-preconditioned hAD-MSCs on a critical-size tibial defect (CSTD) in an ovariectomized rat-induced osteoporosis (OP) model. Hypoxia was induced by 100, 200, and 400 µM CoCl2 for 24 and/or 48 h. The cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using the MTT assay and acridine orange staining, respectively. Adult female Wistar rats were ovariectomized. After 3.5 months, the OP progression was evaluated using CT scanning. Twenty-four rats were then divided into 3 groups: sham (control), normoxia, and hypoxia groups receiving PBS, hAD-MSCs, and CoCl2-exposed hAD-MSCs, respectively, via the tail vein 7 days after CSTD. At four and eight weeks after CSTD surgery, western blot analyses were performed to evaluate OPG, OCN, and Runx2 proteins in local fractures. hAD-MSCs exposure to 100 µM CoCl2 for 48 h had the best therapeutic effect, which increased cell viability, decreased apoptosis, and improved the ossification at the site of a tibia fracture. The Hounsfield Unit (HU) of CSTD in the hypoxia group was significantly higher than in other groups. Seven days after CSTD induction, the injection of 100 µM CoCl2-pretreated hAD-MSCs for 48 h significantly upregulated the expression of the mentioned proteins in the hypoxia group, except for OCN protein. Hypoxia induced by CoCl2 significantly improved the cell viability of hAD-MSCs and the remodeling and healing processes of CSTD in ovariectomized rats by increasing OPG, OCN, and Runx2 proteins. This study investigates a new technique to improve bone healing in osteoporosis, a condition where bones become weak and proneto fractures. Researchers concentrated on special cells called human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAD-MSCs), which can help bone healing. They exposed these cells to cobalt chloride (CoCl2), a chemical that mimics low oxygen conditions (hypoxia), to improve their healing capacity. When these preconditioned cells were injected into rats with ovariectomy-inducedosteoporosis and critical-size tibial bone defects, the treated cells significantly improved bone healing compared to untreated cells. This approach significantly resulted in increased bone formation and strength by activating important and key proteins involved inbone growth and repair. The findings highlight that using CoCl2-preconditioned hAD-MSCs could be a promising and effective therapy to accelerate bone repair in osteoporotic patients, potentially providing hope for better treatments and outcomes with fewerside effects than existing medications; however, further studies are needed in this field.
Diabetes mellitus and weight problems are primary worldwide health issues that are becoming increasingly common and present severe risks for morbidity and death. The limited effectiveness or adverse side effects of cutting-edge remedy options often prevent them from producing long-term, sustainable results. To tackle these issues, Nano gene therapy has become a feasible method. This assessment investigates the ability of Nano gene therapy, which uses nanotechnology to precisely and effectively supply genetic materials, in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and obesity. The treatment of these metabolic diseases may be absolutely converted through nano-gene remedy, which mixes contemporary transport techniques with targeted gene-modifying gear like CRISPR/Cas9. Preclinical studies have shown encouraging outcomes; however, before scientific translation, some of the troubles need to be resolved, along with protection, moral troubles, and vast applicability. This evaluation was completed by means of searching through peer-reviewed courses from databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar that had been published between 2000 and 2024. The phrases "centered therapy," "obesity," "diabetes mellitus," "nanotechnology," "gene editing," and "nano-gene therapy" have been used. The use of nano-gene remedy to deal with diabetes mellitus and weight problems has tremendous promise. It offers a promising replacement for traditional treatments that focus on the molecular and genetic causes of these ailments through facilitating precise, targeted gene transport.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring mucopolysaccharide known for its high hydrophilicity, non-immunogenicity, chemical flexibility, non-toxicity, and biodegradability. Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide, demanding new and practical therapeutic approaches. This review aims to explore recent advancements in HA-based biomaterials for cancer therapy and their potential in targeted drug delivery. The review compiles and analyzes recent studies on HA sourced from various origins, including microbial, umbilical cord, and animal-based sources. It also examines technological developments that enable the controlled microbial production of HA through the regulation of temperature, agitation, and aeration. Furthermore, the review discusses the design and application of HA-based drug delivery systems, including hydrogels, liposomes, nanoparticles, and micelles, used for targeted cancer therapy. Study indicates that microbial production of HA offers a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional extraction methods. HA demonstrates strong targeting potential because several tumor cells overexpress HA receptors, while normal cells show minimal expression. HA-based nanoplatforms improve the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of anticancer drugs in biological environments, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. HA represents a promising biomaterial for the development of advanced cancer therapies. Its ability to target tumour-specific receptors and enhance drug delivery efficiency makes it a valuable component in the formulation of next-generation anticancer nanomedicines. Continued research and innovation in HA-based biomaterials are expected further to improve the effectiveness and precision of cancer treatment.
Wound healing presents a significant challenge in healthcare, traditional dressings often fail to provide optimal healing environments. Nanocellulose-based hydrogels have emerged as promising solutions for wound healing due to their excellent water retention, biocompatibility, and mechanical strength. We conducted a comprehensive review of different types of nanocellulose including cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), and tunicate nanocellulose (TNC) analyzing their structural properties through in vitro and in vivo wound healing studies. This review highlights the recent advancements in nanocellulose-based hydrogels, focusing on their structural properties, in vitro and in vivo wound healing studies, and potential for clinical translation. The results highlight the improved moisture retention ability of CNF-based hydrogels, CNC reinforcement ability, and the suitability of BNC membranes for moist wound healing. Despite promising developments, scalability of production and standardization of characterization protocols are limited and understanding of degradation kinetics remains a challenge to be overcome. Future studies should aim at developing affordable large-scale production techniques, integrating antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory qualities, and optimizing nanocellulose formulations for various wound types. By overcoming these challenges, nanocellulose-based hydrogels will accelerate the transition from lab studies to clinical uses, providing advanced and long-lasting wound care solutions. Nanocellulose-based hydrogels offer advanced solutions for wound healing challenges. These materials combine excellent water retention, biocompatibility, and mechanical strength to create ideal wound-healing environments. Various types of nanocellulose provide unique benefits: CNF enhances moisture retention, CNC improves structural integrity, and BNC creates effective moist healing membranes. While current research shows promising results in laboratory and animal studies, challenges in production scaling and standardization need to be addressed before widespread clinical use. Overcoming these barriers will lead to advanced, long-lasting wound care solutions that significantly improve patient outcomes compared to traditional dressings.
The spleen is a vital secondary lymphoid organ present in the peritoneal cavity that plays a central role in immune surveillance and haematopoiesis. In mice, the spleen’s microanatomy is complex and differs significantly from that of humans and other domestic animals, particularly in the organisation of marginal zone and the distribution of megakaryocytes in the red pulp. Seven adult female BALB/c mice were randomly selected for the study and the standard histological procedures were employed. The immunohistochemical localisation of CD3 and CD20 were done to study the immune cell distribution in spleen of mice. The spleen of mice is intermediate type with moderate distribution of both red and white pulp as it contained moderately developed capsule, trabeculae and dual circulation. The marginal zone, peripheral to white pulp was rich in lymphocytes and prominent macrophages. The megakaryocytes were large hematopoietic cells with multilobulated nucleus, abundant pale eosinophilic cytoplasm with extensions and were commonly found in mice. This article contributes the gross and histological architecture of the murine spleen with an emphasis on the structural and functional implication of the marginal zone and the role of megakaryocytes. Immunohistochemistry stained for CD3 and CD20, confirmed clear compartmental separation of T and B cell regions, highlighting PALS as CD3-rich and follicles as CD20-rich areas. Our findings contribute to the broader understanding of localisation and distribution of different lymphoid cells involved in immune regulation which provide a roadmap for future investigations. The spleen is an important organ that helps the body fight infections and maintain healthy blood. In mice, the spleen is widely used by scientists as a model to understand how the immune system works. Studying the structure of the spleen helps researchers interpret many immunological experiments, including studies related to vaccines, infections and immune diseases. The present study aimed to examine the structure of the mouse spleen in detail, with particular attention to its cellular organization and the distribution of important immune cells. In this study, spleens from adult female BALB/c mice were examined using anatomical, histological and immunohistochemical techniques. The spleen was found to be a small, dark red organ located in the left side of the abdominal cavity. Microscopically, it consisted of two main regions called the red pulp and white pulp, which were separated by a specialized area known as the marginal zone. Each of these regions has distinct roles in immune defense and blood filtration. The red pulp contained a large number of blood-filled spaces and different blood cells. Notably, several megakaryocytes, large cells responsible for platelet formation, were observed in this region, indicating that the spleen can also participate in blood cell production outside the bone marrow. The white pulp consisted mainly of immune cells. Using specific markers, T lymphocytes were found primarily around the central arteries, while B lymphocytes were concentrated within lymphoid follicles. Overall, the study highlights the highly organized structure of the murine spleen and explains how its different compartments contribute to blood filtration, immune responses and blood cell production. These findings provide useful baseline information for future research involving mouse models in immunology and biomedical sciences.
