Objectives: Gamification has been identified as an effective tool for enhancing student motivation and engagement. Among these approaches, escape games have emerged as an innovative approach. The aim of our study was to design, implement, and evaluate an educational escape room activity in analytical chemistry for a practical laboratory session for second-year pharmacy students.Methods: The escape room “EsChemGame”, focusing on quality control of pharmaceutical active ingredients, comprising 11 puzzles to be completed within 75 minutes. To evaluate its impact, students complete a post-activity knowledge assessment and a satisfaction survey. Before full implementation, the game was tested on a group of 10 students. Academics also evaluated the activity.Results: A total of 134 students participated in this activity. Students' perceptions of the activity were very positive. Academics also appreciated the activity, and they found that it is an engaging approach that could be implemented in other sessions.Conclusion: The “EsChemGame” was well received as an engaging and motivating approach.
BACKGROUND: The definition of health proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948 (“a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”) remains influential but increasingly criticized for its idealistic, static, and potentially unattainable nature. Contemporary societies are confronted with aging populations, chronic diseases, environmental disruptions, psychosocial stress, and changing perceptions of normality and pathology. This study aimed to explore current perceptions of disease and health among French-speaking respondents in order to propose an updated conceptualization of health.MATERIAL AND METHOD: A cross-sectional anonymous online survey was conducted among 140 adult participants. The questionnaire explored agreement with the WHO definition of disease and health, perceptions of aging, social and environmental determinants of illness, therapeutic efficacy, and the social significance of various disease categories. Responses were analyzed descriptively and interpreted within a medical anthropological framework.RESULTS: Although most respondents (82.9%) declared themselves globally favorable to the WHO definition, 17.1% considered it incomplete or inaccurate. Participants widely recognized multifactorial causes of illness, especially stress, mental state, work conditions, aging, nutrition, and environmental imbalance. Diseases were not perceived solely as biological events but also as social, psychological, ecological, and relational phenomena. A substantial proportion of respondents acknowledged that illness may temporarily liberate individuals from sociocultural norms and obligations. Aging itself was ambiguously perceived, oscillating between natural process and pathological condition. Respondents strongly endorsed holistic approaches integrating environmental, psychological, physical, and social rebalancing.CONCLUSION: Health can no longer be reduced to an idealized state of complete well-being nor to the simple absence of disease. Based on these findings, we propose redefining health as follows: “Health is the dynamic capacity of an individual or a community to maintain, restore, or negotiate biological, psychological, social, cultural, and environmental equilibrium throughout life, despite internal vulnerabilities and external constraints.”
OBJECTIVES:Injectable anticancer preparations and galenic preparations are subject to strict regulations imposing safety and quality requirements. In our hospital, on-call pharmacists may, in exceptional circumstances, be required to prepare or check preparations. It is therefore essential to train them. The aim of this work is to provide theoretical and practical training to pharmacists on pharmaceutical duty. METHODS:Theoretical training covering all stages of the injectable anticancer drug and galenic preparation process was provided. Practical training courses covering the preparation of three injectable anticancer drugs of interest were then held in the production area. Pre- and post-training questionnaires were completed anonymously to assess the impact of the training and the satisfaction of the pharmacists. RESULTS:All fifteen on-call pharmacists participated in the training courses, with a success rate of approximately 90% for the practical training. Almost all of the pharmacists were satisfied with the training, showing a definite decrease in apprehension about pharmacotechnical requests while on call. All would like to repeat the training on a regular basis. However, these training sessions were very time-consuming and required significant human resources. Other less time-consuming training materials could be explored for future training sessions. CONCLUSIONS:These initial training sessions were well received by the teams and proved satisfactory. It would be appropriate to continue with the training and, in particular, to encourage practical training, which pharmacists can carry out on their own initiative using the tools created for this purpose.
OBJECTIVES:To identify the difficulties and needs of family caregivers within the care pathway and pharmaceutical management of elderly patients, an area that remains underexplored to date. METHODS:A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was conducted with family caregivers accompanying a polymedicated older patient to a geriatric day hospital at a university hospital center. A purposive maximum-variation sampling strategy was used to select participants. Interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis with researcher triangulation. RESULTS:Thirteen caregivers with diverse profiles were interviewed between February and April 2024. Their involvement in overall care was substantial, including care coordination, emotional support, administrative management, and organization of home care. This responsibility was associated with a multidimensional burden (physical, psychological, social, and financial), which evolves over time and may impact caregivers' health. Involvement in pharmaceutical care was heterogeneous and included medication supply management, medical device handling, monitoring of adverse drug reactions, and occasionally treatment adjustments. Reported difficulties mainly concerned care coordination, securing the medication-use process, and lack of information. Caregivers expressed a need for empowerment, recognition, and support from healthcare professionals. CONCLUSION:Healthcare professionals have a responsibility to identify and support family caregivers of older adults in order to ensure close follow-up and prevent adverse effects on their health. Systematic integration of the caregiver-patient dyad into pharmaceutical care represents a lever for improving geriatric practices and preventing caregiver burnout.
What is the place of health practitioners at sea? What role does this officer occupy, straddling the fields of dietetics, prevention and minor traumatology? Four printed books (little used in the history of medicine and medical anthropology) will serve as guides: Letters from a surgeon to Mr. … shipowner on the subject of the plant-based diet proposed for seafarers (M. Poissonnier des Perrières, 1773), Advice to seafarers on their health (G. Mauran, 1786), Lessons on asphyxia or instructions on the assistance to be given to drowned persons and others asphyxiated (L.S.C. Sauvé, 1841) and Treatise on naval hygiene (JB. Fonssagrives, 1878).From the comparative analysis of these four works covering two centuries of health activity at sea, we will see what evolutionary paths were taken by these embarked practitioners. Far from the image of a simple "luxury barber", surgeons, pharmacists and other health practitioners acquired over time a function of hygienist, intervening in the very organization of life on board and during stopovers (meals, body care, prevention, etc.). They gradually became interested in the relationship between man and the environment, in professional risks and in work accidents (which he prevented and treated), etc. It was a new discipline that was being established, but also a new way of thinking and doing surgery/medicine and maintaining health.
BACKGROUND:Medications account for a substantial share of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in healthcare institutions (up to 30%). Hospital pharmacists are key stakeholders with the capacity to influence the carbon footprint of healthcare facilities. OBJECTIVE:To compare two methodological approaches for estimating the carbon footprint associated with medications used in healthcare institutions and to calculate the GHG-to-monetary-unit ratio (€/CAD) for each method. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Prospective descriptive study. A monetary-based method derived from the OpenIO-Canada tool was compared with a physical method based on life cycle assessment of medications, as proposed by ECOVAMED. A convenience sample was drawn from the CHU Sainte-Justine formulary for the fiscal year from April 1, 2024, to March 31, 2025. GHG emissions estimated using each method were calculated and compared. An additional calculation of GHG emissions per euro spent was performed. RESULTS:A total of 487 medications out of the 2098 listed in the CHU Sainte-Justine formulary were successfully matched with data from the ECOVAMED database. These 487 medications accounted for 23% of formulary items, 34% of doses administered, and 54% of total drug expenditures. GHG emissions estimated using the physical method represented 21% of those estimated using the monetary method (1,286,116 vs. 6,235,474kg CO2e). Regarding the mean±standard deviation of kg CO2e by route of administration based on ECOVAMED data, values were 666,593±8637kg CO2e for parenterally administered medications and 17,833±57kg CO2e for enterally administered medications, corresponding to a 37.3-fold difference. CONCLUSION:This study is the first to directly compare a monetary-based method and a physical-based method for estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with medications used in hospital pharmacy. Based on the available literature, the monetary-based method appears to be a valid and rapid approach for estimating the overall GHG emissions of hospital pharmacy activities. However, it may either overestimate or underestimate actual emissions. In contrast, the physical-based method enables medication-specific GHG estimates and is more relevant for informing decisions related to medication selection, prescribing, and preparation within healthcare institutions. It can also support both healthcare decision-makers and clinicians in implementing more sustainable practices. Further research is needed to better compare and validate these two approaches.
Objectif L’intelligence artificielle (IA) transforme progressivement l’industrie pharmaceutique en intervenant dans la fabrication, l’assurance qualité, les affaires réglementaires, la chaîne d’approvisionnement et la gouvernance des systèmes industriels. L’objectif de cette revue est de proposer une synthèse critique des applications, des limites et des enjeux réglementaires associés à l’intégration de l’IA dans les environnements pharmaceutiques réglementés. Méthodologie Revue narrative fondée sur un corpus de plus de quarante publications académiques, rapports institutionnels et textes réglementaires récents couvrant la fabrication pharmaceutique, les bonnes pratiques de fabrication (BPF/GMP), l’assurance qualité, les affaires réglementaires, la supply chain, la gouvernance des données, l’adoption organisationnelle et la durabilité. Résultats L’IA contribue à l’optimisation des procédés, à la maintenance prédictive, au contrôle qualité en temps réel, à l’automatisation documentaire, à l’aide à la décision réglementaire et à l’amélioration de la performance logistique. Elle favorise également l’émergence de modèles de production plus connectés et plus adaptatifs dans le cadre de la Pharma 4.0. Toutefois, ces bénéfices restent conditionnés par la qualité et l’interopérabilité des données, la validation des modèles, l’explicabilité des systèmes, la cybersécurité, les contraintes BPF/GMP, les exigences de gouvernance et la maîtrise des usages d’IA générative en environnement réglementé. Conclusion L’IA constitue un levier majeur de transformation de l’industrie pharmaceutique, mais sa valeur dépend de son intégration dans des cadres industriels, organisationnels et réglementaires robustes. Le développement d’une IA pharmaceutiquement crédible nécessite des systèmes validables, gouvernables, auditables et compatibles avec les exigences de confiance propres aux activités de santé.
BACKGROUND:Patient support programs (PSP) aim to facilitate access to specialty medications but rely heavily on often complex forms that create a significant administrative burden and reduce available clinical time. Few data describe their structure and content. OBJECTIVE:To describe the structure and content of specialty medication access forms (SMAFs) available in Québec. METHODS:A cross-sectional descriptive study including all forms available on the platform of the Association québécoise des coordonnateurs d'accès aux médicaments en oncologie (AQCAMO, n=211) and locally available forms (n=21). After deduplication, 143 unique forms were analyzed based on their formal characteristics (format, word count, number of pages) and content (patient information, prescriber information, consent, confidentiality, services). RESULTS:Forms contained an average of 1,992±1,009 words and 4.6±1.8 pages. All required identifying information; 34.3% requested the health insurance number, 38.5% prior treatments, and 37.8% information on disease progression. Confidentiality details were limited: only 1.4% mentioned data retention duration and 17.5% described data protection measures. Although 96.5% required a signature, only 25.9% indicated whether treatment access was possible without using the PSP. CONCLUSION:Medication access forms show substantial heterogeneity, significant administrative burden, and gaps in transparency and data protection, underscoring the need for harmonization and ethical review.
A robust and highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of diosgenin in mice plasma in accordance with ICH M10 guidelines. Chromatographic separation was achieved using Kinetex C8 column (50×2.1mm, 5μm) with 0.1% formic acid in distilled water and methanol as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.6mL/min, and the run time was 17min. Detection was performed in positive ESI+ mode using MRM at m/z 415.10→271.20, employing sarsasapogenin as the internal standard. Protein precipitation yielded efficient extraction with minimal matrix interference. The method exhibited excellent linearity over 3.125-1000ng/mL (r2=0.996) with an LLOQ of 3.125ng/mL. The accuracy during within-day and between-day evaluations ranged from 91.7% to 110.99%, and precision (%CV) remained below 5.14%. Dilution integrity indicated that the analyte can be reliably quantified in biological samples up to 24,000ng/mL. The stability studies confirmed that the analyte was stable under various conditions. Further, this validated method was applied for pharmacokinetic studies in female mice via oral (10mg/kg) and intramuscular (5mg/kg) administration. Overall, the method is reliable for trace-level quantification and demonstrated its applicability in pharmacokinetic, bioavailability, and formulation studies of diosgenin.
Objectif : qualifier la nature intentionnelle ou non intentionnelle des défauts d’adhésion dans une cohorte de patients atteints de rhumatismes inflammatoires chroniques, à des fins d’adaptation des soins pharmaceutiques.Méthode : étude de cohorte monocentrique rétrospective. Les données sont issues des entretiens pharmaceutiques réalisés à l’hôpital de jour de rhumatologie du Centre Hospitalier de Grenoble entre 2017 et 2022 : données de l’outil QUILAM qui vise à qualifier les différents freins à l’adhésion et données qualitatives issues de chaque consultation.Résultats : 47% des patients (n=70/150) ont pu être qualifiés d’adhérents ; 80 patients présentaient au moins 1 défaut d’adhésion (53%). Les problématiques de type intentionnel sont les plus fréquentes (n=90). Les problématiques non intentionnelles (n=45) sont la plupart du temps liées à des soucis d'organisation (40% des motifs) et/ou de défaut de connaissance (31% des motifs).Conclusions : les difficultés d’adhésion rencontrées par les patients sont à contextuer et qualifier, afin d’adopter la posture et les outils adaptés. Une partie non négligeable des difficultés sont d’ordre non intentionnel (implémentation du traitement), nécessitant que le pharmacien revoie avec le patient le plan et les modalités de prise des traitements.
Objectifs : Les antifongiques systémiques sont régulièrement prescrits hors Autorisation de Mise sur le Marché (AMM) ce qui soulève des enjeux de sécurité, d’équité d’accès aux soins et de maîtrise des dépenses. L’objectif de cette étude a été d’analyser les prescriptions d’antifongiques systémiques hors AMM afin d’actualiser le thésaurus des indications hors AMM et de garantir une prise en charge pertinente.Méthodes : Les prescriptions hors AMM d’amphotéricine B liposomale, de voriconazole, d’isavuconazole et de micafungine déclarées par les établissements de santé de la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (ARA) dans le cadre du suivi prospectif des indications, ainsi que leurs justifications bibliographiques, ont été analysées par le Groupe régional pour le Bon Usage des Antifongiques (GréBA).Résultats : Cent-quatre-vingts (n=181) initiations de traitements hors AMM ont été déclarées en région ARA représentant 20,9% (181/868) des prescriptions d’antifongiques systémiques. La majorité soit 66 % (n=119) correspondait à un positionnement répertorié dans le thesaurus incluant une référence issue du thésaurus. Dans 18 % des cas (n=32), le positionnement était justifié, mais les références utilisées n’étaient pas issues du thésaurus. Les autres prescriptions concernaient des situations insuffisamment documentées, non justifiées ou des indications couvertes par une AMM existante. Enfin, 1 % (n=2) des prescriptions correspondaient à un positionnement justifié incluant une référence qui a permis de mettre à jour le thésaurus.Conclusions : L’analyse des prescriptions hors AMM en ARA met en évidence un taux de justification bibliographique élevé en cas de prescription hors AMM. Le thésaurus des indications hors AMM a pu être mis à jour grâce à l’analyse de ces prescriptions.
Objectifs: La forte féminisation du métier de pharmacien d’officine nous invite à nous interroger sur les éventuelles différences de perception que peuvent avoir les pharmaciens et pharmaciennes de leur métier. Malgré une féminisation marquée, pouvons-nous encore observer des inégalités de genre dans la profession?Méthodes: Ce travail se base sur l’élaboration d’un questionnaire en ligne sur LimeSurvey intitulé « Rapport au travail des pharmaciens et pharmaciennes d’officine », diffusé auprès de pharmacien.nes d’officine français, titulaires, adjoint.es, remplaçant.es ou intérimaires.Résultats: L’enquête comptabilise 378 répondant.es. Certains résultats démontrent une certaine lassitude des hommes face à leur métier. Ainsi, ils ressentent moins souvent « la fierté de faire ce que vous faites » (38% des hommes contre 56% des femmes) mais plus souvent de « l’ennui face à des tâches répétitives » (32% des hommes contre 13% des femmes).D’autres résultats révèlent des discriminations persistantes : 36% des femmes estiment que leurs compétences ont déjà été remises en question en raison de leur genre contre 7% des hommes.Conclusions: Cette étude apporte une première vision sur les différences de perception entre les pharmaciens et pharmaciennes d’officine sur leur travail et les discriminations liées au genre qu’ils y rencontrent.
CONTEXT:Errors related to the reconstitution and administration of paediatric medicines remain common. They expose children to the risks of under- or over-dosing, with the associated adverse effects. The implementation of preventive measures continues to be encouraged. The APPLU educational tool: APartment pédiatrique LUdique (Pediatric Play Apartment), created in 2019, updated and evaluated in 2022, is an interesting training tool for reducing medication errors at home. OBJECTIVE:To study the feasibility of using the APPLU educational tool in a community pharmacy and to verify whether its wider integration is possible. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study was based on the recruitment of parents or relatives of children under the age of 12 when a prescription was dispensed or advice was given at the counter. This target population was invited to test the APPLU tool in a confidential space isolated from the surrounding noise of the pharmacy. The opinion of the pharmacy team was also sought in order to consider the possible integration of this tool into pharmacy practices. RESULTS:Of the 73 people invited during recruitment, 20 agreed to participate in the tool test (17 parents, 2 grandparents and 1 aunt), representing a participation rate of 27.4%. Half of the respondents had two dependent children, and the median age of the eldest child was nine years old. Nineteen of them had never received training on the proper use of paediatric medicines. On average, the interviews lasted 20.1minutes. The results highlight the value of APPLU in providing knowledge, as three-quarters of participants reviewed or acquired new concepts. More than 90% of respondents reported that the confidential space was more suitable than the counter, and that the pharmacy was a suitable environment for this training. All recommended the use of the tool. Some limitations were identified, including the small sample size, the time-consuming nature of the training for the pharmacy team, and the tool's lack of ergonomics. Respondents emphasised that they appreciated the pharmacist's support in using APPLU. CONCLUSION:The APPLU tool is a valuable aid in reducing the risks associated with medication misuse, but an update is needed to improve its ergonomics and enable wider distribution.
Contexte : Les erreurs liées à la reconstitution et à l’administration des médicaments pédiatriques demeurent fréquentes. Elles exposent les enfants à des risques de sous- ou de surdosage, avec les effets indésirables associés. La mise en place d’actions de prévention reste à encourager. L’outil pédagogique APPLU : APpartement pédiatrique LUdique, créé en 2019, mis à jour, et évalué en 2022, représente un support de formation intéressant pour la réduction des erreurs médicamenteuses au domicile.Objectif : Etudier la faisabilité d’utilisation de l’outil pédagogique APPLU au sein d’une officine et vérifier si son intégration à plus large échelle est possible.Matériel et méthodes : L’étude s’appuie sur le recrutement de parents ou de proches d’enfants de moins de 12 ans, lors de la délivrance d’une ordonnance ou d’un conseil au comptoir. Cette population cible a été invitée à tester l’outil APPLU dans un espace de confidentialité isolé du bruit environnant de l’officine. L’avis de l’équipe officinale a également été recueilli afin d’imaginer une éventuelle intégration de cet outil dans les pratiques officinales.Résultats : Sur 73 personnes invitées lors du recrutement, 20 ont accepté de participer au test de l’outil (17 parents, 2 grands parents et 1 tante), soit un taux de participation de 27,4%. La moitié des répondants avaient 2 enfants à charge et la médiane d’âge de l’ainé était de 9 ans. 19 d’entre eux n’avaient jamais reçu de formation sur le bon usage des médicaments pédiatriques. En moyenne, les entretiens ont duré 20,1 minutes. Les résultats mettent en évidence l’intérêt d’APPLU pour l’apport de connaissances, puisque ¾ des participants se sont vus revoir ou acquérir des notions. Plus de 90% des répondants rapportent l’espace de confidentialité comme plus adapté que le comptoir, et la pharmacie comme un environnement adapté pour ces formations. Tous recommandent l’utilisation de l’outil. Des limites apparaissent, notamment le faible effectif, son caractère chronophage pour l’équipe officinale et le manque d’ergonomie de l’outil. Les répondants insistent sur le fait d’avoir apprécié d’être accompagné par le pharmacien pour l’utilisation d’APPLU.Conclusion : L’outil APPLU constitue un support précieux pour la réduction des risques liés au mésusage médicamenteux mais une mise à jour doit être prévue pour l’amélioration de son ergonomie et sa diffusion à plus grande échelle.
Analytical Quality-by-Design principles were used to develop and validate a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous quantification of butamirate citrate and chlorpheniramine maleate in pharmaceutical formulations. Box-Behnken Design systematically optimized three critical variables mobile phase pH, flow rate, and column temperature with response surface plots confirming robust chromatographic performance. Using an isocratic mobile phase of ethanol: water (40:60 v/v) containing 0.33% triethylamine and adjusted to pH 6.0 using 1% orthophosphoric acid, separation was accomplished on a Waters Spherisorb cyano column (250mm×4.6mm, 5μm) at 1.2mL/min with photodiode array detection at 225nm. Validation per ICH Q2(R2) demonstrated excellent linearity (r2=0.999) across 112-337μg/mL and 10-30μg/mL for both analytes, with percentage recoveries of 99% and 98%, respectively. Environmental sustainability was confirmed through Analytical Eco-scale (score: 80), Analytical Greenness metric (0.69), and Complex Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index (83). Analytical performance was evaluated using the Red Analytical Performance Index (70) and Multi-Color Assessment Tool (72.6%), collectively reflecting strong scope, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. Reliable quantification of both compounds in pharmaceutical dosage forms is offered by a validated, environmentally friendly approach, supporting routine quality control and research applications.
Oncolytic virus therapy is a promising and evolving strategy in cancer treatment that uses viruses to selectively destroy tumour cells and stimulate systemic antitumour immune responses. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of action, recent therapeutic advances, and clinical potential of Oncolytic Viruses (OVs). A comprehensive literature review was conducted using major biomedical databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Directory of Open Access Journals, and Google Scholar. Relevant peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, and regulatory data, mostly from the past 4 to 6 years, were screened, focusing on virus platforms, mechanisms of action, clinical outcomes, and emerging strategies. Several OVs, such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5), mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 Dearing strain (T3D; pelareorep), and Vaccinia virus-derived platforms (e.g., JX-594/Pexa-Vec), have shown significant therapeutic efficacy. Among them, Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) (a genetically engineered HSV-1) has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for melanoma treatment. These viruses mediate their effects through direct oncolysis, induction of immunogenic cell death, and immune activation within the tumour microenvironment. Combination strategies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chemotherapy have shown synergistic effects. Despite encouraging clinical outcomes, challenges such as immune clearance, limited systemic delivery, and variable patient responses persist. Innovations, including synthetic viral engineering, nanoparticle-assisted delivery, and immune-enhancing combinations, are being explored to address these limitations. OVT offers a dual-action therapeutic approach and holds significant promise in the field of precision oncology. Continued innovation and clinical validation are essential for its widespread adoption in cancer care.
The present study re-examines the efficacy of prevalent methods of thymoquinone (TQ) estimation in the biomass of Nigella sativa L. using RP-HPLC. The differential efficacy in terms of magnitude, accuracy and cognate correlation with metabolically affiliated groups of biomolecules, phenolics, and antioxidants opens new vistas. The study was conducted to develop a more accurate and sensitive method for quantitative assessment and correlation among TQ content, total phenolics, and flavonoids in six different plant parts of N. sativa, which are used in culinary applications, therapeutic formulations, nutraceuticals, and biowaste. The re-examination was based on the extraction of TQ-rich fractions with solvents of differential polarity (methanol and benzene), followed by quantitative assessment by RP-HPLC using methanol: water (80:20) as the mobile phase. RP-HPLC data revealed that TQ in methanolic extracts was highest in root (0.00959±0.00032mg/g FW), followed by flower (0.00882±0.00013mg/g FW), and lowest in fruit (0.00488±0.00014mg/g FW). Benzene extracts yielded the same pattern but with substantially higher magnitude, particularly in flower (0.0634±0.0272mg/g FW) and fruit (0.0616±0.0416mg/g FW), making the system more resolvable. With the objective to understand the correlation with compounds of antioxidant nature, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined and correlated with TQ content estimated using two different solvents. TPC was highest in leaf (0.208±0.010mg GAE/g) and lowest in fruit. TFC was highest in bud (0.344±0.004mg QE/g) and lowest in root. Pearson correlations using triplicate values showed very weak associations between methanolic TQ and TPC (r=0.008; P<0.05) and between methanolic TQ and TFC (r=-0.330; P<0.05). Benzene-extracted TQ also showed a negligible positive correlation with TPC (r=0.110; P<0.01) and a very poor negative correlation with TFC (r=-0.016; P<0.01). TPC and TFC remained moderately positively correlated (r=0.450; P=0.05). The results indicate that TQ and phenols accumulate largely independently in different plant parts of N. sativa. The TQ estimation using benzene extracts appears far superior to the method relying on methanolic extracts, given the large-scale and magnitude differences, making it more resolvable during screening.
