Exterior outlines of the Taymyr Peninsula were mapped quite realistic as early as in the mid-18th century due to semi-instrumental surveys performed by the explorers of the Great Northern Expedition. Since the 1930s, resulting from systematic comprehensive mapping of the Taymyr Peninsula shores, its coastline, depicted on maps in full detail, obtained familiar cartographic appearance. At the same time, vast territories of the peninsula’s interiors outside the narrow band along the Upper Taymyra River, the western part of Taymyr Lake, and the Lower Taymyra River surveyed by V. V. Vaganov and A. Th. v. Middendorff in 1843 remained large blank spots practically until the mid-20th century. The situation changed fundamentally when the entire vast area of the Peninsula was covered by total stereophotogrammetric survey in 1949–1952 serving as a base to compilation and printing of topographic map sheets at a scale of 1
In 2025, it would have been 120 years since the birth of scientist and teacher Afanasy Ilyich Agroskin. This man dedicated his entire life to training of geodetic personnel in Siberia. A. I. Agroskin became an assistant at the Siberian Astronomy Geodetic Institute (Omsk) in1933. After the reorganization of the institute, he moved to Novosibirsk, where he was actively involved in teaching. In 1939, he was appointed the Director of the newly founded Novosibirsk Institute of Engineers of Geodesy, Aerial Photography and Cartography (NIIGAiK). During the Great Patriotic War, Afanasy Ilyich served in the 64th geodetic detachment, then in the military topographic department of the Volkhov Front headquarters, and from 1944 to1946 he was the Head of the topographic department of the 3rd Attack Army headquarters. Major Agroskin took an active part in supplying the army with topographic plans and maps during the Berlin operation. After the war, he returned to NIIGAiK and worked as Director for five years. From 1955 to 1957, he was on a foreign mission, where he gave a course of lectures on higher geodesy for his Chinese colleagues. Professor A. I. Agroskin headed the departments of geodesy and higher geodesy. During his years at the institute, he participated in training and education of thousands of geodetic engineers
Mobile test objects used for evaluation of optic-electronic systems are analyzed. A new design of such an object is proposed, consisting of a dismountable frame and a fabric base. A special banner fabric is offered as the main material. A digital wide-format printing technology is used to draw mire lines. Field assembly and disassembly of the unit as well as its mounting are described. The advantages of the presented design are shown; they include high fidelity of mire image, possibility for manufacturing mires with the desired contrast range, high endurance and ease of use. The design of the test object was evaluated during flight tests. This device was certified by a metrological authority as applicable for military products testing
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are vulnerable to extreme G5-class geomagnetic storms, but their influencing modern infrastructures like IGS and AUSPOS lacks detailed empirical assessment. The author assesses the impact of the May 11, 2024, G5 storm on static GNSS measurement accuracy quantitatively. Using data from some 300 IGS stations processed by the AUSPOS service, we compared the accuracy on the storm day to that on a geomagnetically calm one (May 20, 2024), analyzing 3D, planimetric, and elevation errors with the Mann-Whitney U test. The storm caused a statistically significant (p < 0,001) negative effect, with median 3D, planimetric, and elevation errors increasing by 23,5; 14,3, and 20 per cent, respectively. The greatest deterioration affected the 3D and altitude components, with error interquartile ranges growing by up to 50 per cent. The spatial distribution of errors was global yet heterogeneous, worsening notably in high-latitude regions. These results are critical for risk assessment in high-precision applications like land- and mine surveys, confirming the need to account for space weather factors in GNSS work
This article deals with development of technological foundations for the process of creating 3D maps. Among various possible types of 3D-representation of the surrounding geospace such a map is most effective, as it has such advantages as dynamism, interactivity, and conventional signification. Currently, one of the problems of the said mapping, along with the technological aspects, is the low quality of display; therefore, in the authors` study the attention is focused on using game graphics visualizers (game engines) for mapping. Features of creating these maps in the domestic and foreign publications are analyzed, and the need to develop the technology, taking into account certain scientific principles, is substantiated. A scheme of that mapping using the graphic editor of the Prism3D game engine is presented, its stages are described. The method is implemented by creating a 3D-map of the Mikhailovsky District of the Altai Region with a description of the total area of mapping, accuracy (error) and time costs
The authors present the results of developing a scientific and methodological framework for a cartographic support system of scientific and technical activities. The theoretical basis is a new methodological principle of systematic preparing and using digital cartographic and geoinformation products. The main scenarios for implementing the said support are characterized as a set of interactions between system components and process participants. Its aspects are identified as the system`s emergent properties. The process is formalized according to the terms of Geovisualization concept, and includes the study of reality’s aspects for decision-making with cartographic materials and spatial data. The complex of methodological and algorithmic solutions, aimed at systematic use of the latest software in preparation of modern products, forms the basis of a methodology for studying cartographic support in various fields of scientific and technical activity. Its stages are considered at the technological level in case of subsoil use as a strategic economic sector. The results of the study lay the foundation for timely adaptation of digital cartographic production to the current needs of scientific and technical activities in the context of digitalization and intellectualization of economic sectors
The authors discuss application of geostatistical methods for three-dimensional modeling of the varved clay deposit of "Gaidukovka" (Minsk region, Belarus). The study is based on data from drilling wells, using which a spatial model of clay distribution was built using the empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK 3D) method. This method allows taking spatial correlation into account, reducing the uncertainty of interpolation and selecting the parameters of variograms automatically. The analysis showed that the exponential variogram provides the best results with the minimum values of the root-mean-square error and the optimal alignment of the forecast with the actual data. Cross-checking confirmed the validity of the model and its resistance to the variability of the initial information. The constructed three-dimensional model in voxel layer and iso-surface formats enabled visualizing the distribution of clays and identifying the main zones of industrial value. It was established that about 70 per cent of the deposits are concentrated in the central part of the field at depths of 8,5–22,5 m. The northeastern areas, where the proportion of clay layers exceeds two thirds, are promising for further development. At the same time, the north-western and southeastern zones are considered unpromising due to the low content of clay fractions. The results of the study demonstrate the effectiveness of using EBK 3D to improve the accuracy of reserve assessment and mining planning. The proposed method can be adapted to other types of solid minerals, which expands its scientific and practical significance
Methodologies for training fully connected neural networks (FCNN/MLP) using both synthetic and real data to address scenario-based spatial analysis of urban environments, exemplified by the city of Novosibirsk, are presented in the paper. A comparative evaluation was conducted between two neural network architectures
The authors present a systematic analysis of contemporary approaches to constructing and interpreting anamorphoses. They trace the development of these techniques – from early manual and analogue practices to modern density-equalising algorithms – and propose a structured typology of the principal forms of anamorphic transformations. The discussion includes an outline of the most widely used computational procedures, among them iterative and diffusion-based methods as well as emerging neural-network solutions. Some available software implementations, including modules embedded in mainstream GIS environments are also reviewed. Special attention is paid to using anamorphoses in medical-and-geographical studies, where they serve as an effective tool for visualising spatial heterogeneity in demographic and epidemiological processes. Drawing on examples such as mortality from malignant neoplasms and the spatial progression of the COVID-19 pandemic, we demonstrate a key advantage of the method
Optical test-objects are the main means for determining the spatial resolution of optoelectronic surveillance systems. Despite existing extensive regulatory documentation on the measurement of resolving ability and linear resolution, the issue of choosing the optimal type of line test-objects remains open. This study focuses on analyzing the specific features of using them in trials of aviation optoelectronic systems. As a result, important geometric, contrast, and colorimetric characteristics of the said objects were identified and justified, adapted to the specific features of digital optoelectronic systems. New three-component line test-objects using additive (R, G, B) and subtractive (C, M, Y) color models are proposed, and the formal description of features by which the resolution of those objects images can be determined during their visual interpretation was improved. The results contribute to development of both theoretical foundations and practical methods for optical measurements and image analysis
The authors present the results of creating a digital relief model (DEM) for the territory of the Russian Federation to refine the models of the Earth`s gravitational field characteristics. The position of the DEM nodes is determined by the centers of the trapezoids, which are regularly arranged in increments of 5 arc minutes in latitude and longitude in the WGS-84 coordinate system. The height values at the DEM nodes are the average ones within the corresponding shapes in the Baltic Elevation System. A technology of solving the problem by means of GIS "Panorama" is given. The developed method will enable creating DEMs in the form of point objects with an average height value located in the centers of trapezoids of any size. The elevation data can be specified if there are relevant cartographic materials at a larger scale for the territory of the Russian Federation. The created DEM will make it possible to refine the model findings of gravity anomalies, quasi-geoid heights and vertical line deviations in the said area based on the consideration of the altitude component as the average value for trapezoid centers in five-arc-minute increments. The solution of this problem is especially relevant due to the calling needs of science and geodetic production on the accuracy of constructing the Earth`s gravitational field models
In this paper, we continue to study the statistical properties of the geodetic stations’ adjusted coordinates in permanently operated networks. A method of analytical transition from a vector solution to an absolute one is proposed and investigated. It solves the problem of geodetic network points’ relative coordinates linear matrix transformation obtained from relative processing of GNSS measurements, to absolute coordinates of these spots in a spatial system not associated with any geodetic point or reference one. The statistical properties of the obtained absolute coordinates for the main variants of constructing vector solutions investigated in previous works are studied when complete or incomplete sets of measured directions are used to construct the final vector solution within a given geodetic network. It is shown that the absolute solutions obtained in both variants provide the possibility of performing a direct assessment of the geodetic data quality (primarily, an assessment of the geodetic points’ coordinates accuracy) provided by this vector solution in the territory covered by it
The article is dedicated to the 120th anniversary of the birth of Mikhail Dmitrievich Konshin, an outstanding Russian scientist, one of the founders of the Soviet photogrammetric school; his name is inextricably linked with the history of development of Russian aerial surveying; twice awarded the State Prize, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Russia, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor. Of particular importance for development of the theory of the said science was his work "Photogrammetric processing of images with transformed bundles". It brought the domestic photogrammetric instrumentation to the forefront, ahead of foreign instrument developments based on schemes with similar design links. The theory of M. D. Konshin was later applied and developed by other scientists and contributed to creating in the mid-1950s domestic universal stereophotogrammetric devices for processing aerial photographs obtained by cameras with arbitrary focal length – the Romanovsky stereoprojector and Drobyshev stereograph, which was especially important for mapping the territory of the USSR
The authors discuss the concept of an active digital rod for high-precision leveling, based on using a display as a carrier of its digital code. The device is designed to overcome key limitations of passive barcode rods, namely the finite operating- and limited measurement ranges during the work, and pronounced dependence on external lighting conditions. The principle of the system`s functioning is outlined, involving dynamic formation of measurement patterns, using telemetry data, and arranging bidirectional information exchange with the leveling instrument. Potential advantages related to expanding the working range, increased accuracy in challenging conditions, and minimization of errors are analyzed, along with the systemic technological and economic barriers hindering practical implementation. It is concluded that, despite the complexity of development, this concept is of a particular interest for specialized tasks in the field of precision geodesy
The authors present a correlation analysis of the impact of the Rwegura reservoir regime on dam deformation, based on integrated geodetic monitoring and piezometric data collected from 1992 to 2018. The objective is to establish quantitative relationships between reservoir water level fluctuations and deformation processes in different dam sections. The methodology involves analyzing data from four measuring profiles (P100, P140, P180, P200) located on the right -, left bank - and in the central part of the dam. Correlation analysis was used to identify relationships between reservoir water levels, piezometric readings, and horizontal displacements of structural elements. The results reveal a pronounced dependence of the dam deformation on the water level fluctuations, with an asymmetric response across the structure. The right bank profile (P100) exhibits the highest sensitivity to water level changes, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0,78 to 0,91, while the left bank ones show a significantly weaker response. A clear differentiation in correlation coefficients was observed
The authors present the results of comparing absolute gravimeters performed in Moscow in September 2023 at the laboratory owned by Roskadastr. It involved five absolute units from four different organizations of three ministries. All the devices were different in design, which is undoubtedly an advantage in terms of the quality of the measured value – the free fall acceleration. Despite the differences, all the said tools showed that they could work within their factory drawbacks and confidently determine the acceleration of gravity with an error of the first mcGals. The results are presented in graphs and tables. The comparisons show that the Russian gravimeters of the GABL series at points with a low level of seismic noise are comparable in quality to the American ones of the FG5 series. The factory error of GABL (± 4,5 mcGals) is twice as high as that of FG5 (±2,3 mcGals), due to the outdated design of the seismic filter
The authors discuss developing an end-to-end methodology for converting weakly-structured spatial data into standardized geospatial products. The relevance of the study is driven by the problem of integrating heterogeneous information characterized by weak structural arrangement, heterogeneous coordinate formats, and polymorphic attribute characteristics. A comprehensive approach based on scripted processing tools is proposed; it includes formalization of a mathematical apparatus based on set theory, creation of data parsing and normalization algorithms, and constructing a multi-stage technological pipeline. Specialized algorithms were developed for attribute transliteration, territorial data aggregation, parsing of multi-format coordinates, and integration with reference geospatial layers. The method was implemented as a Python-based software complex and tested during creation of a web GIS for monitoring the geomagnetic situation. The solution ensures automation of processing workflows, elimination of subjective errors, and generation of ready-to-use GeoJSON layers suitable for analysis and visualization in modern GIS environments
The authors consider the possibility of using Landsat-8 satellite images and unmanned aerial vehicle surveys (DJI Mini SE quadcopter) footage together with geobotanical descriptions to decipher the dynamics of overgrowing in the Kerzhensky Reserve with black alder thickets. They form a stable massive confined to the floodplains of small rivers and depressions. The groves possess a competitive advantage in post-wildfire regeneration, effectively displacing pre-fire vegetation communities. Field studies of their recovery process have been conducted since 2011, following a major forest fire in 2010. The scope of this research encompasses all the groves within the reserve, including black alder ones. We specifically examined the changes that have occurred in the spatial distribution of the mentioned thickets across the post-fire landscapes over a ten-year period, spanning from 2010 to 2021. It was found out that the speed of their advancement is about 2–4 m per year, and the young growth have a potential to develop areas previously occupied by other plants. With the global increase in the frequency of fires due to climate changes, the obtained materials can be used in restoration of forest resources in post-fire areas
This article deals with a critical issue of accuracy degradation in high-precision engineering geodetic surveys. This problem stems from the discrepancy between the centimeter-level precision of satellite GNSS measurements in the global ITRF frame and the significant coordinate errors of points in the state and local geodetic networks. A comprehensive mistake assessment method was developed, based on the analysis of normal convergence anomalies and the construction of non-linear regression models for spatial distribution of geodetic network distortions. Experimental verification conducted over a territory exceeding 1000 km in the Siberian Federal District demonstrated that the method enables identification and elimination of systematic errors, thereby doubling the accuracy of spatial data alignment in the GSK-2011 State coordinate system
Establishing the surface sources drinking water supply sanitary protection zone’s 2nd belt boundary in Moscow during cadastral and land management works is an important and urgent task for taking into account the confines of land plots, assessing legal risks, establishing the borders of zones with a special regime of use, and resolving legal controversies. The author proposes a methodology for determining the boundaries of the ZSO 2nd zone based on the sanitary and epidemiological rules of SP 2.1.4.2625-10 for land management practice, cadastre and forensic examination. Within its framework, the issues of attributing a water body to surface water supply sources, establishing the upper, lower and lateral boundaries of the 2 WSO belts are considered, and typical mistakes made in determining the territory of the said belts are detected. The proposed technique, with appropriate training of specialists, is available for forensic experts, land managers and cadastral engineers in the process of determining the boundaries of land plots and restricted areas
