There are several challenges associated with the increasing use of lipophilic medications, including limited oral bioavailability, irregular absorption, and unpredictable pharmacokinetics. Nanoemulgels, an innovative transdermal drug delivery technology, have shown significant potential in improving the permeability and bioavailability of such medications. By combining the advantages of nanoemulsions and gels, nanoemulgels provide an effective method for topical drug application, helping to overcome issues related to targeting and absorption. This review examines the use of nanoemulgels in the management of inflammatory conditions, particularly gout. Colchicine, a BCS Class III medication with restricted permeability, is used as a case study to explore formulation techniques, procedures, and excipients aimed at optimizing nanoemulgel systems. The review highlights permeability enhancement mechanisms and the potential of nanoemulgels for targeted antiinflammatory drug delivery, emphasizing their promise as a novel therapeutic strategy for inflammatory diseases.
Introduction: Dapagliflozin, a selective Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is widely used in the treatment of diabetes by promoting glucose excretion through urine. However, its poor aqueous solubility and rapid elimination limit its therapeutic efficacy, highlighting the need for an improved drug delivery system. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate β- cyclodextrin (β-CD)-based microparticles containing dapagliflozin to provide its sustained release. Methods: Microparticles were prepared in a 1:3 molar ratio of drug to β-CD using the ionic gelation method, with chitosan used as a coating polymer at varying concentrations. The microparticles were characterized for percentage yield, drug content, flow properties, swelling index, particle size (using optical microscopy), surface morphology (using scanning electron microscopy), and in vitro drug release. Results: The particle size of the microparticles ranged from 912.8 μm to 1019.2 μm. β-CD-containing microparticles (D1 and D3) exhibited higher drug content and swelling indices compared to non-β-CD microparticles (D2 and D4). In vitro release studies showed that β-CD microparticles exhibited a slower, sustained drug-release profile. Kinetic modeling revealed that microparticle formulation D1 followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, indicating a combination of diffusion and polymer relaxation as the release mechanism, while D2 and D3 followed zero-order kinetics, and D4 followed first-order kinetics. Discussion: The study showed that β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-containing microparticles (D1 and D3) had higher yields, better swelling indices, and larger particle sizes due to enhanced cross-linking, hydrophilicity, and stronger polymeric interactions compared to non-β-CD formulations (D2 and D4). The presence of β-CD improved drug encapsulation efficiency and hydration, supporting sustained drug release, while higher chitosan concentration led to more compact matrices with controlled swelling. SEM analysis confirmed that β-CD formulations had smoother and denser surfaces, whereas non-β-CD microparticles were rougher and more porous. Drug release studies showed that β-CD significantly slowed the diffusion of dapagliflozin by forming stable inclusion complexes, resulting in sustained release. In contrast, non-β-CD formulations released the drug more rapidly due to their greater porosity. Drug release kinetics indicated non-Fickian, zero-order, and first-order release patterns across formulations, confirming the potential of β-CD-based microparticles for controlled drug delivery applications. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that β-CD/dapagliflozin microparticles coated with 1% (w/v) chitosan solution provided a sustained drug release profile. The sustained release potential of β-CD microparticles makes it an appropriate approach for the controlled delivery of dapagliflozin.
Abstract: Microneedle arrays are an emerging local drug delivery technology. These microsystems penetrate the skin non‑invasively and offer a promising alternative to traditional systems. Numerous studies have examined microneedles from various perspectives. In this review, we focus on research that has successfully delivered therapeutic agents using microneedle platforms in both human and animal subjects. This review covers the six main categories of microneedles: hollow, solid, coated, dissolvable, swelling, and porous. The mechanisms of drug delivery, loading methods, drug capacity, and therapeutic agents across all types are described and compared. Dissolvable and coated microneedles are the most extensively studied platforms. Dissolvable microneedles feature straightforward fabrication, single‑stage administration, and high compatibility with a broad range of compounds. In contrast, coated microneedles with two‑step administration typically deliver lower doses. Hollow microneedles can deliver high volumes of liquid formulations. Solid microneedles are less commonly used for drug delivery due to their multi‑step application and the rapid natural closure of the holes upon removal. Among these, porous and swelling microneedles, as newer and less studied models, offer controlled release and intelligent drug delivery. From a pharmaceutical perspective, insulin is the most extensively studied therapeutic agent, successfully delivered via all microneedle types in various formulations. Additionally, several vaccines, ovalbumin, curcumin, cisplatin, dexamethasone, and lidocaine have been effectively delivered by microneedles. Overall, this review offers a practical framework for selecting the most suitable microneedle platform based on drug state, required dose, and loading limitations. It confirms the significant potential of microneedles for real drug delivery while highlighting existing research gaps and emerging areas of study.
Introduction: The aggressive scaling of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) into the deep nanometre regime has increased leakage power and reduced stability in conventional static random-access memory (SRAM) cells, posing issues for ultra-low-power applications. This study offers a fin-field effect transistor (FinFET)-based 12-transistor (12T) SRAM cell with circuit-level leakage reduction. Methods: A stacked FinFET configuration is placed between the pull-up network (PUN) and the pull-down network (PDN) to prevent sub-threshold leakage while retaining functionality. The suggested FinFET-based 12T SRAM cell is tested using a predictive technology model (PTM) for a 7nm multi-gate FinFET technology node, a 0.7V power supply, and 27°C temperature. Results: The simulation results show a significant reduction in leakage power and better read/write latency when compared to the conventional 6T SRAM design and existing FinFET-based SRAM designs Discussion: The static noise margin (SNM) is estimated using the butterfly approach and improved for the proposed FinFET-based 12T SRAM cell. Monte Carlo simulations under ±10% process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) fluctuations show robustness despite large variations. The electrical quality metric (EQM) indicates greater overall performance. Conclusion: The proposed FinFET-based 12T SRAM cell balances power, performance, and stability, making it ideal for ultra-low power electronic applications.
Introduction:: In recent years, the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using plant-based extracts has emerged as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable alternative to conventional chemical synthesis. Among various plant sources, guava (Psidium guajava) leaves are rich in bioactive phytochemicals and serve as a natural reservoir of reducing and stabilizing agents for nanoparticle fabrication. Methods:: Gold nanoparticles were synthesized using an aqueous extract of Indian red guava leaves. Phytoconstituents such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and vitamin C were employed to reduce gold ions (Au³⁺) to stable AuNPs, eliminating the need for toxic chemicals and adhering to the principles of green chemistry. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Results:: The biosynthesized AuNPs exhibited notable antioxidant properties, as demonstrated by their effective scavenging of DPPH free radicals, indicating potential in mitigating oxidative stress. Antimicrobial assays revealed broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacterial strains. Biocompatibility was confirmed by MTT assays, which showed minimal cytotoxicity at lower concentrations. Further in vivo toxicity assessment using zebrafish embryos revealed minimal adverse effects across tested concentrations. Discussion:: These findings underscore the multifunctional nature of guava leaf-mediated AuNPs, which exhibit strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, excellent biocompatibility, and low cytotoxicity. The biogenic synthesis route not only improves the functional properties of AuNPs but also aligns with environmental sustainability goals by valorizing agricultural by-products and biobased economy. Conclusion:: This study validates the use of guava leaf extract as a green, sustainable, and efficient medium for the synthesis of AuNPs. The resulting nanoparticles hold significant potential for biomedical applications, including drug delivery, wound healing, and antimicrobial therapies. This green approach supports the broader goals of sustainable nanotechnology and circular economy practices.
Introduction: Cancer is one of the most widespread diseases worldwide, with chemotherapy as a common treatment, though often limited by severe side effects and multidrug resistance (MDR). Nanocarrier system with co-delivery of drugs can overcome these side effects by reducing toxicity and enabling combination therapy. Methods: In this study, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were developed for delivering methotrexate (MTX) and silymarin (SYM) using the microemulsion method, followed by sonication, and optimization via a QbD approach. Optimized SLNs were characterized for compatibility, morphology, particle size, entrapment efficiency, drug release, permeability, anticancer activity, and stability. Results: FTIR confirmed the compatibility of SLN components. DSC and XRD confirmed drug encapsulation and reduced crystallinity, while a small particle size (100-200 nm) provided a favourable morphology for targeting via enhanced permeation and retention. Entrapment efficiencies were observed as 92 % (MTX) and 89 % (SYM). In vitro drug release showed a biphasic profile over 12 h, with an initial burst release followed by sustained release. The surface morphology of SLNs was spherical and uniform, as confirmed by FE-SEM. The IC50 value for MTX-SYM-SLNs was significantly lower than that of pure SYM and MTX. SLNs effectively reduced MCF-7 cell viability, with an IC50 of 390 µg/ml. SLNs were observed to be stable. Discussion: SLNs showed nanosize high entrapment, enhanced cytotoxicity, and sustained release for improved delivery. Conclusion: The co-delivery of MTX and SYM via SLNs presents enhanced cytotoxic effect, which may be attributed to improved cellular uptake and synergistic anticancer activity
The article titled “Therapeutic Potential of Lobelia inflata in Promoting Wound Healing in Male Wistar Rats”, previously accepted for publication in Micro and Nanosystems (MNS), has been formally retracted. Following further review and consultation with the Editor, it was determined that the subject matter of the article does not fall within the aims and scope of the journal, and, therefore, does not meet the journal’s thematic and disciplinary criteria for publication. The Publisher regrets any inconvenience this retraction may cause to readers and other stakeholders. BENTHAM SCIENCE DISCLAIMER: It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Furthermore, any data, illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submitting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.
Introduction: Telmisartan exhibits poor aqueous solubility, susceptibility to Pglycoprotein (P-gp) efflux, and low oral bioavailability. This study aimed to enhance its solubility, intestinal permeability, and systemic exposure by developing polymeric micelles using optimized polymer–surfactant combinations. Methods: Polymeric micelles were formulated using carbomer 934, Poloxamer 188, and Poloxamer 407 with a surfactant–cosurfactant blend (Labrafil and Labrasol). The thin-film hydration technique was employed for drug loading. The formulations were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, drug loading efficiency, stability under physiological conditions, in vitro drug release, ex vivo intestinal diffusion, and pharmacokinetic performance in animal models. Results: The developed micelles exhibited a nanoscale size (<150 nm) and high drug-loading efficiency. Among the tested formulations, Poloxamer 188-based micelles showed superior performance with sustained drug release. Ex vivo studies demonstrated a 3.6-fold increase in intestinal diffusion compared to the pure drug. Pharmacokinetic evaluation revealed a 3.2-fold increase in C_max within 1 hour, indicating rapid and enhanced absorption. Discussion: The improved performance of Poloxamer 188 micelles can be attributed to enhanced solubilization, reduced P-gp-mediated efflux, and increased membrane permeability. The nanosized structure likely facilitated better interaction with the intestinal mucosa, contributing to improved drug transport and absorption. Conclusion: The developed polymeric micelles demonstrated stability under gastrointestinal conditions and significantly improved intestinal permeability and oral bioavailability of telmisartan. Poloxamer 188-based micelles represent a promising strategy for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of poorly soluble drugs.
Introduction: Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) technology has emerged as a promising approach for developing low-power, high-density digital circuits in the ultra-nanoscale regime. QCA overcomes the short-channel limitations of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. These short-channel challenges become increasingly significant in ultrananoscale technology nodes, limiting the applicability of CMOS devices. Methods: In this work, a translated two-input XOR gate using only nine quantum-dot cells is proposed in QCA technology. The proposed XOR gate is employed to construct QCA-based half-adder and full-adder circuits. The designs leverage the concepts of half-distance and cell interaction, enabling efficient use of QCA cells. The proposed designs are verified using the QCA Designer tool and compared with previously published designs. Results: The proposed translated two-input XOR gate reduces cell count by 35.71% and delay by 50% compared to the best-reported design. It demonstrates 61.37% reliability against cell missing and addition defects. The developed half-adder reduces cell count by 41.18% and delay by 66.67%, while the full-adder reduces cell count by 21.74% compared to the best-reported designs. Discussion: The translated XOR gate employs half-distance translation to implement the logic function. Using this XOR gate, the half-adder and full-adder circuits are efficiently constructed in QCA technology. Key performance parameters are analyzed for comparison. Conclusion: The results indicate that the proposed translated XOR gate, along with the half-adder and full-adder designs, is effective and shows potential for future nanoscale computing applications.
Introduction: We report the development of a multifunctional scaffold for bone tissue engineering, incorporating hydroxyapatite (HAp) derived from marine shells. To enhance bioactivity and mechanical stability, the scaffold was reinforced with chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and curcumin. Methods: Marine shells were cleaned, calcined to obtain calcium oxide (CaO), and subsequently reacted with phosphoric acid to synthesize HAp. The composite scaffold (HPCC) was prepared by blending HAp with chitosan, PVA, and curcumin, followed by freeze-drying to achieve a porous structure. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans and Shigella sonnei, while biocompatibility was assessed using MG-63 osteoblast-like cells through the MTT assay. Results: FTIR, XRD, and FESEM analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of all components and the structural stability of the HPCC scaffold. The scaffold demonstrated superior antimicrobial activity compared to the PVA/chitosan (PC) control, with inhibition zones increasing proportionally to the curcumin concentration. Cell viability assays showed 77.12% viability, indicating effective osteoblast adhesion and proliferation. Discussion: The addition of curcumin enhanced the antimicrobial effectiveness of the scaffold while maintaining biocompatibility. Chitosan and PVA provided a stable matrix, and HAp contributed osteoconductive properties. Conclusion: The HPCC scaffold demonstrated a synergistic combination of antimicrobial efficiency, osteoconductivity, and biocompatibility. These properties highlight its strong potential as a bioactive material for bone regeneration, particularly in infection-prone environments.
Introduction: Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) are emerging as effective carriers for enhancing drug delivery through controlled release and improved skin permeation. Lipids are the primary building blocks of lipid nanoparticles. First-generation solid lipid nanoparticles are prepared from solid lipids, which are biocompatible and acceptable to the human body. They are often derived from natural sources or synthesised through artificial processes. However, the use of natural, vegan, biocompatible lipids in SLN systems remains limited. This study aimed to explore soy wax, a vegan wax, as a novel lipid for the preparation of Solid lipid nanoparticles. Diclofenac Sodium (DFS) was used as a model drug. Methods: The empty and drug-loaded SLNs were prepared using high-shear homogenization followed by probe ultrasonication (20 kHz, 50% amplitude, pulse mode) and optimized for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug loading, and encapsulation efficiency. The optimized formulation was formulated into a gel, and ex vivo skin permeation and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated to assess the suitability of the soy wax-based SLN for encapsulating diclofenac sodium. Results: Based on the results, DFS-SLN 8 Batch was selected as the optimized formula, prepared with a 2% surfactant, a 1:2 drug-to-lipid ratio, and 4 minutes of sonication. The optimized soy wax-based SLNs exhibited a mean particle size of 106.3 ± 2.84 nm, a PDI of 0.239 ± 0.004, a surface charge of - 20.4 ± 6.19 mV, and a high encapsulation capacity of 87.40%. SLN-based gel displayed anomalous transport with an 81.34% drug release. Ex vivo skin permeation studies revealed 10.2 ± 0.65% drug permeation and 61.65 ± 1.50% cutaneous deposition. discussion: The in vivo anti-inflammatory study showed that the developed formulation had similar anti-inflammatory properties to those of the marketed product. Discussion: The present study demonstrates the successful development of soy wax–based SLNs as a vegan, biocompatible carrier system for topical delivery. The use of soy wax offers a promising alternative to conventional synthetic or animal-derived lipids, addressing the growing demand for sustainable and ethically acceptable pharmaceutical excipients. The formulations appeared as uniform, milkywhite dispersions upon cooling, indicating successful solidification of the lipid phase. Drug incorporation increased the particle size of empty soywax SLNs, attributed to drug entrapment within the lipid matrix. The optimized formulation exhibited nanoscale particle size, narrow size distribution, and adequate surface charge, indicating good physical stability and suitability for dermal application. The enhanced skin retention with limited permeation suggests effective localized drug delivery. The in vivo anti-inflammatory study showed that the developed formulation exhibited anti-inflammatory properties comparable to those of the marketed product. Conclusion: Soy wax–based Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) were successfully developed and characterized. The optimized formulation exhibited a nanoscale particle size, an acceptable zeta potential, a uniform distribution, and sustained drug release in in vitro studies. In vivo anti-inflammatory studies showed that the developed formulation produced effects comparable to the marketed product. These results demonstrate the potential of soy wax as a promising, biocompatible carrier system for dermal delivery.
Introduction: Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology is one of the most effective approaches for overcoming the secondary effects associated with traditional complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. CMOS technology fails at ultra-technology nodes due to material limitations. QCA nanotechnology not only addresses these limitations but also offers additional advantages, including faster processing, reduced power consumption, and smaller-area digital logic circuit designs. In the communication domain, a demultiplexer (demux) is an essential component for decoding the original message at the receiver end. Methods: This research proposes an efficient and highly optimized demux circuit based on QCA nanotechnology. The distinctive structure of the proposed demux plays an important role in improving performance metrics. The QCA Designer-E tool is used for circuit simulation, while the QCA Pro tool is employed for energy dissipation calculations. A fault analysis is also conducted to ensure the reliability of the proposed demux design. Results: The proposed demux consists of only 14 cells and requires 0.25 clock cycles. Fault analysis shows that the proposed demux is 81.25% fault tolerant. Additionally, it reduces design cost by 18.60% and improves energy dissipation by 22.14% at the 1.5 kink level compared with the best existing design. Discussion: Comparative results are presented to highlight the advantages of the proposed demux. Conclusion: A QCA-based demux circuit is designed and simulated, and its performance metrics are compared with existing designs. The reduced design cost of the proposed design is attributed to the use of fewer cells and lower latency. Its innovative structure ensures both energy efficiency and reliability.
Introduction: Laminated metal matrix composites are a class of metal matrix composites with desirable mechanical and physical properties that can be used widely in transportation, electrical, and thermal industries. Methods: In this study, aluminum-copper laminated composites with favorable mechanical and physical properties were fabricated in different thicknesses by hot pressing, with or without heat treatment. The effect of heat-treatment time on intermetallic phase formation and mechanical properties was then investigated. Results: After composite making, the microstructure, the hardness, tensile properties, and impact behavior were studied. Optical microscope and SEM examinations showed ideal bonding between the copper and aluminum layers at their interface without any cracks or porosities. The XRD analysis showed Al2Cu intermetallic compounds formation at the interface of aluminum-copper sheets. Also, the analysis showed a eutectic reaction between the metals interface, Al2Cu (θ), and Al2Cu-Al (Cu) (α) phases were formed. Discussion: The hardness and tensile strength of the composites were increased, and the impact strength of the composite was decreased with increasing annealing time. The hardness profile shows that the hardness value increases in the area near the copper-aluminum interface, which is due to the greater amount of metal compound phases. With increased heat-treatment time, the composites exhibited brittle behavior, and their impact strength decreased. Conclusion: The composites with 30 minutes of heat treatment showed maximum tensile strength, elongation, and impact strength because of their small size and low amounts of the interface intermetallic phases in the laminated composites.
Introduction/Objective: This work presents a fully integrated Integer-N frequency synthesizer targeting multi-standard short-range wireless protocols operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, including Bluetooth LE (BLE 5.4), ZigBee, Thread, and Wi-Fi coexistence. The design addresses the need for fast lock time, low residual FM, excellent spectral purity, and low-cost implementation in resource-constrained IoT applications. Methods: The synthesizer is implemented in 0.35 µm CMOS and centers on a resistorless discretetime loop filter (DT-LPF), the core innovation of this work, which eliminates on-chip resistors entirely by replacing them with a delayed charge injection mechanism using switched-capacitor networks. This approach improves stability of the loop, eliminates thermal noise associated with passive resistors, and by avoiding on-chip resistors entirely, reduces sensitivity to resistor mismatch and process variation, while enabling a more compact loop filter topology in standard CMOS processes. Complementing this, the design employs a gm/Id-optimized differential LC-VCO, a dead-zone-free tri-state PFD with 1 ns reset-path delay, and a current-scaled CML multi-modulus 2/3 divider that reduces highfrequency power dissipation. All blocks are co-optimized for 1 MHz reference frequency operation, and the system is fully designed and simulated using industry-standard EDA tools. Results: The PLL achieves a 230 MHz tuning range (2.28–2.51 GHz) with 1 MHz channel resolution, fully covering the 79-channel Bluetooth band, ZigBee/Thread channels (2.405–2.480 GHz), and the entire 2.4 GHz ISM band used by Wi-Fi. It locks in approximately 100 µs, satisfying the <150 µs fast-hopping requirement for BLE 5.4 and enabling low-latency operation in ZigBee/Thread networks. The proposed architecture exhibits –117.5 dBc/Hz phase noise at 1 MHz offset, exceeding ZigBee’s –110 dBc/Hz specification and supporting robust Wi-Fi coexistence, along with 5 kHz RMS residual FM (well below the 10 kHz Bluetooth budget), reference spurs below –67 dBc (within ZigBee’s –60 dBc and Bluetooth’s –55 dBc limits), and 32.6 mW total power consumption from a 3.3 V supply. The Figure of Merit (FoM) is –170.1 dB. Discussion: The DT-LPF enhances integrability, reduces thermal noise, and assures PLL lock stability, while the current-scaled CML divider cuts prescaler power by >30%. Despite using a lowcost 0.35 µm process, the architecture rivals advanced-node PLLs in FoM and protocol compliance. The 1 MHz reference frequency and explicit residual FM validation ensure real-world suitability for Bluetooth and ZigBee, metrics often omitted in recent works. The design demonstrates that architectural innovation can compensate for technological constraints in cost-sensitive IoT. Conclusion: The proposed synthesizer meets all essential performance metrics for ISM-band wireless protocols and demonstrates architectural efficiency and scalability. Its design offers a competitive and low-cost solution for power-sensitive short-range communication systems, particularly in cost-constrained IoT applications where advanced CMOS nodes are economically prohibitive.
Introduction: Cd2+ is a typical heavy metal ion environmental contaminant in the water environment, which causes a variety of diseases owing to its persistent toxicity, even at low concentrations, and its difficult biodegradation. Therefore, great attention has been devoted to developing a sensitive and facile method for the detection of Cd2+. Novel Sm vanadate nanobelts can be used as electrode materials for efficient detection of Cd2+. Methods: Sm vanadate nanobelts with a tetragonal SmVO4 phase were prepared by a facile route and their formation mechanism was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Sm vanadate nanobelts act as effective electrode materials for Cd2+ detection in water samples by the square wave voltammetry (SWV) method. Results: Single-crystalline Sm vanadate nanobelts possess flat tips and a smooth surface. The thickness, length, and width of the nanobelts are about 100 nm, a few micrometers, and 400 nm, respectively. An anodic peak for 1 mM Cd2+ at the Sm vanadate nanobelts-modified electrode is at -0.88 V in a 0.1 M PBS buffer solution. The limit of detection (LOD) is 0.21 nM with a linear detection range from 0.01 to 1000 μM. Discussion: pH = 6, 60 s, -0.5 V, and 50 s were determined to be the optimized pH value of the PBS buffer solution, deposition time, deposition potential, and standing time, respectively. Conclusion: The Sm vanadate nanobelts-modified electrode presents excellent stability, reproducibility, and selectivity, which provides a promising and straightforward electrode material to develop an electrochemical sensor for Cd2+ detection in the real water environment.
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are progressive conditions characterized by protein misfolding, chronic neuroinflammation, and neuronal death. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a major therapeutic challenge due to the limited distribution of drugs into the central nervous system (CNS). Nanotechnology has offered new possibilities for treating CNS disorders through improved and more effective drug delivery. A systematic review was conducted to examine recent advancements in nanotechnology-based approaches for the treatment and management of NDDs. The focus was placed on lipid-based, polymeric, and exosome-based nanoparticles because these systems are effective in crossing the BBB and enhancing drug solubility, bioavailability, and specificity. Articles discussing the application of nanocarriers in regenerative medicine, gene therapy, and early diagnosis were also included. Additionally, the regulatory and ethical implications of nanomedicine use were addressed. Findings highlight the capability of nanotechnology to improve therapeutic delivery to the CNS. In preclinical studies, nanocarriers demonstrated increased BBB penetration and enabled targeted, sustained drug release, resulting in enhanced therapeutic efficacy and minimized systemic toxicity. Although nanocarriers represent a transformative strategy for NDD therapy, challenges remain, including standardization, long-term safety evaluation, and regulatory approval. Addressing these issues is essential to support the clinical translation of these promising technologies. Nanotechnology holds significant potential to revolutionize NDD treatment. Continued research, safety validation, and regulatory harmonization are necessary to advance nanomedical innovations into safe, effective, and accessible clinical applications.
Introduction: This paper presents the design and analysis of CNTFET-based full adders, demonstrating significant improvements in power efficiency, propagation delay, and circuit compactness compared to conventional CMOS designs. Materials and Methods: The proposed method leverages the superior electrical properties of CNTFETs to optimize arithmetic circuits for low-power and high-speed VLSI applications. Three different full-adder architectures (FA_C1, FA_C2, and FA_C3) are evaluated using the Cadence EDA Tool with a 32 nm CNTFET model. Simulation results confirm that among the proposed designs, FA_C3 achieves the best performance, exhibiting the lowest power consumption (0.0692 μW), the shortest propagation delay (6.791 ps), and minimal transistor count (12). Results: Compared to traditional CMOS-based adders, the proposed method achieves a 70% reduction in power consumption and a 33% improvement in speed, making it a viable solution for energyefficient ALUs, multipliers, and ripple carry adders. Discussion: The enhanced thermal stability, reduced power dissipation, and scalability of CNTFETbased adders position them as a promising alternative for next-generation portable electronics, IoT devices, and high-speed computing systems. Additionally, 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit Ripple Carry Adders were implemented using the proposed full adder architectures. Conclusion: Among these, the FA_C3 design demonstrated superior performance in the 64-bit configuration, achieving a power consumption of 2.018 µW, a delay of 109.7 ps, and a power-delay product (PDP) of 221.5 aJ.
The rapid proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) has significantly contributed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and advancing sustainable transportation systems. Central to the functionality of these EVs are lithium-ion batteries (LiFePO4), known for their high energy density and long lifespan. However, as the EV market continues to expand, the growing issue of battery waste management presents considerable environmental and economic challenges. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the three main types of lithium-ion batteries utilized in electric vehicles, namely, Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) and Nickel Cobalt aluminum (NCA) batteries. It examines the challenges and opportunities of lithium-ion battery recycling and disposal within the broader context of the ongoing energy crisis. As the demand for clean energy technologies intensifies, the sustainable management of battery waste becomes crucial to ensure the long-term viability of renewable energy systems and addressing resource scarcity. This review explores the complexities involved in lithium-ion battery recycling and disposal. It discusses the four prominent recycling methods that are available and in practice as of 2024. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods are carefully evaluated and discussed thoroughly in the paper. The findings underscore the urgent need for collaborative efforts among policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers to develop comprehensive strategies that support circular economy principles, enhance resource efficiency, and promote environmental stewardship in the transition shift toward a sustainable energy future.
Cancer is a major global health disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and invasiveness. The complexity of its etiology, involving genetic mutations and environmental influences as well as unhealthy lifestyles, necessitates innovative therapeutic approaches. However, peptide-based therapies will offer significant potential, their high specificity and efficacy notwithstanding, in targeting cancerous cells. Poor stability, rapid degradation, and limited bioavailability pose significant challenges to their clinical utility. Nano-particle-based delivery systems are considered a revolutionary approach for delivering therapeutic peptides with better stability, targeted delivery, and controlled release. In this comprehensive review, the recent advances in nano-carrierbased peptide delivery systems for cancer therapeutics have been discussed. Different types of nano-carriers, like lipid-based systems, namely liposomes, polymeric micelles, inorganic nanoparticles, and hybrid systems, have been discussed with their mechanisms of cellular targeting, advantages, limitations, and clinical applications. Notable formulations such as Doxil and Abraxane demonstrate the significance of nanoparticle-based therapeutic interventions in clinical settings. A significant section focuses on combination therapies, multifunctional nanoparticles, and the integration of emergent technologies to surpass biological barriers. However, many challenges remain, including toxicity, scalability, and regulatory issues. In order to maximize nanocarrier design and enhance therapeutic results, this review focusses more on personalized medicine and ongoing innovation. To sum up, nano carriers do hold revolutionary promise for cancer peptide therapy, offering enhanced efficacy, decreased side effects, and precise targeting. To turn these discoveries into broad clinical uses and usher in a new era of cancer treatment, more research is necessary.
Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and oxidative stress. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, shows neuroprotective potential but has limited bioavailability. This study aims to develop a quercetin-loaded nanoliposome (QUE-NL-1) to enhance brain delivery and therapeutic efficacy in AD. Methods: QUE-NL-1 was prepared via the thin-film hydration method and characterized by DLS, TEM, and zeta potential analysis. Acute oral toxicity was evaluated in rats. Alzheimer’s disease was induced in rodents using streptozotocin (STZ) and aluminum chloride (AlCl₃). Behavioral tests (actophotometer, elevated plus maze), biochemical assays (SOD, CAT, MDA, GSH), and histopathology were conducted. Results: QUE-NL-1 had a mean droplet size <200 nm, PDI ~0.3, and zeta potential of -26.6 mV. No toxicity was observed at 2000 mg/kg. In both STZ and AlCl₃ models, QUE-NL-1 improved cognitive behavior, increased SOD, CAT, and GSH levels, reduced LPO, and preserved neuronal integrity. Discussion: The nano formulation of quercetin improved its stability, safety, and brain-targeting ability, leading to significant cognitive and antioxidative benefits in AD models. Histological analysis further confirmed neuroprotection. Conclusion: QUE-NL-1 is a safe and effective nanocarrier formulation with promising potential for Alzheimer’s disease management. Further studies are warranted to assess pharmacokinetics and clinical applicability.
