Background and Purpose: Online assessments are common. However, scarce research compares the accuracy of online assessments to in-person assessments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of an online assessment versus an in-person fitness assessment. Methods: Participants (N = 20) were recruited using flyers. They completed an online fitness assessment followed by an in-person fitness assessment 2-10 days later. Reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots. Results: Participants were 30.8 (±20.2) years, mostly female (76.5%), and diverse in race/ethnicity with a body mass index of 23.4 kg/m2 (±3.8). Statistically significant intraclass correlation coefficients were excellent for waist circumference (.93), hip circumference (.94), and push-up test (.94), and good for static squat test (.89) and curl-up test (.76). Conclusion: The online fitness assessment revealed high reliability when compared with an in-person fitness assessment.
Background and Purpose: The Perceived Faculty Support Scale (PFSS) is one of the few instruments designed to assess faculty support. This study aimed to translate the scale into Vietnamese and evaluate its validity and reliability among nursing students. Methods: This cross-sectional study yielded a cross-cultural translation for the PFSS using convenience sampling. The validity of the Vietnamese version of the PFSS (PFSS-V) was assessed through face validity, content validity, construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), concurrent validity, and known-group validity. Coefficient alpha and an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to assess internal consistency and score stability, respectively. Results: The PFSS-V demonstrated good content validity. EFA revealed a one-factor structure explaining 80.04% of the variance, with all items loading strongly. Concurrent validity was evidenced by a significant positive correlation between PFSS-V scores and self-efficacy in learning and performance. Nursing students' PFSS-V scores improved as they increased in age, school year, and grade point average. The scale exhibited excellent reliability, with a coefficient alpha of .98 and an ICC of .83 (95% confidence interval [0.62, 0.93]). Conclusions: The PFSS-V is a unidimensional and reliable tool for assessing nursing students' perceived faculty support.
Background and Purpose: Verification of a caregiver is required for transplant listing; however, no tool assesses how patient-caregiver dyads manage transplant care. This study adapted and validated the Dyadic Self-Care in Transplant (D-SCIT) scale. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 50 lung transplant patient-caregiver dyads. Content validity was assessed through cognitive interviews, and construct validity was assessed by examining the association between dyad type and relationship mutuality. Results: Dyads completed the D-SCIT with ease, confirming content validity. Congruent dyads were positively correlated with the dyadic mean mutuality score (0.17) and negatively correlated with dyadic incongruence in mutuality (-0.10), demonstrating convergent validity. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary validation of the D-SCIT to assess how transplant dyads engage in transplant self-care, addressing a clinical and research gap.
Background and Purpose: Adequate frontline nurse managers' span of control (SOC) is critical for organizational success. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Nurse Manager SOC Assessment Index. Methods: Phase 1 included development of the instrument, item-level content validity index, expert review, and pilot and cognitive testing of the items. Phase 2 included psychometric testing using coefficient alpha to evaluate reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and principal component analysis to determine the underlying factors to explain SOC. Results: The final scale of nine items had a three-factor solution with 55.7% of the variance explained and coefficient alpha = .669 (n = 265). Conclusions: The instrument is valid and reliable. Being exploratory in nature for the first iteration of the instrument, the reliability threshold for coefficient alpha was adequate; however, it was on the lower end of the threshold, supporting consideration for potential revisions and further testing of the instrument. The tool can be used to measure nurse manager's SOC adequacy and adjust accordingly to impact nurse, patient, and organizational outcomes.
Background and Purpose: Understanding patients' educational expectations is essential for delivering effective, patient-centered education in clinical settings. However, the absence of a psychometrically robust instrument limits the systematic assessment of these expectations. This study aimed to develop and psychometrically evaluate the Patients' Educational Expectations Scale (PEES). Methods: Data were collected from 301 patients. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA; principal axis factoring with oblique rotation) was conducted on one subsample (n = 150), followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on an independent subsample (n = 151) using a split-sample validation approach. Alternative models, including single-factor and second-order structures, were tested to evaluate model fit and structural robustness. Convergent validity and discriminant validity were assessed using composite reliability, average variance extracted, and the Fornell-Larcker criterion. Internal consistency was examined using coefficient alpha and McDonald's omega, and test-retest reliability was assessed over a 15-day interval. Results: EFA revealed a theoretically coherent four-factor structure explaining 59.23% of the total variance. CFA indicated acceptable to good model fit (χ² to degree of freedom ratio = 2.412; root mean square error of approximation = .069; comparative fit index and Tucker-Lewis index within acceptable thresholds). The four-factor model demonstrated superior fit compared with the single-factor model, and second-order CFA supported a hierarchical structure. Composite reliability values exceeded .70 across factors, and discriminant validity was confirmed. The total scale showed excellent internal consistency (α = .95), with omega coefficients supporting reliability. Test-retest results indicated strong temporal stability. Conclusions: The PEES is a psychometrically sound, multidimensional instrument for assessing patients' educational expectations. Its validated structure, reliability, and stability support its use in clinical practice and research. The scale has strong potential to facilitate patient-centered education planning and evaluation in nursing contexts.
Background and Purpose: Most nursing students report having limited knowledge about artificial intelligence, which may lead to anxiety and fear regarding its use in clinical practice. This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish adaptation of the Nursing Students' Fear Toward Artificial Intelligence Scale. Methods: The sample consisted of 402 nursing students enrolled in a faculty of health sciences in the Eastern Anatolia Region between May and July 2025. Linguistic equivalence was established using the translation-back-translation method. Data were analyzed using parametric (t test) and nonparametric tests (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation) based on distribution characteristics. Validity and reliability were assessed using the Davis technique, coefficient alpha, standardized root-mean-square residual fit indices, and item-total correlation analyses. Results: The content validity index of the Turkish version of the scale was .84. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was .91, and Bartlett's test was statistically significant (χ² = 2271.78, p < .001), indicating suitability for factor analysis. The analysis revealed a single-factor structure explaining 57.2% of the total variance. The overall coefficient alpha was .91, with item-total correlations ranging from .57 to .76. Test-retest analysis demonstrated a strong positive correlation between measurements (r = .78, p < .001). Conclusion: These findings indicate that the Turkish version of the Nursing Students' Fear Toward Artificial Intelligence Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing nursing students' fear of artificial intelligence.
Background and Purpose: This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to adapt the Patient Safety Care Activity Scale into Turkish and evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: A total of 583 nurses participated. Construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and convergent and discriminant validity. Reliability was evaluated through internal consistency and test-retest analyses. Results: The content validity index was .97. CFA supported the original eight-factor structure. Factor loadings ranged from .50 to .93. Coefficient alpha for the overall scale was .972, with subscales ranging from .828 to .956. Item-total correlations were .40-.80; composite reliability was .83-.96. Conclusion: The results confirm that the Turkish version of the scale is a valid and reliable instrument to assess patient safety care activities among Turkish nurses.
Background and Purpose: Based on the need for a systematic assessment of thriving levels in nursing, this study aimed to adapt the Thriving in Nursing Questionnaire into Turkish and to determine its psychometric properties. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 nurses. Data were collected using the Thriving in Nursing Questionnaire and Thriving at Work Scale. Language, content, and construct validity were examined, and reliability analyses were performed. Results: Regarding validity, the scale's content validity index was determined to be .92. The confirmatory factor analysis results further confirmed the model fit with values of χ²/df = 3.81, comparative fit index = .92, Tucker-Lewis index = .90, root-mean-square error of approximation = .08, and standardized root-mean-square residual = .06. The three-factor, 15-item structure was confirmed. The scale also demonstrated excellent internal reliability, with a coefficient alpha of .943. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the Turkish version of the Thriving in Nursing Questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the thriving levels of nurses.
Background and Purpose: External ventricular drainage (EVD) care requires nurses to be knowledgeable about recommended practices to prevent complications and enhance patient safety. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a brief instrument assessing nurses' knowledge of EVD care practices. Methods: This study was conducted with 247 nurses working in emergency, medical-surgical, and intensive care units. Item generation was based on a literature review and expert panel evaluation. Construct validity was examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and internal consistency was assessed using coefficient alpha. Results: The final instrument consisted of seven items with a unidimensional structure. The scale demonstrated acceptable construct validity, good model fit, and high internal consistency (α = .915). Conclusions: The EVD Care Knowledge Test is a valid and reliable tool for assessing nurses' knowledge of EVD care practices and may help identify educational needs in clinical settings.
Background and Purpose: Ease is recognized in nursing as a sense of calm, understanding, and contentment, yet it remains underexplored and rarely measured. Existing reliance on indirect indicators highlights the need for a tool that captures the holistic lived experience of ease. This study evaluated the construct validity of the 20-item Ease Measure. Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted using cross-sectional data collected from 208 adults on Grand Bahama Island after Hurricane Dorian and the COVID-19 pandemic, with analyses conducted on complete cases. Exploratory factor analysis using parallel analysis and principal axis factoring in SPSS was performed, with internal reliability assessed with coefficient alpha and McDonald's omega. Results: A two-factor structure explained 49.6% of the variance with strong reliability (α = .89), though the solution largely aligned with the direction of item wording (positive vs. negative). Conclusions: The findings provide preliminary evidence of the internal structure validity of the Ease Measure and suggest a need for further validation and future application.
Background and Purpose: Surgical conscience is a core concept in perioperative nursing practice that influences the quality and safety of perioperative care. It refers to nurses' moral responsibility to maintain surgical asepsis and ensure patient safety. Despite its central role in perioperative nursing, surgical conscience has rarely been operationalized using validated measurement tools across cultures. This study aimed to adapt the Surgical Conscience Scale into Turkish and assess its reliability and validity among operating room nurses. Methods: The scale was translated using forward and backward translation procedures. Content validity was evaluated by 10 experts in surgical nursing. A pilot test with 30 nurses was conducted to assess item clarity and cultural appropriateness before the main data collection. Psychometric testing was performed with 238 operating room nurses. Construct validity was examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and reliability was assessed through internal consistency and test-retest analyses. Results: The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.848, and Bartlett's test was significant (p < .001). The scale demonstrated high reliability (coefficient α = .840; subscales = .844-.891) and excellent temporal stability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .930, p < .001). A three-factor structure with acceptable to good model fit was supported. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the Surgical Conscience Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing surgical conscience among operating room nurses. Its use may support nursing research, perioperative education, and clinical quality improvement efforts aimed at strengthening ethical awareness and patient safety.
Background and Purpose: Poor sleep quality is common among family caregivers and contributes to negative physical and mental health outcomes. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in caregivers of individuals with heart failure (HF) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: Baseline data from 269 family caregivers were used to assess the psychometric properties of the PSQI. Results: The PSQI showed acceptable reliability (Cronbach's α: HF = .76; AD = .74). Exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor model in both groups, revealing both shared and condition-specific subscale loadings. Conclusion: Findings support the PSQI's reliability and construct validity in family caregivers, indicating its utility in identifying sleep disturbances in these high-risk populations.
Background and Purpose: Despite the fundamental role nurses play in society, they often face a lack of appreciation. This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument to assess the perception of professional appreciation among nurses. Methods: The study followed a scale development design, which was conducted in three main phases. The psychometric testing was carried out with a sample of 338 nurses. Results: The scale proved to be a valid and reliable instrument, composed of 16 items grouped into two subdimensions: working conditions and institutional support; recognition and professional image. Conclusions: The scale exhibits solid psychometric attributes and can be used to evaluate the perception of professional appreciation among nurses.
Background and Purpose: Measuring and evaluating patients’ perceptions of patient safety culture is an important requirement to improve the quality of health care services. This study aimed to test the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Patients’ Perceptions of Safety Culture Scale. Methods: The data of the study were collected by face-to-face interviews between January 12, 2023, and January 2, 2024. The study was completed with 260 patients who voluntarily agreed to participate. Results: The 11-item, single-factor Patients’ Perceptions of Safety Culture Scale demonstrated excellent reliability (coefficient alpha = .957), explaining 70.87% of the total variance, with factor loadings ranging from .492 to .893. Conclusion: The results show that the Patients’ Perceptions of Safety Culture Scale is a valid and reliable tool for use in Turkish culture.
Background and Purpose: Perceived union effectiveness is relevant to nursing workforce voice and fairness, yet nurse-focused measures remain limited in underrepresented public sector contexts. This study evaluated the Turkish modified Perceived Union Effectiveness Scale (mPUE) among nurses and midwives in Northern Cyprus. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in six public hospitals (n = 313). The scale was translated and culturally adapted, then tested with one-factor confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using weighted least squares mean and variance adjusted in R (lavaan). Reliability and preliminary validity were also assessed. Results: Internal consistency was high (α = .945; ordinal ωt = .954). CFA showed strong comparative fit index (CFI)/Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) and low standardized root-mean-square residual (SRMR = .045, CFI = .997, TLI = .996). Root-mean-square error of approximation was higher than would typically be preferred (.090). The mPUE correlated with trust in unions (ρ = .412, p < .001). Known-group comparisons did not detect differences in membership status. Conclusion: The mPUE provides encouraging initial reliability evidence and supports a largely one-factor structure in this context.
Background and Purpose: This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measurement instrument to assess nurses' community health competencies, based on preliminary findings identifying core competencies in public health nursing. Methods: The study was conducted with 769 nurses working in university hospitals, city hospitals, and primary care centers in a province in Eastern Turkey. Data were collected using a Descriptive Information Form and the Community Health Competency Scale for Nurses. Descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 22.0 and Analysis of Moment Structures 24.0. Results: The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was .912, and the scale explained 63.007% of the total variance. Factor loadings ranged from .495 to .724. Coefficient alpha was .953 for the total scale, with subdimension values ranging from .87 to .95. Conclusions: The 38-item scale with four subdimensions was found to be a valid and reliable instrument for assessing nurses' community health competencies in Turkey.
Background and Purpose: Infertility is a significant life challenge associated with substantial psychological and emotional distress, particularly among women. Self-efficacy has been identified as an important determinant of coping and psychological adaptation during infertility treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic Infertility Self-Efficacy Scale (AISE) among Palestinian women experiencing infertility. Methods: A cross-sectional psychometric validation study was conducted at Al-Basma IVF Center using a convenience sample of 160 women diagnosed with infertility. The translation and adaptation process followed standard procedures. Reliability was assessed using internal consistency, while validity was examined using content evaluation and factor analyses. Results: Expert review confirmed the content validity of the AISE. The scale demonstrated acceptable reliability, with item-total correlations supporting consistency. Exploratory factor analysis supported a single-factor structure. Conclusion: The AISE shows satisfactory validity and reliability. It can be used as a useful tool for evaluating self-efficacy among Arabic-speaking women undergoing infertility treatment.
Background and Purpose: The Accountability Scale in Nursing (ASIN) measures nurses' professional accountability across the dimensions of responsibility, transparency, and answerability. Assessing accountability supports care quality and patient safety and assists nurse managers in evaluating staff performance and guiding professional development. This study aimed to adapt the ASIN into Turkish and examine its psychometric properties. Methods: This methodological descriptive study analyzed data from 211 nurses working in public hospitals. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 23.0. Construct validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability was assessed with coefficient alpha and test-retest analysis. Results: The three-factor model demonstrated excellent fit to the data (χ2/degree of freedom = 1.197, comparative fit index = .984, root mean square error of approximation = .031). Internal consistency was high (coefficient alpha = .896), and test-retest reliability was excellent, with intraclass correlation coefficients exceeding .90. Conclusions: The Turkish version of the ASIN is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing nurses' accountability across responsibility, transparency, and answerability domains. The scale provides a practical tool for research, performance evaluation, and quality improvement initiatives in Turkish health care settings.
Background and Purpose: Perceived overqualification refers to the perception that one’s education, skills, and competencies exceed job requirements. Although widely examined internationally, no validated instrument has been available to assess this construct among nurses in Croatia. The purpose of this study was to validate the Croatian version of the Scale of Perceived Overqualification (SPOQ) and examine its associations with selected job-related outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 90 registered nurses in Croatia. The SPOQ was translated using a double back-translation procedure. Internal consistency was assessed using coefficient alpha, and construct validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis, comparing one- and two-factor models. Associations between SPOQ scores, job satisfaction, ambition alignment, and turnover intentions were analyzed using correlation and regression analyses. Results: The Croatian SPOQ demonstrated good internal consistency (coefficient alpha = .830). Confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor structure distinguishing perceived underutilization of skills from perceived educational/experiential mismatch. Higher perceived overqualification was significantly associated with lower job satisfaction, ambition alignment, and higher turnover intentions. Perceived underutilization emerged as the stronger predictor of job-related outcomes. Conclusions: The findings support the reliability and construct validity of the Croatian SPOQ and confirm its relevance for nursing workforce research. The distinction between underutilization and formal mismatch provides additional insights into the mechanisms linking overqualification with dissatisfaction and turnover intentions.
